1. EnergyEfficiency –
A future Market for Electrical Engineers and Contractors
Requirements, Chances and Know-how
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2. Introduction
Peter Kadel (Dipl.-Ing.)
Electrical Engineering
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Energy Consultancy
Engineering Services
Education
The Book: (Gebäude-Energieberatung)
„Building-EnergyConsultancy“
Idea
Intention
Prospective Buyers
Incorporated Rules and Regulations
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3. Topics
Introduction
Present Market Situation
Energy Situation Worldwide
Basic Calculation Rules
Calculation Symbols for Energy Flows
Requriements of Energy Consultancy
Examples of Energy Effiency System Solutions
Energy Consultancy Concepts (ARC)
Summary
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4. PRESENT MARKET SITUATION

5. Present Market Situation I/III
Enevironmental desasters
More information about
environmental disasters in
multimedia.
Energyprices
Prices for oil and gas raised up by
2100 % within the last 48 years, i.e.
6,5 % p.a. The rate since 2000 is 20 %
p.a.!!!
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6. Present Market Situation II/III
Environ- Energy-
mental
Costs
Situation
End-user
Governmental Regualtions:
Law‘s and regulation and
incentive programs
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7. Present Market Situation III/III
The end-user is concerned about
Environmental situation,
Steadyly rising energy prices,
governmental law’s and regulations .
But on the other hand he gets governmental support by
incentive programs for green investments.
Impact on EnergyConsultancies
Energy efficient system solutions becoming more
sophisticated and complex.
Therefore end-users need support in finding out the best
solution for their own building.
Specialists are needed which concentrate not only on efficient
products or subsystems but consider the complete
energy (building) system.
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8. ENERGY SITUATION WORLDWIDE

9. Energy Situaition Worldwide I/II
Non-Renewable Energies Worldwide 46,256 Notes:
Year 2004
Peta = 1015
Exa = 1018
10,414
All values in EWh
0,108 0,107
If we compare the reserves with
the consumption we will see that
the non-renewable energies will
Consumption Extraction Reserves Ressources
cover the consumption at about
100 years.
Pic. 3.3 Worldwide Consumption, extraction, reserves and
resources of non-renewable energies
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10. Energy Situaition Worldwide II/II
Reserves
Non-Renewable Energies 2004
Consumption
32,2
% 27,1
30,0 22,8 22,8
19,2 20,7
18,4
20,0
9,6
6,4 4,9 5,2 3,7
10,0 3,6 3,4
Europe CIS Africa Middle Austral- North- Latin-
East Asia America Amerika
Fig. 3.4 Energyconsumption and –reserves, divided by regions
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11. BASIC CALCULATION RULES

12. Basic Calculation Rules I/V
Calculation in values with quatities and units.
System is characterized by
the interior and
the exterior conditions and
the system boundary.
If the interior and exterior conditions are different
energy will flow through the system boundary.
Each energy (E) form can be defined as product of
power (P) and time (t).
E=P⋅t (2.1)
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13. Basic Calculation Rules II/V
We have different energy forms like:
2.3.1.1 Heat (Q)
2.3.1.2 Mechanical energy (W)
2.3.1.3 Electrical energy (Wel)
2.3.1.4 Radiant energy (WS)
Q=m⋅c⋅ ϑ (2.2)
Wmech = F ⋅ s (2.3)
Wel = Uel ⋅ Iel ⋅ t (2.14)
WS = σ ⋅ T4 ⋅ A ⋅ t (2.16)
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14. Basic Calculation Rules III/V
P = E / t = E‘ (2.18)
Depending on the different energies the power can
be defined:
2.3.2.1 Heatpower (Q‘)
2.3.2.2 Mechanical power (Pmech)
2.3.2.3 Electrical power (Pel)
2.3.2.4 Radiant power (PS)
Depending on the start of the calculation either the
energy flow or the power is available.
The energy value you can get by integration of the
Power or you transfer the Energy to Power by
differentiation.
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15. Basic Calculation Rules IV/V
Table 2.2 Energy (Work) and Power of different energy forms
Designation Energy Power
Heat Q=m⋅c⋅ ϑ Q‘ = m ⋅ c ⋅ ϑ/t
Mechanical Wmech = F ⋅ s Pmech = F ⋅ v
Energy
Electrical Energy Wel = Uel ⋅ Iel ⋅ t Pel = Uel ⋅ Iel
Radiant Energy WS = σ ⋅ T 4 ⋅ A ⋅ t PS = σ ⋅ T4 ⋅ A
How to calculate the energy flow of a system?
Define the object you want to calculate the energy flow.
Define the interior conditions.
Define the exterior conditions.
Transfer to physical values calcualte by introduced
equations.
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16. Basic Calculation Rules V/V
Example
Fig. 2.1 Example of a system – Interior Conditions
electric kettle
Water: m = 1 kg, ϑ = 20 °C,
Boundary c = 1,163 ⋅ 10-3 kWh/(kg ⋅ K)
Exterior Conditions
Electric kettle: P = 2 kW, η = 0,95
Boundary conditions
ϑ = 80 K
Question 1: Q ?
Q = 1 kg ⋅ 1,163 ⋅ 10-3 kWh/(kg ⋅ K) ⋅ 80 K
Q = 0,093 kWh
Question 2: t ?
t = 0,093 kWh/(2 kW ⋅ 0,95) = 0,05 h = 3 min
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17. CALCULATION SYMBOLS
FOR ENERGY FLOWS

18. Calculation Symbols I/V
Based on (2.1) we are able to describe each system
with the values Energy, Power and time.
Idea: Visualize the energy system
Introduction of three symbols:
Energytransformer Energysource Timedifference
E
t P E E t
Sink Source
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19. Calculation Symbols II/V
Combination of symbols
E
t0 t1 P t1
t0
E0 E
t2 P
E1 E2 E3
t0 = t1 + t2
E0 = E1 - E2 - E3
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20. Calculation Symbols III/V
Example
Boundary t0 = 0,05 h
E
t0 t1 P
With these symbols we are able to design
Equivalent Circuit Diagrams (ECD).
The process in the example is isochronous.
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21. Calculation Symbols IV/V
Example
Boundary t0 = 1 h
t1
t0
E
The process in the example is t2 P
non-isochronous.
E.g.
t1 = non-productive time
t2 = productive time
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22. Calculation Symbols V/V
Energy flow of a building
EtH
ERO EEW EC PW
t0 t1 PRO PEW PC PW
P = U⋅ A ⋅ ϑ
ϑ = 20 K
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23. REQUIREMENTS ON
ENERGY CONSULTANCY

24. Requirements in Energy Consultancy I/III
Discipline 3
(e.g. architectural
design)
Discipline 2 Discipline 4
(e.g. skeleton (e.g. Window
and insulation) and glacing)
...
Energy-
Discipline 1 System e.g. Discipline n
(e.g. Heating) building (e.g. Carpentry)

25. Requirements in Energy Consultancy II/III
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26. Requirements in Energy Consultancy III/III
Task of Energy Consultancy:
Investigate existing and new energy systems and
find out economical solutions for the end-user in saving
energy costs.
Furthermore the solution has to be climate protective.
Requirements
Mathematical and natural scientific based knowledge.
Process and material know-how.
Knowledge about international and national laws and
regulations.
Knowledge in capital budgeting and economic
calculations.
Knowledge about pollutant emissions and environment
compatibility .
Interdisciplinary Thinking .
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27. EXAMPLES OF ENERGY
EFFICIENT SYSTEM SOLUTIONS

28. Examples of energy efficient system solutions I/V
After Revision in
Energy Actual in kWh Savings in kWh Savings in %
kWh
Qh in kWh 31.704 18.940 12.764 40%
QE in kWh 39.117 24.500 14.617 37%
QP in kWh 120.951 8.500 112.451 93%

29. Examples of energy efficient system solutions II/V
After Revision in
Energy Actual in kWh Savings in kWh Savings in %
kWh
Qh in kWh 44.558 22.784 21.774 49%
QE in kWh 77.896 39.104 38.792 50%
QP in kWh 89.286 46.614 42.672 48%

30. Examples of energy efficient system solutions III/V
After Revision in
Energy Actual in kWh Savings in kWh Savings in %
kWh
Qh in kWh 99.360 29.863 69.497 70%
QE in kWh 182.869 41.776 141.093 77%
QP in kWh 257.680 48.029 209.651 81%

31. Examples of energy efficient system solutions IV/V
Useage of a local energy controller in complete
consumers installations
28000
EE = 300 000 kWh/a
EE = 270 000 kWh/a
27000
Reduction:
26000 E = 30 000 kWh/a
mCO2 = 20 000 kg/a
Energy-consumption in kWh
25000
24000
23000
22000
21000
20000
19000
Jan Feb Mrz Apr Mai Jun Jul Aug Sep Okt Nov Dez
2004 2005
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32. Examples of energy efficient system solutions V/V
With energy efficient building retrofits energy
savings can be reached up to 90 %.
You can use renewable energies.
CO2-Emissions can be reduced.
Furthermore
In a lot of retrofit projects not only the thermal protection
and the HVACR is relevant but also the electrical
installation system.
Customers want comfortable solutions!
With the energy efficient retrofit of buildings we
have furthermore the chance to introduce new an
modern technical solutions.
PK ENERGY ®

33. ENERGY CONSULTANCY
CONCEPTS (ARC)

34. Energy Consultancy Concepts (ARC) I/V
The energy consultancy is a new discipline which
has to be systemized to raise up the efficiency.
Each energy system is a prototype but
the approach in each system is the same.
Conception I – Approach of
energyflow calculation
Conception II– Solutions and
alternatives to existing system
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35. Energy Consultancy Concepts (ARC) II/V
Conception I
Calculation scheme for each energy system in 6 steps.
t1
t0
E
t2 P
t0 = t1 + t2
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36. Energy Consultancy Concepts (ARC) III/V
Conception II
Scheme to find out economical energy saving solutions.
If all questens were anwered with YES you could think
about a redesign or use of efficient products.
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37. Energy Consultancy Concepts (ARC) IV/V
EF NO In existing buildings or
basically AVOID processes some sub-
needed? processes can very
often be completley
YES
avoided.
EF totally NO Reduction of energy
REDUCE
needed? consumption can be
realized easily and
via different solutions.
YES
EF needed NO The losses of one
incl. COMBINE
system can often be
Losses
Higher investment: used as the energy
Redesign of compl. YES source of a
process or use of succeeding process.
efficient equipment. Redesign
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38. Energy Consultancy Concepts (ARC) V/V
All energy systems are prototypes.
The approach can be systemized
Calculation of energy flow
ARC-Concept.
Most efficient solutions can be find by calculate the
complete energy balance.
By using ARC concept more economical solutions
can be identified.
The result of the energy consultancy is the schedule
for future retrofits.
Try to find always open solutions so that future
solutions can be integrated in the system.
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39. Summary
Energy calculation must consider the complete
energy flow of a system.
Interdisciplinary know-how is needed.
With systemizations interdisciplinary know-how can
easily be used.
Electrical energy: 8 % End energy but 20 % Primary
energy
Raise up the energy efficiency means: understand
the customers needs.
In most retrofit projects the complete electrical
system is to be redesigned.
If we as el. Engineers and Contractors do not have
the entrance to this market other designers will tell
us what to do.
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40. More Information
More Information you‘ll find:
http://www.amazon.de/gp/reader/3810102784/ref=sib_dp
_pt#reader-link
www.PK-ENERGY.com
Out of the content
• Calculation Basics
• Energy systems (buildings, technical systems)
• Thermal Protection, systems engineering
• Requirements
• Methods and Tools
• Economical calculations
• Law‘s and Regulations
• CD included
ilable.
German language ava
Presently only in
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41. EnergyEfficiency –
A future Market for Electrical Engineers and Contractors
Many Thanks For Your Attention And Have
A Nice Time With EnergyEfficiency!
Peter Kadel
www.PK-ENERGY.com
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