PPT Conjunctive Use of water resources.

1. INDIAN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY ROORKEE
Conjunctive Use Planning in the Canal Command
2021
Seminar Presentation

2. 2
Contents
• Canal Irrigation in India
• Canal Command Issues
• Understanding Conjunctive use
• Potential benefits of Conjunctive Water Use in canal
command
• Constraints in implementing the Conjunctive Use
• Methods used for Conjunctive Use
• Policy Framework around Conjunctive Use
• Case Study
• Conclusion
• Way Forward

3. 3
Canal Command
• Gross Command Area (GCA) in an irrigation scheme refers
to the total area bounded within the boundary of the project
which can be irrigated through it. It includes the area covered
by roads, culverts, settlements, unculturable area etc.
• While the area on which crops can be grown satisfactory is
called Culturable Command Area (CCA).
Image Source: NPTEL

4. 4
Irrigation Status in India
• India has over 140 m Ha area under cultivation.
• Statistical Year Book India, 2017 by MoSPI: Net Irrigated
Area in 2013-14 = 68.1 million Ha.
– 16.28 m Ha by canals (24%)
– 1.84 m Ha by tanks (3%)
– 42.44 m Ha by tubewells and other wells (62%) i.e.
irrigation from GW
– 7.54 m Ha by other sources (11%)

5. 5
Issues Faced in Canal Commands
Water Logging
• Mainly due to over-irrigation.
• Prevalent near head reached
Tail users suffer
• Most of water consumed at head and middle reaches
Report of Working Group setup by MoWR in 1991
Salinity increase
• 3.30 m Ha affected by salinity/alkalinity in the irrigated commands
Losses
• Conveyance and Evaporation losses
Despite of canal network
GW Exploitation
• Due to free electricity and 0 water tariffs

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Understanding Conjunctive Use
• Conjunctive use is the combined & integrated management
of surface and groundwater for optimal productive and
allocation efficiency.
• It recognizes the unified nature of water resources as a
single natural resource and takes advantage of interaction
between the surface and ground water in planning the use of
the two resources.
• It combines positives of both the surface and ground water
based irrigation
Thus, Conjunctive Use of
Water could help in tacking
the problems mentioned.

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Conjunctive Use: Combines Advantages of both
Surface Water
Gravity Flow
More Regulated Flow
Reservoirs serve multiple
purposes
Low Mineralization
Ground Water
More Dependable Yield
Better Quality; Less Pollution
No Storage Needed
No Siltation & Evaporation losses
Low Gestation Period

8. 8
Conjunctive Use: Achieved Benefits
Benefits
Better
Dependability
& Accessibility
Less Water
Logging &
salinity
Peak
Demand
Reduced
Water to
Tail Ends
Higher
Productivity
Less Salinity

9. 9
Elements of Conjunctive Use Planning
Guidelines
• 'Guidelines for Planning Conjunctive Use of Surface and Ground Waters in
Irrigation Projects' by Ministry of Water Resources in 1995.
• Estimating GW; Allocating GW for Conjunctive Use; Max/Min Extraction
• Various strategies for CU; etc.
Basin
Assessment
• Collect data about area & water resources: hydrological,
precipitation, crop requirement, evapotranspiration etc.
Mathematic
-al Models
• To simulate Hydrological conditions in the area e.g. MODFLOW
• Should incorporate surface water and ground water interaction
• Alternatives examined using different ratio of SW to GW

10. 10
Elements of Conjunctive Use Planning
Pilot Project
• Taken up on a small area
• 3 physical facilities needed: Water distribution; Artificial
recharge; Pumping of groundwater
Feasibility
Study
• Benefits and costs involved in the Pilot Project are
analysed
Implementa
tion
• If found feasible, it is implemented & Monitored.
• Finally, the plan incorporated into Command area
development scheme of the area.

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CU: Methods & Techniques
Techniques
Available
Aquifer
recharge
Storm
runoff
Recharge
pits
Using
GW in
Rabi
River
augmen
tation

12. 12
CU: Limitations and Constraints
Land subsidence if excessive withdrawal
Salt leaching may happen in ground water
Power needed to extract groundwater
Not suitable everywhere: salinity, deep WT etc.
Administrative setup not conductive – Silos.
Operation, supervision and control more Complex

13. 13
Case Study: CU in Canal Command Area, Odisha
• Area Selected:
– Pattamundai canal command area in Mahanga block of Cuttack
district of Odisha.
– It covered 2 distributaries (5a, 5b) and 1 minor (5b).
– Total CCA was of 753 Ha and covered 12 villages.
• Cropping Pattern:
– 2 crops in a year
– Kharif: Paddy in 71% to 87% area; Jute, vegetable & spices on rest.
– Rabi: Vegetables, pulses, and groundnut and oil seeds
• Average Yield of Paddy:
Canal Command Reach Avg Yield (t/ha)
Head Reach 2.7 – 3.0
Middle Reach 2.5 – 2.7
Tail Reach 2.2 – 2.5

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Case Study: Methodology adopted
Data Collection in command area: Cropping
Pattern, canal release pattern and water
availability, yield etc.
Soil samples collected at various depths;
Soil moisture & ET demand calculated.
Bore well, Dug wells and water harvesting
structures were constructed in 2007 to use
Ground Water in a sub-part of command
Impact Assessment in 3 crop seasons by
comparing bore & dug well areas of
command with rest of areas of command.

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Case Study: Canal Water Availability
• Flow Pattern in the Study Area: Canal releases and flow was
monitored for the 3 years from 2007-08 to 2009-10.
Conclusion 1: In Kharif, Canal water is sufficient but in Rabi,
even Canal + Rain water is less than ET needs of crops.
2009
Data
No. of
days of
water
release
Canal
Supply (ha-
m)
Rainfall
(ha-m)
Crop Demand
(ha-m)
Excess/Deficit
Supply
Kharif
Season
121-129
days
1479.1 1326.0 553.4 + 2251.7
(Excess)
Rabi
Season
43-46
days
405.1 114.1 535.6 -16.4
(Deficit)

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Case Study: Water Availability
• Kharif Season:
• Rabi Season:
Conclusion 2: Significant reduction of water along the canal.
Kharif Season Dist – 5a Dist – 5b Minor – 5b
Flow at head (cumec) 0.775 0.699 0.225
% Reduction in Middle 8.5% at 0.2 km 32% at 1.5 km -
% Reduction at Tail 79% at 5 km 65% at 4.5 km 67%
Rabi Season Dist – 5a Dist – 5b Minor – 5b
Flow at head (cumec) 0.715 0.735 0.23
% Reduction in Middle 3.2% at 0.2 km 24% at 1.5 km -
% Reduction at Tail 83% at 5 km 47% at 4.5 km 56%

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Case Study: Ground Water Level
• Ground Water Table:
– During pre-monsoon season, it ranges within 2.0 m to 3.18 m.
– During monsoons, it remained about 2.0 m.
– Post-monsoons, it ranged from 2.0 m to 3.2 m
• The detailed analysis indicated that there is abundant
amount of groundwater at shallow depth in all the canal
command area
Conclusion 3: Water Table remains at shallow depth all
through the year.

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Case Study: Steps taken under CU Planning
• In a part of command area, water harvesting structures were
developed in the year 2007 using Participatory approach.
• 2 Dug wells were constructed upto 6.65 m depth with 3
meter diameter, irrigating an area of 2360 sqm and 1400
sqm respectively.
• 1 bore well with 15 meter depth was constructed near to the
water harvesting structures. Here tube-well was used.
• Now, for next 3 crop seasons (2007-2010), various
parameters like change in cropping pattern, water availability
etc. were assessed.

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Case Study: Impacts of Conjunctive Use
• In Dug Well-1 Command Area:
– 3 crops grown viz. Jute-Paddy-Onion/Garlic each year from 2007-
10 instead of 2 earlier.
– Increase in Avg Yield of Paddy: 2.8-3.0 t/ha in tail reach.
– Increase in Net Return: highest in 2008-09 @ 1,10,839/ha.
– Ground water still at shallow depth i.e. no excess depletion.
• In Dug Well-2 command area:
– Grew only 2 crops (Paddy & Vegetable) due to social constraints.
– Highest Net Return was Rs. 48,974/ha.
• In Bore Well command:
– Increase in Avg Yield of Paddy: 4.8 t/ha in tail reach.
– Highest Net Return was in 2009-10 @ Rs. 83170/ha.

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Case Study: Results
• Increased from prevailing 151% to 300%
(due to 3 crops) with high value & less
water requirement crops.
Increased Cropping
Intensity in Tail End
• Increased from 2.2-2.5 t/ha to 2.8-4.8 t/ha
Paddy Average
Yield in Tail End
• For Potato increased to 8.413 kg /m3 of
crop ET wrt the average of 12 villages @
4.23 kg yield/ m3 of crop ET.
100% increase in
Water Productivity
• Water Productivity (kg fruit yield/ m3 of
water used) highest in potato followed by
brinjal.
Potato as winner
among Vegetables

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Case Study: Results Contd.
• Water was also available at tail ends due to
dug and bore wells
Equitability
• A perceptible increase in Net Returns
(Rs/ha) for farmers due to 3 crops a year.
Prosperity
• Water Table was found to be at shallow
depth in Dug and Bore well commands,
thus no excessive exploitation of GW.
Conservation

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Conjunctive Use: Conclusions
• Combined and Efficient use of Surface and Ground Water could
increase Yields and Cropping Intensity.
• Better availability of irrigation water at tail ends – Construction of
Dug and Bore Wells could help in Tail Ends of Canals.
• Ground water could be used efficiently – thus improving
dependability of irrigation water.
• All these lead to a higher Net Returns for the farmers.

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Conjunctive Use: Way Forward
• Sustained campaign to educate the stakeholders about benefits of
conjunctive use and risks of water logging and salinization.
• Better design and providing incentives for balanced groundwater
use.
• Involving Water User Associations (WUAs) for a balanced use of
SW and GW - Participatory Irrigation Management (PIM)
• Strengthening the institutional arrangements in water resource
administration.
• Recognizes the unified nature of water resources during planning
phase of irrigation projects

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References
• Ministry of Statistics and Program Implementation, Government of
India. “Statistical Year Book India, 2017”.
• Central Water Commission, Ministry of Jal Shakti, Government of
India. (1995) “Guidelines for Planning Conjunctive Use Of Surface
And Ground Waters In Irrigation Projects”.
• Prof T.I.Eldho, Dept of Civil Engineering, IIT Bombay. “Conjunctive
use of Water Resources”.
• Prof. Deepak Khare, IIT Roorkee. “Conjunctive Use of Surface
and Ground Water”.
• Ranu Rani Sethi, R.B.Singandhupe and Ashwani Kumar. (2014).
“Conjunctive Planning of Surface and Groundwater Resources in
Canal Command Area of Odisha-A Success Story”. IOSR Journal
of Agriculture and Veterinary Science (IOSR-JAVS). Volume 7,
Issue 9 Ver. III (Sep. 2014) PP 43-48.
• National Water Mission. <www.nwm.gov.in>

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Thanks