This document defines key terms and concepts in anatomy and physiology. It explains that anatomy is the study of body structures and their relationships, while physiology is the study of how the body functions. It then describes the levels of body organization from chemical to organism. The document outlines the major body cavities, including the dorsal cavity containing the cranial and vertebral cavities, and the ventral cavity containing the thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities. It provides details on the regions of the abdomen and pelvis.

1. Scope of Anatomy and
Physiology
Definition of various terms
used in Anatomy

3. ANATOMY
is the science of body structures
and the relationship among
structures
PHYSIOLOGY
is the science of body functions
– how body works

4. LEVELS OF BODY
ORGANISATION
• Chemical Level
• Cellular Level
• Tissue Level
• Organ Level
• System Level
• Organism Level

5. CHARACTERSTICS OF LIFE
• Metabolism
• Responsiveness
• Movement
• Growth
• Differentiation
• Reproduction

6. BODY POSITIONS
• Description of any region or part of
humans body assume that it is in a
specific stance, called anatomical
position
• Supine

7. • Prone

8. Anatomical Planes
• Plane:-Imaginary flat surface that passes through the
body or body part
• Sagittal Plane-is the vertical plane that divides boy or
organ into right and left sides.
• When such a plane passes through the midline of body
or organ and divides into equal right and left sides, it is
called midsagittal plane.
• Frontal/Coronal Plane-Plane divides body or organ into
anterior(front) and posterior(back) portions
• Transverse Plane-Plane divides body or an organ into
superior and inferior portions
• Sagittal, frontal and transverse planes are right angles to
one another.

12. Directional Terms
• Directional term describe the position of one
body part relative to another.
• Superior-Toward the head or upper part of the
structure
• Inferior-Away from head or lower part of the
structure
• Anterior-Nearer to or at the front of body
• Posterior-Nearer to at the back of body
• Medial-Nearer to midline
• Lateral-Farther from midline

15. Directional Terms
• Intermediate-between two structures
• Ipsilateral-On the same side of the body as
another structure
• Contralateral-On the opposite side of the body
from another structure
• Proximal-Nearer to the attachment of a limb to
the trunk; nearer to the origination of structure
• Distal- Farther from attachment of a limb to the
trunk; farther from the origination of structure

16. Surface Anatomy
• Study of anatomical landmarks on the
surface of boy through visualization and
palpation

18. Body Cavities
• Body cavities are spaces that help protect,
separate and support internal organs.
• Major cavities of body-Dorsal and Ventral
body cavity
• DORSAL BODY CAVITY-
• Located near posterior surface of body
• It has 2 subdivisions: Cranial Cavity and
Vertebral Canal

19. Cranial Cavity
The cranial cavity contains the brain, and its
boundaries are formed by the bones of the
skull
Anteriorly —1 frontal bone
Laterally — 2 temporal bones
Posteriorly — 1 occipital bone
Superiorly — 2 parietal bones
Inferiorly — 1 sphenoid and 1 ethmoid bone
and parts of the frontal, temporal and occipital
bones.

21. Vertebral Canal- formed by
vertebrae and contains Spinal Cord

22. VENTRAL BODY CAVITY
• It is located on the anterior aspect of the
body
• It has 2 subdivisions:Thoracic Cavity and
Abdominopelvic Cavity
• Diaphragm-separates these two cavities
• Organs inside ventral body cavity are
termed “Viscera”

23. Thoracic Cavity
• Ribs, muscles of the chest, sternum and
thoracic portion of vertebral column form
thoracic cavity
• It contains pleural, pericardial cavities and
mediastinum
• Each Pleural cavity surrounds one lung
• Pericardial cavity surrounds heart
• Mediastinum contains thymus,
esophagus, trachea and several large
blood vessels

26. Abdominopelvic cavity
• Formed by abdominal muscle wall and
bones & muscles of the pelvis
• Superior portion-Abdominal cavity: it
contains stomach, spleen, liver, gall
bladder, small intestine and most of large
intestine
• Inferior portion-Pelvic cavity: it contains
urinary bladder, portions of large intestine
and internal organs of reproduction

27. Abdominal cavity
• This is the largest cavity in the body and is oval
in shape . It is situated in the main part of the
trunk and its boundaries are:
• Superiorly — the diaphragm, which separates it
from the thoracic cavity
• Anteriorly — the muscles forming the anterior
abdominal wall
• Posteriorly —the lumbar vertebrae and muscles
forming the posterior abdominal wall
• Laterally — the lower ribs and parts of the
muscles of the abdominal wall
• Inferiorly — the pelvic cavity with which it is
continuous.

30. ABDOMINOPELVIC REGIONS
• Abdominopelvic cavity divided into nine
compartments by 2 horizontal and 2
vertical lines
• Horizontal lines:
• Subcoastal line-drawn just inferior to
ribcage, across inferior portion of stomach
• Transtubercular line-drawn just inferior to
top of hip bones
• Vertical lines:
• Left and Right Midclavicular lines-drawn
through the midpoints of clavicles.

31. Names of ABDOMINOPELVIC REGIONS:

32. Pelvic Cavity
• The pelvic cavity is roughly funnel shaped and
extends
• from the lower end of the abdominal cavity.
• The boundaries are:
• Superiorly — it is continuous with the abdominal
• cavity
• Anteriorly — the pubic bones
• Posteriorly — the sacrum and coccyx
• Laterally — the innominate bones
• Inferiorly — the muscles of the pelvic floor.

33. Female reproductive organs and other structures
in the pelvic cavity.

34. Male reproductive organs and other structures in
the pelvic cavity.

35. REFERENCE LINES
• On Anterior
1-Midsternal Line
2-Midclavicular Line
3-Anterior Axillary Line
• On Posterior
4-Vertebral Line
5-Scapular line
6-Posterior Scapular line

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