Includes Info about WWI, WWII and Cold War

1. Modern Times
Each civilization that you will study in this unit made important
contributions to history.
•
Western countries built new societies based on industry.
•
Western rivalries over land and resources sparked World War I, the first
global conflict.
•
World War II made the United States and the Soviet Union world
leaders.
•
By 2000, advances in technology brought peoples of the world closer
together. Conflicts, however, developed among different groups.
A.D. 1800 A.D. 1825 A.D. 1850 A.D. 1875
Industry and A.D. 1804 A.D. 1848 A.D. 1861 A.D. 1877
Nationalism Napoleon Revolutions U.S. Civil Edison
C ha p t e r 19 becomes sweep War invents the
French Europe begins phonograph
emperor
Napoleon
Imperialism c. A.D. 1885
and World
War I European
African powers
Chapt er 20 carving of divide
European
missionary Africa
World War II
and the Cold
War
Chap te r 21
Building
Today’s
World
Chap te r 22
706
(t)Reunion des Musees Nationaux/Art Resource, NY, (b)The Royal Pavilion Libraries and Museums, Brighton and Howe

2. 60°N 60°N
NORTH EUROPE ASIA NORTH EUROPE ASIA
AMERICA AMERICA
AFRICA AFRICA
EQUATOR EQUATOR
0° 0°
N SOUTH SOUTH
AMERICA AUSTRALIA AUSTRALIA
AMERICA
W E Chapter Chapter
60°S
S 120°W 60°W 0° 19
60°E 120°E 180°
60°S
120°W 60°W 0° 20
60°E 120°E 180°
60°N 60°N
NORTH EUROPE ASIA NORTH EUROPE ASIA
AMERICA AMERICA
AFRICA AFRICA
EQUATOR EQUATOR
0° 0°
0 2,000 mi. SOUTH SOUTH
AMERICA AUSTRALIA AMERICA AUSTRALIA
0 2,000 km
Mercator projection
Chapter Chapter
60°S
120°W 60°W 0° 21
60°E 120°E 180°
60°S
120°W 60°W 0° 22
60°E 120°E 180°
A.D. 1900 A.D. 1925 A.D. 1950 A.D. 1975 A.D. 2000
Woman Houses of
factory Parliament,
worker London
A.D. 1898 c. A.D. 1900 A.D. 1917
United Japan World War I
States becomes ends
declares war a power
on Spain in Asia World War I
poster
A.D. 1933 A.D. 1941 A.D. 1949 C. A.D. 1957 Nigerians
Hitler U.S. Comm- African celebrate
leads enters unists independence independ-
ence
Germany World rule in begins
War II China
A.D. 1948 A.D. 1979 A.D. 1989 A.D. 2001
Israel Islamic Communism Terrorist
becomes revolution ends in attacks
a nation in Iran Eastern on U.S.
Europe
Israel’s Flag Ayatollah Khomeini
(tl)Mary Evans Picture Library, (tr)London Aerial Photo Library/CORBIS, (cl)Bridgeman Art Library, (cr)Archive Photo/Express News/D.E.1, (bl, b)CORBIS

3. 1 Arc de Triomphe
NORTH
AMERICA
Atlantic
See Industry and
Nationalism
Ocean
Chapter 19
2 British Parliament
Pacific
Ocean
SOUTH
See Imperialism and
World War I
AMERICA
Chapter 20
1783–1830 1867–1934
1769–1821 South American military Polish-born 1869–1948
French leader and political leader French scientist Indian leader
Chapter 19, page 721 Chapter 19, page 750 Chapter 19, page 740 Chapter 21, page 844
708
(bkgd)Worldsat International Inc. 2004, All Rights Reserved, (t)Robert Holmes/CORBIS, (c)CORBIS, (bl)Erich Lessing/Art Resource, NY, (blc)Christie’s Images/CORBIS, (brc)Hulton/Archive by Getty Images, (br)Bettmann/CORBIS

4. 3 Berlin Wall
2 3 See World War II and
1
EUROPE the Cold War
Chapter 21
4
4 Sarajevo, Bosnia
Mediterranean
Sea ASIA
Persian
Red Gulf
Sea See Building Today’s
World
Chapter 22
AFRICA
Indian 5 Cape Town, South Africa
Ocean
See Building Today’s
World
Chapter 22
5
1870–1924 1882–1945 1898–1978 1918–present
Communist leader U.S. president Israeli prime minister South African president
Chapter 20, page 795 Chapter 21, page 817 Chapter 22, page 877 Chapter 22, page 873
709
(t)Black Star, (c)Chris Rainier/CORBIS, (b)CORBIS, (bl, bcl, bcr)Bettmann/CORBIS, (br)Reuters/Mike Hutchings/Archive Photos

5. 710–711 PICIMPACT/CORBIS
Industry and
Nationalism
Steel plant on the Tees River in
Middlebough, England
1750 1800 1850 1900
1769 1799 1848 1871
Watt Napoleon Karl Marx writes Germany
improves comes to Communist is united
steam engine power Manifesto

6. Chapter Preview Chapter Overview Visit
jat.glencoe.com for a preview
In the late 1700s, the French Revolution and the Industrial of Chapter 19.
Revolution brought great changes to Europe and the United
States. Read this chapter to find out how the rise of factories and
the spread of nationalism changed how people lived their lives.
View the Chapter 19 video in the World History: Journey
Across Time Video Program.
The French Revolution and Napoleon
In 1789 the French overthrew their king and tried to build a
republic. A few years later, however, Napoleon seized power and
built a new French empire.
The Industrial Revolution
During the 1800s, Europe and North America began using
machines to produce large quantities of goods. During this time,
new inventions improved life for many people.
Society and Industry
The growth of industry led to the growth of cities and new social
groups, as well as many new problems and new ideas.
Nationalism and Nation-States
Nationalism and liberalism led to new nations and the
emergence of democracy in Europe and the Americas.
Organizing Information Make this foldable to help you organize and analyze
information by asking yourself questions about industry and nationalism.
Step 1 Fold four sheets of paper Step 3 Place the folded papers one Reading and Writing
in half from top to bottom. on top of the other. Staple the four As you read the chapter,
sections together and label the top write the main ideas for
four tabs: The French Revolution each section under the
and Napoleon, The Industrial appropriate tabs of your
Revolution, Society and Industry, foldable. Then write
Nationalism and Nation-States. one statement for each
tab that summarizes all
Step 2 On each folded paper, make a The French of the main ideas in
cut 1 inch from the side on the top flap. Staple here. Revolution and that tab.
Cut 1 inch from
the edge through the
top flap only.
711

7. Understanding
Concepts
Reading for Meaning
Sometimes, you can define a word but still not clearly understand
what it means. It often takes a while to learn the full meaning of a
word, especially if the word describes a concept or idea. Thinking
about a word or asking yourself questions about it may help you to
understand a concept more clearly.
For example, in the following paragraph from page 720, it is
easy to see that the word nationalism means “the desire of a people
for self-rule,” but what does that definition really mean?
Nationalism Two forces helped to bring
is a complex Napoleon’s empire to an end.
concept made
up of many
One was nationalism, or the Definitions
help you
ideas. desire of a people for self-rule.
understand
The nations of Europe rejected a word, but
Napoleon’s rule and the French they do not
always fully
customs he forced on them. explain
––from page 720 concepts.
Ask yourself questions to increase your under-
ver a standing of the word nationalism. Here are some
ou disco
W hen y ur read- questions you might ask:
rd in yo
new wo multiple • How is nationalism different from patriotism?
atch for n
ing, w e word i • How do we show nationalism in the United
meanin gs of th evision, States?
ovies, tel
books, m rsations. • Is there such as thing as regional nationalism
and co nve in a country, such as “southern-ism”?
• What color or music comes to mind when you
think of nationalism? Why?
712

8. Erich Lessing/Art Resource, NY
Read to Write
Ask Questions Choose any word
Choose one word that you do not understand from Chapter 19 that
fully from each section of Chapter 19. For each represents a concept,
word, try to understand the meaning by asking the such as bourgeoisie,
industrialism, socialism,
following questions:
or guerilla warfare. Write
about the word for
several minutes, noting
anything that comes to
1) Who might use the word? mind when you read the
When would he or she word. Then, search the
word online to expand
use it? your interpretation of
the word.
2) What else do you want to
know about this word?
3) How would you illustrate
the word?
4) What actions go along
with this word?
Choose a word from the chapter that
is familiar to most people. Ask five
people how they define the word.
How did their answers help you to
understand the word?
713

9. The
French Revolution
and Napoleon
What’s the Connection? Locating Places
Many ideas of the American Versailles (VUHR • SY)
Revolution also affected Europe. Waterloo (WAW • tuhr • LOO)
In France, the people started a
revolution and overthrew the king. Meeting People
The French Revolution then led to King Louis XVI (LOO • ee)
the rise of Napoleon. Maximilien Robespierre (mak • see •
meel • ya ROHBZ • PYEHR)
Focusing on the Napoleon Bonaparte (nuh • POH •
• The French Revolution began because lee • uhn BOH • nuh • PAHRT)
the people were treated unfairly and
because their country had serious Building Your Vocabulary
economic problems. (page 715) estates
• French radicals used terror to enforce bourgeoisie (BURZH • WAH • ZEE)
their reforms. (page 717) coup d’etat (KOO day • TAH)
• Napoleon Bonaparte used his
military success to take control of Reading Strategy
the French government. (page 719) Cause and Effect Use a diagram like
the one below to explain the causes of
• Through military conquests, the French Revolution.
Napoleon built a huge, but short-
lived, empire in Europe. (page 720) Cause:
The French Revolution
Cause:
1780 1800 1820
1789 1799 1812 1814
Moscow The Bastille Napoleon Napoleon Congress
London
falls comes to power invades of Vienna
Paris Vienna Russia meets
Madrid Rome
714 CHAPTER 19 Industry and Nationalism

10. The Three Estates in
The French Revolution Begins Prerevolutionary France
The French Revolution began because
the people were treated unfairly and because their 98%
country had serious economic problems.
Reading Focus During the French Revolution, people 1.5%
tried to create a new society and government. If you 0.5%
could change our society today, what changes would you Population
make?
65%
Previously you learned about the 25%
10%
American Revolution. The example of the
American Revolution influenced many people
in France. They, too, wanted political change Land ownership
based on the ideas of freedom and equality.
The French Revolution, which began in 1789,
100%
changed France and all of Europe.
What Caused the French Revolution? In
the 1700s, France was one of Europe’s most Taxation
powerful countries. French kings ruled it
First Estate: Clergy Second Estate: Nobility
with absolute power. Nobles had many priv-
Third Estate: Commoners
ileges and lived in great wealth. Most peo-
ple, however, were poor, had little
education, and struggled to make a living.
The French people were divided into three The Third Estate made up by far the largest
estates, or classes. The First Estate was the part of France’s population.
Catholic clergy, or church officials. They did 1. What percentage of the land in France did
the Second Estate own? What percentage
not pay taxes, and they received money from of the population did they make up?
church lands. The Second Estate was the 2. Infer From looking at these circle graphs,
nobles. They filled the highest posts in gov- what inferences can you draw about why
ernment and the military. Like the clergy, the a revolution occurred in France?
nobles were free from taxes. They lived in lux-
ury at the king’s court or in their country Members of the Third Estate had no
houses surrounded by large areas of land. voice in the government, but they paid the
Everyone else in France belonged to the country’s taxes. As Enlightenment ideas
Third Estate. At the top of this group was the about freedom and equality spread, the mid-
bourgeoisie (BURZH • WAH • ZEE), or the middle dle class came to resent more and more the
classes. They included merchants, bankers, privileges of the nobles and clergy.
doctors, lawyers, and teachers. Next were
the city workers—artisans, day laborers, and The French King Is Overthrown In 1788
servants. At the bottom were the peasants, food shortages and rising prices caused
who made up more than 80 percent of the great discontent throughout the country. At
French people. the same time, the French government was
CHAPTER 19 Industry and Nationalism 715

11. 714-723 Ch19 S1-868873 12/27/05 9:31 AM Page 716
almost bankrupt because of costly wars and new taxes. The Estates-General was made
Giraudon/Art Resource, NY
increasing expenses for the king’s court. up of representatives from all three estates.
After French banks decided they could no In the Estates-General, the nobles and
longer afford to loan the government clergy refused to give up their privileges.
money, King Louis XVI (LOO • ee) asked the Frustrated, the delegates of the Third Estate
nobles and clergy to pay taxes, but they decided to meet separately. They declared
refused. Louis then called a meeting of the themselves to be the National Assembly
country’s legislative body, the Estates- and began work on a new constitution for
General, at his palace at Versailles (VUHR • France.
SY). It was the only way he could impose The people celebrated this victory, but
they began to worry. News came that the
king was gathering troops at Versailles. The
people of Paris got ready to fight. Early on
July 14, 1789, a large crowd stormed a hated
royal fortress and prison called the Bastille
Declaration of the (ba • STEEL).
Rights of Man and News of the Bastille’s fall spread to the
the Citizen countryside, where the peasants rose
On August 26, 1789, the French National
against the nobles. To calm the people, the
Assembly approved 17 articles that stated National Assembly passed new laws that
their basic freedoms. Three of the articles ended the privileges of the clergy and
are listed below. nobles. It also issued the Declaration of the
2. The aim of every Rights of Man and the Citizen. The
political association Declaration said that the powers of govern-
is the preservation ment came from the people, not the king.
of the natural . . .
In 1791 the National Assembly made
rights of man. These
rights are liberty, France a constitutional monarchy. France
property, security, was to be ruled by an elected assembly, and
and resistance to the king’s power was limited. Louis, how-
oppression [hardship]. ever, would not accept these changes. In
9. Every man being pre- June 1791, he and his wife Marie Antoinette
sumed innocent until tried to flee to Austria. They did not get far.
he has been proven Declaration of At a town east of Paris, soldiers arrested the
guilty, . . . the Rights of king and queen and returned them to Paris.
11. The free communica- Man and the
Citizen Worried that Austria’s ruler would send
tion of ideas and
opinions is one of the most precious of the
troops to aid Louis, the National Assembly
rights of man; every citizen can then freely declared war on Austria in 1792. Soon after,
speak, write, and print. . . . Prussia joined Austria in fighting France.
—Declaration of the Rights of Man The war did not go well for France. Angry
and the Citizen (August 1789) about France’s defeats, radicals—or people
wanting far-reaching changes—took over
Paris and helped set up a new government
Which freedoms do Articles 2, 9, and 11
protect?
called the National Convention.
Identify Who belonged to
the three estates in France?

12. AKG, Berlin/SuperStock
The Reign of Terror The Struggle for Power In the Convention,
delegates argued about the revolution’s
French radicals used terror to enforce future. One group of the Jacobins was the
their reforms. Girondists (juh • RAHN • dihsts), who came
Reading Focus Have you ever heard the phrase “The from the Gironde, a region in southwest
end justifies the means”? In other words, if your goal is France. The Girondists believed that the
right, is it okay to do anything, even break the law or revolution had gone far enough. They
hurt people, to reach that goal? What do you think? wanted to protect the interests of the mid-
dle class.
Many of the radicals who formed the Across the aisle was the group of
National Convention—France’s new govern- Jacobins that favored still more changes. Its
ment—belonged to the Jacobin club. This members were known as the Mountain,
was a large network of political groups in because they sat on high benches at the rear
France. They were called Jacobins (JA • kuh • of the hall. Leaders of this group, such as
buhnz) because they held meetings at the Georges-Jacques Danton and Jean-Paul
Jacobin monastery in Paris. Once in power, Marat, saw themselves as the voice of the
the Jacobins divided into two groups. people and defenders of the revolution.
When the Bastille was attacked on July 14, 1789, it was defended by a little more than
100 soldiers, and it held only 7 prisoners. Why did the people of Paris storm the Bastille?
CHAPTER 19 Industry and Nationalism 717

13. The Mountain soon controlled the courts sentenced to death by guillotine any-
(l)Stock Montage, (c)Giraudon/Art Resource, NY, (r)Photo Researchers
Convention. They used their power to get rid one believed to be disloyal to the revolution.
of the former king. In late 1792, Louis was This included Girondists, clergy, nobles, and
tried and found guilty of helping France’s even women and children. In all, about
enemies. A month later, Louis was beheaded 40,000 people died, including Queen Marie
on the guillotine—a new machine designed Antoinette. This period became known as the
to quickly execute people. Louis’s execution Reign of Terror.
scared other European rulers. In early 1793, During this time, Robespierre tried to
Britain, Spain, the Netherlands, and create a “Republic of Virtue.” He thought
Sardinia joined Austria and Prussia in their the revolution should inspire people to be
war against France. good citizens. Under Robespierre’s lead,
the Committee opened new schools, had
Who Was Robespierre? Soon after the new farming skills taught to the peasants,
king’s execution, the National Convention and worked to keep prices under control.
set up the Committee of Public Safety to Robespierre even created a new religion
run the country. This new body quickly that worshiped a “Supreme Being.” This
came under the control of a lawyer named attempt to replace France’s traditional
Maximilien Robespierre (mak • see • meel • Catholic faith, however, did not last.
ya ROHBZ • PYEHR). With France under threat from abroad,
The Committee took harsh steps to the Committee decided to raise a new army.
end growing unrest in France. Revolutionary All single men between the ages of 18 and 25
The French Revolution
Marie Antoinette is led to her Model of a
execution. Why was the guillotine guillotine
adopted for executions?
This painting shows a supporter
of the revolution known as a sans-cullote,
which means “without breeches.” Sans-
cullotes were shopkeepers, artisans, and
workers who got their name because they
wore long pants, rather than the knee-
length breeches of the upper class.

14. were conscripted, or required to join up. With
this new force of almost a million soldiers,
The Rise of Napoleon
France was able to throw back the foreign Napoleon Bonaparte used his military
invaders. Military victories gave revolution- success to take control of the French government.
ary generals great confidence. They soon Reading Focus What qualities make a great leader?
became important in French politics. As you read about Napoleon, ask yourself which of his
As the fear of foreign invasions less- qualities won him the confidence of the French people.
ened, people in France grew tired of all the
killings and wanted to end the Reign of While the Directory lost support in
Terror. When Robespierre refused, govern- France, the French army was winning
ment leaders had him executed. After great victories in neighboring lands. One
Robespierre’s fall, moderate middle-class young general, battling Austrian armies in
leaders created a new government led by a Italy, especially captured the French
five-man council. This council, called the people’s imagination. His name was
Directory, spent its time trying to handle food Napoleon Bonaparte (nuh • POH • lee • uhn
shortages, rising prices, government bank- BOH • nuh • PAHRT).
ruptcy, and attacks by other countries. By Napoleon Bonaparte was born on the
1799, the Directory had lost much support. Mediterranean island of Corsica in 1769. He
The French people began to look for a went to military school and became an offi-
strong leader who could restore order. cer. Napoleon supported the revolution. His
Contrast How did the military talent helped him rise to the rank of
Girondists differ from the Mountain? general by the time he was 24 years old.
Periods of Revolution and Empire in France, 1789–1815
1785 1790 1795 1800 1805 1810 1815
1795
1792 The Directory
May 1789 June 1789 1799 1804 1815
Estates- National 1791 National Convention Consulate of Empire of Napoleon Defeat of
General Assembly Legislative Assembly Napoleon Napoleon
1. How many years did the Directory stay in
power?
2. Compare Which period lasted the longest?
This painting shows Napoleon Bonaparte (center)
seizing control of the French government in
1799. At what age did Napoleon become a
general in the French army?
CHAPTER 19 Industry and Nationalism 719
(r)Photo Researchers

15. Robert Holmes/CORBIS
Napoleon’s Empire
Through military conquests, Napoleon
built a huge, but short-lived, empire in Europe.
Reading Focus Many talented people use their abili-
ties to rise high. Some, however, try to do too much and
fall. Read to learn how Napoleon finally lost his power
and his empire.
The Arc de Triomphe in Paris, a monument to
French military victories, was begun by Napoleon Being emperor of France was not
in 1806 and finally finished in 1836. What enough for Napoleon. He wanted to build a
territories were included in Napoleon’s empire? great empire. Beginning in 1803, Napoleon
won a number of victories that helped him
After his successes in Italy, Napoleon reach his goal. By 1807, Napoleon had an
attacked the British in Egypt in 1799. While empire that stretched across Europe from
in Egypt, he heard of the worsening politi- the Atlantic Ocean to Russia.
cal troubles back home. He immediately Napoleon’s empire included many dif-
returned to France. There, he took part in a ferent territories. Napoleon directly ruled
coup d’etat (KOO day • TAH). This is when the France and parts of Germany and Italy. His
top government leaders are suddenly relatives, however, governed other lands,
replaced by force by a new group of lead- such as Spain and the Netherlands. Outside
ers. Napoleon became the most powerful the empire, independent countries, such as
man in the country, with the title of First Prussia, Austria, and Sweden, were forced
Consul. France had the strong leader many to become France’s allies.
believed it needed.
Napoleon moved quickly to strengthen Napoleon Fights Britain Two forces
his control. He reorganized the government, helped to bring Napoleon’s empire to an
created many new schools, and appointed end. One was nationalism, or the desire of a
local officials. He reorganized the country’s people for self-rule. The nations of Europe
finances and tax system. He created a new rejected Napoleon’s rule and the French
legal system. Known as the Napoleonic customs he forced on them. The other force
Code, it was based on Enlightenment ideas. was the combined might of Britain and
Napoleon also made peace with the Catholic Russia.
Church, which had opposed the revolution. Only Britain and Russia remained unde-
Napoleon did not remain true to all of feated by Napoleon. The French emperor
the ideas of the French Revolution. People hoped to invade Britain. However, in 1805,
were equal under the law, but freedom of the British admiral Lord Horatio Nelson
speech and the press was limited. A new destroyed the French fleet at the Battle of
group of nobles, based on ability rather Trafalgar off Spain’s coast. After that,
than wealth or family ties, was created. Napoleon tried to obtain victory in a differ-
Then, in 1804, Napoleon crowned himself ent way. He forbade the countries in his
emperor, and France became an empire. empire to trade with Britain. His plan,
Explain After becoming called the Continental System, was hard to
consul, how did Napoleon strengthen his control? enforce, and it proved unsuccessful.
720 CHAPTER 19 Industry and Nationalism

16. Erich Lessing/Art Resource, NY
NAPO1LEON BONAPARTE
–182
1769
first battle
Even though Napoleon Bonaparte’s
e seriously. At
was a snowball fight, he took the gam
et at the
the time, Napoleon was a young cad
astern France. A
Brienne military academy in northe
s a break from
surprise snowfall had given the boy
g random
their schoolwork. Instead of throwin
on showed his
snowballs at his classmates, Napole
le attack. He
leadership skills by forming a full-sca
places to
gave the boys on his team duties and
m because of
stand. They easily beat the other tea
his warlike strategies.
abilities,
Before the other cadets realized his
smates because
Napoleon was picked on by his clas
Italian-
of his short height, unusual name, and
care for his
sounding accent. Napoleon did not
wealthy
fellow cadets because they were from
s father was a
families and were French. Napoleon’
lawyer, but Napoleon was one of eight children
fact, Napoleon
and the family was not wealthy. In Napoleon Bonaparte
resented the
often sent money home. Napoleon
ded his
French in general because they inva
of Corsica,
homeland, the Mediterranean island “I have sacrificed all of
r later—on the
in 1768. Historians say that one yea
eland was forced my interests to those of
day he was born—Napoleon’s hom
French takeover.
to celebrate the anniversary of the the country.”
smart
Napoleon’s teachers found him to be
tics, but a —Napoleon Bonaparte, “Farewell
and capable, especially in mathema to the Old Guard”
to a Paris
poor speller. He earned a scholarship
ugh
military academy and tested well eno
to become a second lieutenant in the
army at age 16. Little did anyone
know that someday he would to be a
leader and What skills would prepare someone
become a military
good military leader today?
emperor of France.
721

17. Napoleon Invades Russia Napoleon next France’s enemies then captured
decided to take on Russia. He organized a Napoleon and exiled him to the
large force of about 600,000 soldiers called Mediterranean island of Elba. He escaped to
the Grand Army. In the summer of 1812, the the French mainland in the spring of 1815.
Grand Army invaded Russia. Except for His troops flocked to their old commander.
one battle, the Russians refused to fight. Napoleon returned to Paris in triumph. At
Instead, they drew Napoleon’s army Waterloo (WAW • tuhr • LOO) in Belgium, an
deeper into Russia. When Russia’s harsh international force led by Britain’s Duke of
winter arrived, Napoleon’s forces were Wellington finally defeated Napoleon. This
unprepared and helpless. Their retreat was time, Napoleon was sent to the island of St.
a disaster. Fewer than 100,000 men returned Helena in the southern Atlantic Ocean,
alive. where he died in 1821.
Napoleon’s Empire
60°
N
10°W 0° 10°E 20°E 40°E
0 20°W 300 mi. 30°E
0 300 km
cow R .
Lambert Azimuthal Equal-Area projection Borodino M
os
KINGDOM SWEDEN Moscow 1812
OF DENMARK
a
Se
AND NORWAY Ne m a n R
ic
t
.
Kovno
al
E
North B Minsk
TH
Sea IA
UNITED SS RUSSIAN EMPIRE
OF
U GRAND
KINGDOM Berlin PR DUCHY OF
ION
Kiev D n ie p er
R.
50°N
R hine Leipzig WARSAW
CONFEDERAT
London 1813
R.
Brussels Jena Dn
i es
RHINE
t
1806
er
Waterloo Austerlitz R.
Sei Da
ATLANTIC Paris n e R . 1815 n u b e R. 1805
OCEAN N Versailles Ulm Vienna AUSTRIAN
1805 EMPIRE Black Sea
SWITZ. K
W E IN ILLYRIAN
FRENCH G PROVINCES KEY
IT DO
S EMPIRE AL M OTTOMAN France, 1799
Y OF
EMPIRE French Empire, 1812
Elba
Dependent states, 1812
Corsica Rome
UGAL
States allied with
40°N KINGDOM OF Napoleon, 1812
Madrid NAPLES
Sardinia States allied against
PORT
SPAIN Napoleon, 1812
Mediterranean Sea Sicily French victory
French defeat
Trafalgar
1805 Strait of Napoleon's invasion
Gibraltar of Russia, June–
From 1807 to 1812, Napoleon controlled a December 1812
large part of Europe.
1. Which battles shown were French defeats?
2. Which countries were allied against Napoleon
in 1812? What geographic factors might have
allowed these states to remain free from
French control?
Find NGS online map resources @
www.nationalgeographic.com/maps
722

18. Austrian Information Service
The Congress of Vienna In September
1814, European leaders met in the Austrian
capital of Vienna. Their goal was to return Klemens von
Europe to the way it was before the French Metternich
Revolution. The leader of the conference,
known as the Congress of Vienna, was
Austria’s foreign minister Klemens von
Metternich (MEH • tuhr • nihk). Like the other
power would prevent any single nation,
leaders, Metternich was a conservative.
such as France, from controlling Europe.
Conservatives at that time believed in tradi-
The European leaders at Vienna were
tional values, orderly ways, and a strong
against individual rights and nationalism.
role for religion. They rejected calls for indi-
Hoping to crush revolutionary ideas, they
vidual rights and self-rule. American con-
brought back to power the royal families
servatives today believe in traditional
who had ruled in Europe before Napoleon.
values, but they also support individual
To keep the peace, the leaders also agreed to
political rights and self-rule.
meet from time to time at conferences. These
At the Congress of Vienna, Metternich
meetings were called the Concert of Europe.
and the other leaders wanted to create a
balance of power, or equal strength among Analyze How did national-
countries. They hoped that a balance of ism help defeat Napoleon?
Study CentralTM Need help with the
material in this section? Visit jat.glencoe.com
What Did You Learn?
Reading Summary 1. What was the main idea of the 5. Compare and Contrast
Review the Declaration of the Rights of Compare the goals of the
• Rising prices, food shortages, and Man and the Citizen? French and American
unemployment in France led the 2. What were the goals of the Revolutions.
Third Estate to rebel, creating a Congress of Vienna? 6. Sequence Information
new elected assembly. What events led to Napoleon’s
Critical Thinking
• French radicals known as Jacobins defeat and the fall of the
3. Organize Information Draw French Empire?
gained control of the government a chart like the one below. Use
and executed thousands of peo- it to describe the divisions in 7. Understanding
ple who opposed their reforms. French society. Concepts Make a recruiting
• As political troubles in France First Estate poster for the French army,
worsened, Napoleon Bonaparte Second Estate either in the revolutionary
took control of the country. period or under Napoleon. Use
Third Estate
• After creating a large empire, language and illustrations that
Napoleon was finally defeated. 4. Summarize What were some convey the ideals, emotions,
European leaders attempted to of the achievements of the and events of the time.
restore a balance of power. Committee of Public Safety?
CHAPTER 19 Industry and Nationalism 723

19. The Industrial
Revolution
What’s the Connection? Michael Faraday (FAR • uh • DAY)
While France and other nations Thomas Edison
were undergoing political changes,
the Industrial Revolution was Building Your Vocabulary
changing the way people worked and industrialism (ihn • DUHS • tree •
lived. uh• LIH • zuhm)
textile (TEHK • STYL)
Focusing on the capital
• The Industrial Revolution began in partnership
Great Britain because of the
corporation (KAWR • puh • RAY •
enclosure movement, Britain’s
shuhn)
natural resources, and new British
inventions. (page 725)
Reading Strategy
• The Industrial Revolution spread Organizing Information Use a
beyond Great Britain’s shores to diagram like the one below to show
Europe and the United States. four of the major inventions and their
(page 729) inventors that helped start the
Industrial Revolution.
Meeting People
James Hargreaves (HAHR • GREEVZ)
Richard Arkwright (AHRK • RYT)
The Industrial
Edmund Cartwright (KAHRT • RYT) Revolution
James Watt
Robert Fulton
1750 1800 1850 1900
1769 1807 1876 1903
Watt improves Robert Fulton Alexander Wright brothers
NORTH EUROPE steam engine builds Graham Bell make first
AMERICA London
Paris steamboat invents telephone airplane flight
New York
724 CHAPTER 19 Industry and Nationalism

20. to rely on the use of machinery, rather than
Industrialism Begins on animal or human power. Over the next
The Industrial Revolution began in 200 years, industrialism would spread from
Britain because of the enclosure movement, Britain’s Britain to dramatically change life in other
natural resources, and new British inventions. parts of the world. Industry changed life so
Reading Focus How would your life be different if much that historians call these changes the
you did not have cars, telephones, or electricity? All of Industrial Revolution.
these things came from the Industrial Revolution. Read Before the rise of industrialism, most
to learn how industry began. people lived in small farming villages. They
raised their own food and made their own
While political revolution swept through goods. In Britain during the early 1700s,
Europe, a new economic system known as cloth was made in villages. As you read
industrialism (ihn • DUHS • tree • uh • LIH • previously, this system was known as cot-
zuhm) began in Britain. There, people began tage industry. Under this system, most
The Industrial Revolution 1870
20°W 10°W 0° 10°E 20°E 30°E
FINLAND
0 400 mi.
Oslo St. Petersburg
0 400 km
NORWAY Stockholm
Chamberlain Trimetric projection
Glasgow Edinburgh SWEDEN 40°E
UNITED KINGDOM North
a
Se
Bradford Sea Copenhagen Moscow
ic
50
°N Liverpool Leeds l t N
Manchester
DENMARK Ba e m an R
.
Sheffield N
Birmingham
Hamburg
Amsterdam PRUSSIA E
Bristol London NETH. W
Berlin
Brussels S
POLAND Warsaw
u l a R.
BELGIUM Cologne Breslau RUSSIA
st Dnie
GERMANY Vi p
ATLANTIC Paris
Prague
er R
.
Lo
OCEAN Munich
ire
R.
Vienna Budapest
FRANCE
SWITZ.
Bordeaux AUSTRIA-
Turin Milan Venice HUNGARY
Po R.
E Genoa
40° Florence Black Sea
br
N
Marseille
oR
D an
u be R.
Ad
.
ia SERBIA
r
Madrid ITALY tic
Me d i t e r r a n e a n Rome Se
SPAIN a Constantinople
Se a
KEY
Manufacturing and industrial area
Major industrial center
The Industrial Revolution spread throughout Major railways by 1870
Europe in the 1800s. Industry:
1. What were the major industries in the United Coal mining
Kingdom? Ironworking
30°N 2. What patterns do you see in the distribution Textile production
of industries, and what geographical factors
might account for these patterns?

21. Traveling by Early Railroad In the 1700s and early 1800s, the best way to travel in
England was on horseback or by stagecoach. By the late 1840s, however, stagecoach
companies were being forced out of business with a new invention: the steam locomotive.
The locomotive was invented in England in the early 1800s. It was first used to move
coal and iron ore from mines to factories. Then
passengers started riding the trains.
Boarding and riding a grand locomotive,
nicknamed the “iron horse,” was an exciting
trip. The wealthy bought tickets for first-class
seats in fancy, enclosed passenger cars. These
customers sat on plush cloth and leather
benches with wood and brass handrails. The
seats were located behind the locomotive
Early English train from the 1840s
work was done in workers’ cottages, where movement began. Britain’s Parliament
families worked together. passed new laws that allowed landowners
Merchants went from cottage to cottage, to fence off their land. For hundreds of
bringing the workers raw wool and cotton. years, local villagers had rented the land
Using hand-powered spinning wheels and from landowners and divided it into small
looms, the workers would spin the thread strips, each worked by a family. Now the
and weave it into wool and cotton cloth. The villagers were told they could not use the
merchants then picked up the finished cloth land the way they wanted.
to sell. The Industrial Revolution began in the Enclosure allowed landowners to make
woven cloth, or textile (TEHK • STYL), industry. more money. Whole areas could grow the
Merchants could make so much money from same crop, which meant larger harvests
textiles that they began to look for ways to and greater profits. Often the land was
make cloth better and faster. By the 1700s, turned into pasture for sheep whose wool
changes in Britain made this possible. was used by the textile industry.
Successful farming provided landown-
What Caused the Industrial Revolution? ers with extra money. Many chose to invest,
The Industrial Revolution began in Britain or put money, into new businesses. Money
for many reasons. One important cause of invested in businesses is called capital. A
Britain’s Industrial Revolution was a growing middle class joined wealthy
change in how Britain’s landowners used landowners and merchants in investing
their land. In the 1700s the enclosure capital in new industries.
726 CHAPTER 19 Industry and Nationalism
Archive Photos

22. where the smoke would rise above the train’s front
section and not bother the riders.
People who bought cheaper tickets sat in the second-
class section. Second-class railway cars were open to the air,
and passengers had to wait their turn for a bench seat to
become available. Third-class passengers could buy very
cheap tickets and stand in train cars with open sides. Some
had benches. The smoke from the coal-powered steam
engines often dirtied the riders’ clothes. They ignored this
discomfort because riding a train was faster and cheaper
than traveling in uncomfortable stagecoaches.
Connecting to the Past
1. What accommodations were provided for first-class
passengers?
2. Why did third-class passengers prefer to travel by train
Interior of a
than by stagecoach? railway car
Still another cause was the large num- New Inventions Britain also had a number
ber of people available to work in industry. of talented inventors. Their inventions
The enclosure movement forced many made the Industrial Revolution possible.
peasants off the land. They then moved to Many of these first inventions were devel-
the cities and became workers in new oped in the late 1700s for the textile indus-
industries. try. James Hargreaves (HAHR • GREEVZ)
In the 1700s, Britain’s population grew invented a spinning jenny that could spin
rapidly. More and better food meant that cotton into thread very quickly. Richard
people were healthier, lived longer, and Arkwright (AHRK • RYT) developed a way to
had larger families. This increase in popu- power a spinning machine with water, and
lation also provided workers for the new Edmund Cartwright (KAHRT • RYT) created a
factories. new powered loom. This machine could
Finally, Britain’s natural resources and weave the thread into cloth as fast as the
geography also helped in the rise of indus- new spinning machines produced it.
try. The British had large supplies of coal In 1769 James Watt designed a steam
and iron. Coal replaced wood as the fuel engine that could power the new machines.
for running machines. Iron was used in Steam soon replaced water as the major
building and in making machines. The source of power.
country had many fine harbors and rivers As the need for machines grew, iron was
for transporting goods. Rivers also pro- needed to make machine parts. In 1753
vided power for the earliest cotton mills. Henry Cort found a way to use coal to turn
CHAPTER 19 Industry and Nationalism 727
Bettmann/CORBIS

23. iron ore into pure iron. As a result, iron do this was to form a partnership where
became cheaper, production grew, and coal two or more people owned the business
mining became a major industry. In 1856 and pooled their own money. Another way
Henry Bessemer invented an inexpensive was to create a corporation (KAWR • puh • RAY •
way to make large amounts of iron into steel, shuhn). A corporation raises money by sell-
which was harder and stronger than iron. ing shares in the company to investors.
Soon mining towns and steel centers grew in Creating a corporation allowed business
areas with supplies of iron ore and coal. leaders to build large factories with hun-
dreds of workers.
The Rise of Factories and Railroads New forms of transportation also led to
Factories were the major centers of the industrial growth. In 1807 Robert Fulton, an
Industrial Revolution. Why did they American inventor, developed a boat pow-
develop? Machines became too large and ered by a steam engine. The biggest
expensive for home use. Factories brought improvement in land transportation was the
workers and machines together in one railroad. By the mid-1800s, steam-powered
place under managers. locomotives carried raw materials, finished
As the Industrial Revolution began, goods, and people faster and cheaper than
business owners reorganized their compa- any other kind of transportation.
nies to raise the money they needed to buy Explain How did enclosure
machines and build factories. One way to help to bring about the Industrial Revolution?
Steam Engine
In a locomotive, coal is burned in the engine’s firebox. The hot gases from the
fire travel through tubes and empty into the smokebox, after heating water in
the boiler and creating steam. The throttle releases steam into the steam
chest, where a valve controls the movement of the steam into the cylinder. In
the cylinder, the steam pushes the piston, which is connected to a drive rod
that turns the locomotive’s wheels. How did railroads affect industry?
Key
Water compartment Throttle Lever Smokebox Cylinder
Coal bunker Firebox Blast pipe Piston
Coal conveyer Boiler tubes Steam chest

24. The Library of Congress
The Spread of Industry
The Industrial Revolution spread
beyond Great Britain’s shores to Europe and the
United States.
Reading Focus Important inventions fueled the
spread of the Industrial Revolution. What inventions of
your lifetime do you feel have had the greatest impact Edison’s Lightbulb 1879
on your life today?
Edison once said, “The electric light has
caused me the greatest amount of
Britain’s advances in industrial technol-
study and has required the most
ogy gave it an advantage over other coun-
elaborate experiments.” For these
tries. To protect that advantage, Britain’s
experiments, Edison carefully made the
Parliament passed laws keeping ideas,
glass bulbs in his own glassblowing
inventions, and skilled workers from leav-
shed. Inside each bulb was a filament,
ing the country. In spite of these laws, how-
or thin strip of material. The bulbs were
ever, the Industrial Revolution soon spread
incandescent,
to other areas.
which means that
Industry in Europe and America From electricity heats
Britain the Industrial Revolution spread to the filament,
France, Belgium, Germany, and the United which becomes
States. European governments encouraged hot enough to
the rise of industries. They helped build fac- glow and make
tories, railroads, canals, and roads. By the light. For Edison,
1820s, British business owners and the trickiest part
investors had made so much money from was finding the
industry that they began to invest in facto- best material for
ries and railroads in Europe. Their invest- the filaments.
ments helped the Industrial Revolution get Eventually, he
started in other countries. found that a
The Industrial Revolution also took carbonized cotton
hold in the United States. British investors thread filament Thomas Edison in
provided the best his workshop
and American engineers built factories for
making textiles and shoes. Workers, includ- quality of light.
ing women and children, left rural areas to Edison gave the first public
work in cities. demonstration of his incandescent
Like Britain, the United States had lightbulb on December 31, 1879, at his
many natural resources. Americans laboratory in Menlo Park, New Jersey.
quickly built roads and canals to move Edison’s lightbulb made it possible for
goods and people across the vast nation. people to use small electric lamps in
Fulton’s steamboat improved transporta- their homes and led to other uses for
tion on inland waterways, and railroads electricity.
soon crisscrossed the country.
CHAPTER 19 Industry and Nationalism 729