Discusson 2 Ethics and Moral Development Respond to Peers: Review your classmates’ posts, and respond to at least two of your peers by Day 7. In each response, provide comments that prompt further critical thinking and insight on your classmate’s perspective on ethical values as they relate to their personal, academic, and professional lives. Each participation post should be a minimum of 75 words. NEED TO REPLY TO THESE TWO PEERS REPLY Reply to Kirsten Lizama According to cognitive-developmental psychologist, Lawrence Kohlberg, there are six stages of moral and ethical development. The first stage called the Preconventional Morality stage is seen mostly in young children preschool, elementary and some junior high and high school individuals. In this stage one tends to obey in order not to get caught but given the opportunity without punishment the individual is more likely to disregard others and only think of themselves. Stage two called exchange of favors is when individual start to realize others have needs to and work toward helping others if it benefits their own need without punishment or consequences. The next stage conventional morality normally is not seen until the high school level. Individuals start to be aware of there actions and how others see their behavior in society and what constitutes the norms. Stage four individuals look for confidence in their behaviors through society’s eyes. Sometimes not realizing rules of merit can lack construct and should be change for the betterment of society. Also, in this stage rules are constraining, and inflexible Stage 5 social contract, is rarely present before college level. Individuals start to see that rules set in place are to protect society and keep order and rules can be flexible and evolve with society changes. The next stage to my surprise few people ever reach the universal ethical principle stage. At this stage we are looking at diversity and respecting other beliefs and searching for ways to live among each other with our differences. Being ethical to me means openness and understanding of other intentions even if we do not believe in their methods. One ethical dilemma that has always bothered me has happen in my personal and professional life. I find that when someone is singled out for one reason or another rather it is at work or personally everyone seems to jump on the band wagon and sometimes I feel if I do not agree than I will be singled out. I will not just agree to feel apart of something. It is just the person I am and sometimes it is not the best trait, but I believe strongly in treating other how you would like to be treated in a similar situation. A college education prepares you for problem solving and critical thinking. For example, when we are faced with ethical decisions we must be able to look at both side and come to a reasonable solution. Education makes us aware, alert and knowledgeable something that is very beneficial for high positions McDevitt, T. M.

1. Discusson 2 Ethics and Moral Development
Respond to Peers: Review your classmates’ posts, and respond
to at least two of your peers by Day 7. In each response, provide
comments that prompt further critical thinking and insight on
your classmate’s perspective on ethical values as they relate to
their personal, academic, and professional lives. Each
participation post should be a minimum of 75 words.
NEED TO REPLY TO THESE TWO PEERS REPLY
Reply to Kirsten Lizama
According to cognitive-developmental psychologist, Lawrence
Kohlberg, there are six stages of moral and ethical development.
The first stage called the Preconventional Morality stage is seen
mostly in young children preschool, elementary and some junior
high and high school individuals. In this stage one tends to obey
in order not to get caught but given the opportunity without
punishment the individual is more likely to disregard others and
only think of themselves. Stage two called exchange of favors is
when individual start to realize others have needs to and work
toward helping others if it benefits their own need without
punishment or consequences. The next stage conventional
morality normally is not seen until the high school level.
Individuals start to be aware of there actions and how others see
their behavior in society and what constitutes the norms. Stage
four individuals look for confidence in their behaviors through
society’s eyes. Sometimes not realizing rules of merit can lack
construct and should be change for the betterment of society.
Also, in this stage rules are constraining, and inflexible Stage 5
social contract, is rarely present before college level.
Individuals start to see that rules set in place are to protect
society and keep order and rules can be flexible and evolve with
society changes. The next stage to my surprise few people ever
reach the universal ethical principle stage. At this stage we are
looking at diversity and respecting other beliefs and searching

2. for ways to live among each other with our differences. Being
ethical to me means openness and understanding of other
intentions even if we do not believe in their methods. One
ethical dilemma that has always bothered me has happen in my
personal and professional life. I find that when someone is
singled out for one reason or another rather it is at work or
personally everyone seems to jump on the band wagon and
sometimes I feel if I do not agree than I will be singled out. I
will not just agree to feel apart of something. It is just the
person I am and sometimes it is not the best trait, but I believe
strongly in treating other how you would like to be treated in a
similar situation. A college education prepares you for problem
solving and critical thinking. For example, when we are faced
with ethical decisions we must be able to look at both side and
come to a reasonable solution. Education makes us aware, alert
and knowledgeable something that is very beneficial for high
positions
McDevitt, T. M., & Ormrod, J. E. (2007). Kohlberg’s three
levels and six stages of moral reasoning (Links to an external
site.)Links to an external site. (Links to an external site.)Links
to an external site.. Child Development and Education, 518.
Retrieved from
http://www.education.com/reference/article/kohlbergs-moral-
reasoning/
Reply to Charles Dandridge
Ethics and Moral Development
Explain what it means to be ethical as it relates to personal,
academic, and professional growth.
When I think about what it means to be ethical, I think of key
characteristics such as integrity, honesty, civic duty, and social
responsibility. The basic principle of ethical behavior as it
relates to personal, academic, and professional growth is the
ability to act on one’s convictions regarding right or wrong
issues regardless of the resulting consequences.

3. Provide at least one ethical dilemma you have encountered and
describe how the issue was resolved.
I was once asked by a supervisor to forge an employee’s
signature on a document. I immediately thought to myself how
unprofessional it was for the manager to make this type of
request. I only had, maybe 30 seconds at most, to make an
ethical decision whether to comply or not. I thought about the
person whose name I would be forging and the consequences of
what that signature meant for that person – potential
disciplinary action. I decided to decline the request and
informed the manager of the seemingly acceptable unethical
practice.
Describe how your general education courses have influenced
your ethical values.
General education courses have taught me how to view difficult
and challenging issues through the lens of responsibility and to
evaluate ethical judgments against moral standards. They have
shaped and refined the personal characteristics of integrity and
trustworthiness.
Explain why a college-educated person might have different
duties to society than someone not as educated.
A college-educated person is better equipped and prepared to
recognize and solve challenging societal issues versus someone
who is uneducated. According to Hedberg (2017), “social
consensus can affect moral judgments, but with critical moral
reflection, students consider multiple social perspectives,
critique unexamined beliefs, and better understand the cultural
factors that implicitly influence their moral choices” (pg. 515
para. 2). Acting and leading with integrity is a developed
process that is one of the benefits of a well-rounded college
curriculum.
Charles D.
References:
Hedberg, P. R. (2017). Guiding Moral Behavior through a

4. Reflective Learning Practice. Journal Of Management
Education, 41(4), 514-538.
The first article is about ‘public health’ and the association of
the tobacco industry with the executive of the International
Society of the Built Environment.
The second article is about the health challenges being faced in
the 21st century as posed by slums and cities.
The 20 check list items along with an explanation as to how
each item helps us to evaluate the study:
Was the research question clearly stated? This item is
important in evaluating study as it enables to determine if the
outcome is clear and if the target population is properly
selected.
Did the authors study an outcome? Or did they study a topic
that is important for the population group? This is a question of
relevance and helps evaluate a study by determining the subject
of study.
Was there any bias in the selection of study subjects? This is
a question of validity and helps evaluate a study in terms of the
proper representation of the relevant population by the subject.
Is the procedure being used feasible? This is a question of
relevance and helps evaluate a study in terms of its outcome and
its feasibility.
Were the groups comparable? This is a question of validity
and helps evaluate a study in terms of use of concurrent
controls.
Was biases prevented by using blinding? This is a question of
validity and helps evaluate a study by determining if the data
collectors were blinded for outcome assessment.

5. Were protocols described for all factors to be studied? This is
a question of validity and helps evaluate a study in terms of the
detailed description of exposure factors.
Were the outcomes clearly defined? This is a question of
validity and helps evaluate a study by understanding the
relevance of description of primary and secondary endpoints.
Were the measurements valid and reliable? This is a question
of validity and helps evaluate a study by determining if the
measurements are based on a standard.
Were the data collection procedures reliable? This is a
question of validity and helps evaluate a study by determining if
the data collection is based on a standard.
Were the measurements conducted in a consistent manner for
different groups? This is a question of validity and helps
evaluate a study by determining if the measurements are based
on a standard.
Was the measurement of outcomes blinded? This is a
question of validity and helps evaluate a study by evaluating the
presence or absence of biases.
Was the exposure amount measured? This is a question of
validity and helps evaluate a study by evaluating compliance.
Were the effects measured precisely? This is a question of
validity and helps evaluate a study by determining if the
measurements were valid and reliable.
Were all factors accounted for that could possibly affect
outcomes? This is a question of validity and helps evaluate a
study by determining its level of comprehensiveness.
Are the findings of the study discussed? This is a question of
validity and helps evaluate a study by analyzing the
conclusions.
Are the limitations in the study process discussed? This is a
question of validity and helps evaluate a study by analyzing if
the limitations were taken into consideration or not.
Was there any conflict of interest? This is a question of
validity and helps evaluate a study by finding bias due to
funding or sponsorship.

6. Were the sources of funding mentioned? This is a question of
validity and helps evaluate a study by finding bias due to
funding or sponsorship.
Was the dependent variables studied? This is a question of
relevance and helps evaluate a study by determining the
relevance of common issue to the population.
Due on Thursday March 15, 2018
Review the following two research studies.
Garne, D., Watson, M., Chapman, S., & Byrne, F. (2005).
Environmental tobacco smoke research published in the journal
Indoor and Built Environment and associations with the tobacco
industry. Lancet, 365(9461), 804–9. Retrieved from
http://www.lphi.org/LPHIadmin/uploads/Lancet-%20I+BE.pdf
Sclar, E. D., Garau, P., Carolini, G. (2005). The 21st century
health challenge of slums and cities. Lancet, 365(9462), 901–3;
Retrieved from
http://www.unmillenniumproject.org/documents/TheLancetSlum
s.pdf
Based on your review of the two studies, create a checklist to
analyze the quality of research studies.
Your checklist should not have more than 20 items. Avoid
repetition.
Explain how each item on the checklist helps evaluate a study.
The checklist should be clearly worded. A person using it
should not have to ask for an explanation of any item.
To support your work, use your course and textbook readings
and use the South University Online Library. As in all
assignments, cite your sources in your work and provide
references for the citations in APA format.
Submission Details:
Your assignment should be addressed in an 8- to 10-page
document.

7. Discussion 1 Final Argumentative Essay Topic
Respond to Peers: Review your classmates’ posts, and respond
to at least two of your peers by Day 7. In each response, provide
comments on your classmate’s topic idea and ask a question that
prompts your classmate to think more critically about how to
explore the research topic in more detail. Each participation
post should be a minimum of 75 words.
NEED TO REPLY TO THIS TWO PEERS DISCUSSION POST
AND ASK THEM A QUESTION
Reply to Samantha Acevedo
Two global issues that I would consider researching further will
be minimum wage and wealth disparity. The effective methods I
used to narrow down my two topics down were I work in the
medical field and see the amount of work that is put in by
different healthcare fields that do not get paid enough for the
amount that they do and the other is how those who work fast
food are expecting minimum wage to be raised to $15/hr. Three
ways that I will determine if the sources are credible are the
publisher and where they researched their information. I will
also look at if the references come from a valid source and if it
verifiable. The last would be the credentials of the author, if
they are from a university or if others agree or disagree with
their publications.
For one of the topics chosen, summarize information from at
least two peer-reviewed journal articles from the Ashford
University Library that will support your claims
Hernandez, Richard (2017) Raising the Minimum Wage In
Three Different Ways 2017
Monthly Labor Review. Jul2017, p30-30. 1p.retreived
from http://eds.b.ebscohost.com.proxy-
library.ashford.edu/eds/detail/detail?vid=4&sid=62725912-
cabd-463f-8021-
f84bb32123dd%40sessionmgr101&bdata=JnNpdGU9ZWRzLWx
pdmUmc2NvcGU9c2l0ZQ%3d%3d#AN=124458076&db=bsh (Li

8. nks to an external site.)Links to an external site.
“A key finding was that, during the January 2013 through
January 2015 period, employment of young high school
dropouts and young adults expanded 1 percentage point less in
states that had one-time or multiphase minimum wage increases
compared with states that did not increase their minimum wage”
This supports my paper because in this article it spoke about
different approaches that some states that are raising minimum
wage. This was a positive impact of increasing minimum wage.
Reich, Michael (2015) The Ups and Downs
of MinimumWage Policy: The Fair Labor Standards Act in
Historical Perspective. 2015 Industrial Relations. Oct2015, Vol.
54 Issue 4, p538-546. 9p. 2 Graphs. Retrieved
http://eds.b.ebscohost.com.proxy-
library.ashford.edu/eds/detail/detail?vid=7&sid=62725912-
cabd-463f-
8021f84bb32123dd%40sessionmgr101&bdata=JnNpdGU9ZWRz
LWxpdmUmc2NvcGU9c2l0ZQ%3d%3d#db=bsh&AN=10936481
2&anchor=widgetsAnchor
This article introduces how minimum wage came about after
WWI and WWII, “Higher minimum wages then reduce job
vacancies and hiring costs.” Was a concern to employers when
minimum wage was introduced to businesses. This is an
example for more work for less employees.
Reply to John Spencer
Research Topics
Choosing a research topics for papers can be the most difficult
part of assignments for students. The time spent choosing a
topic can be accomplished by researching the listed topics and
then deciding which topic speaks to the individual. For myself I
reviewed and researched the topic selection that included the
following topics: 1) Adult illiteracy; 2) Funding for General
Education vs STEM in primary and secondary schools; 3)
Minimum wage; 4) Oceans desertification; 5) Overcoming the
digital divide; 6) Refugee (escaping persecution, war, or death)

9. crises; 7) Species extinctions (modern); 8) Tax havens; 9)
Transatlantic Trade and Investment Partnership (TTIP); 10)
Universal statement of human rights (pick one); Airport
security, 11) Wealth disparity. Two research topics spoke to me
and presented enough interest and intrigue to warrant further
research. The two topics I identified for my research paper were
airport security and overcoming the digital divide. Each
research topic has affected society and impacted how society
travels and moves forward as computer capability and
applications expands. I have limited experience from the
military operating baggage x-ray machines, processing space-a
passengers, and ensuring the flights were safe as possible. With
my interest in computers and how applications have expanded
the topic overcoming the digital divide is very intriguing.
Firstly I desired to narrow my topics and then decide what
topics were interesting and offered enough intrigue for myself
to write about. I started looking at topics like minimum wage,
refugees, and tax havens. But ultimately airport security and
overcoming the digital divide won were the most interesting.
Next I researched the topics utilizing Ashford Library and
conducted searches for potential topics. I utilized three methods
to determine potential sources: 1) Scholarly and credible; 2)
How the articles were reviewed; 3) Reviewed the citations
referenced for the potential sources.
References
NBAA. (2018). Large Aircraft Security Program
(LASP). Retrieved from
https://www.nbaa.org/ops/security/programs/lasp/tsa-withdraws-
large-aircraft-security-rule-proposal.php