2. Objectives
To know the hazards & danger involved in driving a vehicle and take
necessary precautions to save lives, time and money.
Definition of Defensive driving?
Introduction
General Discussion on Safety
Road users in INDIA
WHY DRIVER TRAINING?
Why Accidents Occur?
Six factors
Driver Safety Topics
4. Defensive Driving: ?
A defensive driver is one who will do everything
possible to avoid a collision /Accident/ Crash/Break
down. etc
OR
It is the driving to save lives, time & money in-spite of
the conditions around you and the actions of others.
Conditions: Roads, weather, traffic, light etc.
Actions of others: Violations, discourtesy, lack of
knowledge of other Drivers etc.
5. ROAD USERS IN INDIA
Pedestrians:
• No Footpath
• No Zebra Crossing
• They cross out of zebra crossing
• Bus Stops not provided
• Walk in groups
• Creating fun on the road
• They do not walk facing the incoming traffic
6. ROAD USERS IN INDIA
Road users in
India
Animals*
Slow moving
animals (Cow,
Buffalo etc
Pet Animals
(Dogs, Cats etc.)
Pedestrian Vehicles
Major vehicles
( Bus, Lorry Etc)
•Roughly handled
• Poorly
maintained
*They are not visible at night.
7. WHY DRIVER
TRAINING?
Driving is something we do daily.
It’s the most dangerous thing we do!
140,000 people die each year
• 115 people who leave home today will never return
• Every 4th minute, there is 01 road casualty in India.
• There are 11 accidents for every 1000 vehicles.
• Every year out of 01 lacs unnatural deaths in India, nearly
68000
(more than 34%) are due to road accidents.
• Mostly males, who are earning members in the family,
die.
Narrow Roads 385 15.26%
Turns 414 16.38%
Slopes & climbs 296 11.71%
Straight Roads 1431 56.65%
SPOTS OF ACCIDENTS
•ACCIDENT BLACK SPOTS:
Uncontrolled junction
• Bus stop
• Gaps within Road Dividers
• On street Parking places
• Building access (while
reversing)
• Road Bend
• National Highway
•“ACCIDENTS DO NOT
HAPPEN, THEY ARE
CAUSED”.
8. General Discussion
Why Accidents Occur?
Most frequent causes of accidents
Inatention to detail
Speeding
DWI/DUI (Driving Under the Influence/"Driving
While Intoxicated" or "Driving While Impaired“)
Driving too fast for conditions
Failed to yield
Other Factors:
Road conditions
Weather related & Physical conditions
Vehicle Maintenance
Tires treadwear/pressure
Brakes
9. General Discussion
Accident Costs?
Physical Damage - Your Vehicle
Property Damage - Destroyed Property
Medical Costs - Yours & Passengers
Liability Costs - Other Vehicle(s) physical
damage
Other(s) injuries $$$$$$$
10. General Discussion
Driver Expectations?
Your Company expects high standards
of performance, including safe driving.
Your Company expects not just safe
driving performance, but award winning
safety performance.
Why?
Because it’s possible, Cost effective, Right thing to
do!
11. Safety Tips
Quick Check Step Process
Defensive Driving Techniques
Rules of the road
General Safety Rules
12. Pre-Trip Inspection
Take a walk around your vehicle.
Windows clean?
Lights/signals clean & working.
Tires properly inflated / tread wear.
Fluid leaks on the ground.
Plates current???
Inside the Vehicle
Adjust your seat and fasten seat belt
Check and adjust all Mirrors
Adugst your Headrest
Assure doors fully closed and secured
Scan the gauges
Check windows/windshield
Adjust the vents, windows, heater & air conditioner
Make sure you’re emotionally ready to focus on driving
13. Your State Of Mind
Mental State
Stress / Emotions / Attitudes
Drowsiness / Fatigue
Vision / Hearing
Alcohol
14. Getting the Big Picture
Scan the road ahead
City (Approx. 1 block)
Rural (Approx. 1/4 mile)
Keep your eyes moving.
Check your mirrors every 5 seconds.
15. Following Distance
Speed & Stopping distance are key.
Stay 3 to 4 seconds behind.
Tailgaters
Avoid quick changes.
Increase your following distance.
Don’t speed up.
Avoid tricks. (Control emotions.)
16. Lane Changes
Check to make sure there is enough room.
Signal your intentions.
Check your blind spot and space again.
Make the lane change.
Blind Spots
Don’t drive in someone else’s.
Make yourself as visible as possible. (*At all
times)
17. Line Markings
Yellow lines - Traffic in both directions.
White lines - One way traffic.
Broken - Passing allowed.
Solid - No passing.
Mandatory Signs:-
In accordance with the Motor Vehicles Act 1988, every driver of a motor
vehicle shall drive the vehicle in conformity with any indication given by the
mandatory signs.
Cautionary Signs:-
Cautionary signs are meant for cautioning the driver about the hazards
lying ahead on the road. The driver should obey these for safety.
Informatory Signs:-
Informatory signs are erected on the road to provide information on
direction, destination, roadside facilities, etc. to the road user.
Road Safety Signs
19. Right-Of-Way
At an intersection, vehicle on the right has the
right to go first.
Be aware of pedestrians and school crossing.
Scan the intersection/stop at the limit line
Reminder: NO One is guaranteed the right of
way.
Look at your path.
Back slowly.
Back to the driver’s side when possible.
Use a helper when possible.
Backing
20. Railroad Crossings
The cross buck is found at most public crossings.
These signs should be treated in the same manner as a
yield sign.
Ramps (Slope)
Obey speed limits posted.
Speed limits designed for autos;
larger vehicles need to go slower.
Exits merging downhill are particularly
dangerous.
Adjust speed and position
Be familiar with surrounding
21. Emergency Vehicles
Immediately move to the right of your lane, to
another lane, or to the shoulder if possible.
If moving right is not possible, stay where you
are. Do not move left.
22. Accident Reporting
• Note the vehicle no.
• Stop the vehicle
• Switch on warning lights
• Render first-aid to injured
• Rush to the hospital
• Inform police, irrespective who is at fault.
• Get medically checked if you also have received injury or head hit.
• Note the name of Driver, license no.
24. Six Factors involved for causing road accidents
1. Light
2. Road
3. Weather
4. Vehicle
5. Traffic
6. Driver
25. DRIVER
• Low education level
• Inadequate training
• Easily obtained License
• Lack of knowledge of rules & regulations
• Long working hours fatigue
• Health fitness is poor
•Drinking habits
• Emotional stress
• Over confidence in driving
• Seeing Ability:
-Colour blindness
-40% elderly drivers can not see road signs at night.
-10 to 30 times more illumination level is required to see at night.
26. Factors affecting driving skills
• Fatigue (overworking hours)
Stop when you feel tired/ sleepy, take rest, tea &
arrange other driver to drive.
• Medicine
• Disturb mind
• Distraction (pet, children at back seat, loud
music, etc.)
• Drunken driving
27. BREAKDOWN
• Inform convoy supervisor
• Switch on warning lights
• Keep vehicle away from movement of traffic
• Display warning triangle
• Apply hand brake
• Convoy supervisor will inform to the control room
• Control room will inform emergency breakdown control point.
MECHANICAL FAILURE
•Brake failure
What to do?
• Tire burst
What to do?
• Sudden loss of acceleration
What to do?
• Bonnet flies up
What to do?
28. DO NOT OVERTAKE
• On a marked NO OVERTAKING ZONE.
• On curves
• On hills
• 100 meters before & at railway crossing or cross roads.
• A vehicle, slowing down to give way to pedestrians
Avoid following too closely
•Reaction time: 3/4th of a second
• Gap between the vehicles: keep one
vehicle distance for every 10 kmph speed.
29. Defensive Driving Good Habits
• Observation;
-Who, where, when & what to look for.
• Communication
• Coordination
• Consideration
Keep your mind cool, Manage stress
SCHEDULE DELAY
•Plan your trip, this will reduce driving time.
• Hurry leads to mistakes and accidents
• Beware of bad weather, traffic conditions & route.
ATTITUDE
•Willing to admit mistakes
• Tolerance towards the mistakes of others
• Respect for the law
• Respect for other road users
• Courtesy
31. RESPONSIBILITY AS A DRIVER NEVER ENDS. YOUR LIFE
AND THE LIVES OF OTHERS DEPEND ON YOU!
As a defensive driver, you must be always alert on
the road.
Best Driver!
