Geography - Agriculture

Geography - Agriculture
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The science and artThe science and art of cultivation on theof cultivation on the soil, raising cropssoil, raising crops and rearing livestockand rearing livestock is calledis called ‘AGRICULTURE‘AGRICULTURE’’ sonawane11jan@rediffmail.comsonawane11jan@rediffmail.com 2
Agriculture is an age oldAgriculture is an age old economic activity in oureconomic activity in our country. Depending upon thecountry. Depending upon the geographical conditions,geographical conditions, demand of produce, labour anddemand of produce, labour and level of technology, farminglevel of technology, farming can be classified in to twocan be classified in to two main types –main types –  PRIMITIVE SUBSISTENCE FARMINGPRIMITIVE SUBSISTENCE FARMING  INTENSIVE SUBSISTENCE FARMINGINTENSIVE SUBSISTENCE FARMING  COMMERCIAL FARMINGCOMMERCIAL FARMINGsonawane11jan@rediffmail.comsonawane11jan@rediffmail.com 3
Primitive Subsistence AgriculturePrimitive Subsistence Agriculture includes-includes-  Shifting CultivationShifting Cultivation  Nomadic Herding.Nomadic Herding. sonawane11jan@rediffmail.comsonawane11jan@rediffmail.com 5
Shifting cultivation is practiced inShifting cultivation is practiced in the thickly forested areas of Amazonthe thickly forested areas of Amazon basin, tropical Africa, parts of southbasin, tropical Africa, parts of south east Asia and North east India. Theseeast Asia and North east India. These are the areas a heavy rainfall andare the areas a heavy rainfall and quick regeneration of vegetation.quick regeneration of vegetation. This type of farming depends onThis type of farming depends on monsoon, natural fertility of the soilmonsoon, natural fertility of the soil and suitability of otherand suitability of other environmental conditions to theenvironmental conditions to the crops grown.crops grown. sonawane11jan@rediffmail.comsonawane11jan@rediffmail.com 6
A plot of land is cleared by felling trees andA plot of land is cleared by felling trees and burning them.burning them. The ashes are then mixed with the soil andThe ashes are then mixed with the soil and crops like maize, yam, potatoes and cassavacrops like maize, yam, potatoes and cassava are grown.are grown. After the soil loses its fertility, the land isAfter the soil loses its fertility, the land is abandoned and the cultivator moves to aabandoned and the cultivator moves to a new plot.new plot.  It also allows the nature to replenish theIt also allows the nature to replenish the fertility of the soil through naturalfertility of the soil through natural processes: land productivity in this type ofprocesses: land productivity in this type of farming is low as the farmer does not usefarming is low as the farmer does not use fertilizers or other modern inputs.fertilizers or other modern inputs. Shifting cultivation is also known as ‘slashShifting cultivation is also known as ‘slash and burn’ agriculture.and burn’ agriculture. sonawane11jan@rediffmail.comsonawane11jan@rediffmail.com 7
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 It is called by different names in different parts of theIt is called by different names in different parts of the country and the world.country and the world.  Jhumming in northeastern states like Assam, Meghalaya,Jhumming in northeastern states like Assam, Meghalaya, Mizoram and Nagaland.Mizoram and Nagaland.  Pamlou in ManipurPamlou in Manipur  Dipa in Bastar district of Chhattisgarh and in AndamanDipa in Bastar district of Chhattisgarh and in Andaman and Nicobar islands.and Nicobar islands.  Bewar or Dahiya in Madhya PradeshBewar or Dahiya in Madhya Pradesh  Podu or Penda in Andhra PradeshPodu or Penda in Andhra Pradesh  Pama Dabi or Koman or Bringa in OrissaPama Dabi or Koman or Bringa in Orissa  Kumari in Western GhatsKumari in Western Ghats  Valre or Waltre in south eastern RajasthanValre or Waltre in south eastern Rajasthan  Khil in the Himalayan beltKhil in the Himalayan belt  Kuruwa in JharkhandKuruwa in Jharkhand sonawane11jan@rediffmail.comsonawane11jan@rediffmail.com 10
 Milpa in Mexico and Central AmericaMilpa in Mexico and Central America  Conuco in VenezuelaConuco in Venezuela  Roca in BrazilRoca in Brazil  Masole in Central AfricaMasole in Central Africa  Ladang in IndonesiaLadang in Indonesia  Ray in VietnamRay in Vietnam sonawane11jan@rediffmail.comsonawane11jan@rediffmail.com 11
This type of farming is practiced inThis type of farming is practiced in areas of high population pressure onareas of high population pressure on land.land. It is labour intensive farming whereIt is labour intensive farming where high doses of biochemical inputs andhigh doses of biochemical inputs and irrigation are used for obtainingirrigation are used for obtaining higher productionhigher production sonawane11jan@rediffmail.comsonawane11jan@rediffmail.com 12
The main characteristics of this type ofThe main characteristics of this type of farming is the use of modern inputsfarming is the use of modern inputs e.g. high yielding (HYV) seeds,e.g. high yielding (HYV) seeds, chemical fertilizers , insecticides andchemical fertilizers , insecticides and pesticides in order to obtain higherpesticides in order to obtain higher production.production. The degree of commercialization ofThe degree of commercialization of agriculture varies from one region toagriculture varies from one region to another. For example, rice is aanother. For example, rice is a commercial crop in Haryana andcommercial crop in Haryana and Punjab, but in Orissa it is aPunjab, but in Orissa it is a subsistence crop.subsistence crop. sonawane11jan@rediffmail.comsonawane11jan@rediffmail.com 13
• In Commercial Grain FarmingIn Commercial Grain Farming crops are grown for commercialcrops are grown for commercial purpose. Wheat and maize arepurpose. Wheat and maize are commonly grown crops. Majorcommonly grown crops. Major areas where commercial grainareas where commercial grain farming is practiced arefarming is practiced are temperate grassland of Northtemperate grassland of North America, Europe and Asia.America, Europe and Asia. sonawane11jan@rediffmail.comsonawane11jan@rediffmail.com 14
Plantations is also a type of commercialPlantations is also a type of commercial farming where single crop of tea, coffee,farming where single crop of tea, coffee, sugarcane, cashew, rubber, banana orsugarcane, cashew, rubber, banana or cotton are grown.cotton are grown. Large amount of labour and capital areLarge amount of labour and capital are required.required. Plantations cover large tracts of landsPlantations cover large tracts of lands using capital intensive inputs with the helpusing capital intensive inputs with the help of migrant labours.of migrant labours. All the produce is used as raw material inAll the produce is used as raw material in respective industries.respective industries. sonawane11jan@rediffmail.comsonawane11jan@rediffmail.com 16
The produce may be processed on theThe produce may be processed on the farm itself or in nearby factories.farm itself or in nearby factories. In India, tea, coffee, rubber, sugarcane,In India, tea, coffee, rubber, sugarcane, banana, etc. are important plantationbanana, etc. are important plantation crops.crops. Major plantations are found in theMajor plantations are found in the tropical regions of the world. Rubber intropical regions of the world. Rubber in Malaysia, coffee in Brazil, tea in IndiaMalaysia, coffee in Brazil, tea in India and Sri Lanka are some examples.and Sri Lanka are some examples. Tea is cultivated in Assam and NorthTea is cultivated in Assam and North Bengal and coffee is grown in Karnataka.Bengal and coffee is grown in Karnataka. sonawane11jan@rediffmail.comsonawane11jan@rediffmail.com 17
• Since the production is mainlySince the production is mainly for market a well developedfor market a well developed network of transport andnetwork of transport and communication connecting thecommunication connecting the plantation areas, processingplantation areas, processing industries and markets playsindustries and markets plays an important role in thean important role in the development of thedevelopment of the plantations.plantations. sonawane11jan@rediffmail.comsonawane11jan@rediffmail.com 18
In Mixed Farming land is used for growing food and fodder crops and rearing livestock. It is practiced in Europe, eastern USA, Argentina, southeast Australia, New Zealand and South Africa. sonawane11jan@rediffmail.comsonawane11jan@rediffmail.com 24
 The physical features and plurality of cultures are also reflected in agricultural practices and cropping patterns in the country.  Various types of food and fibre crops, vegetables and fruits, spices and condiments, etc.. Constitute some of the important crops grown in the country.  India has three cropping seasons – Rabi, Kharif and Zaid. sonawane11jan@rediffmail.comsonawane11jan@rediffmail.com 25
• Rabi crops are sown in winter from October to December and harvested in summer from April to June. • Some important rabi crops are wheat, barley, peas, gram and mustard. • These crops are grown in large parts of india, states from the north and north western parts such as Punjab , Haryana, Himachal Pradesh, Jammu and Kashmir, Uttarakhand and Uttar Pradesh are important for the production of wheat and other rabi crops. sonawane11jan@rediffmail.comsonawane11jan@rediffmail.com 26
• Availability of precipitation during winter months due to western temperate cyclones help in the success of these crops. • However, the success of green revolution in Punjab, Haryana western Uttar Pradesh parts of Rajasthan has also been an important factor in the growth of the above mentioned rabi crops. sonawane11jan@rediffmail.comsonawane11jan@rediffmail.com 27
• Kharif crops are grown with the onset ofKharif crops are grown with the onset of monsoon in different parts of the countrymonsoon in different parts of the country and these are harvested in September-and these are harvested in September- October.October. • Important crops grown during in this seasonImportant crops grown during in this season are paddy, maize, jowar, bajra, tur (arhar),are paddy, maize, jowar, bajra, tur (arhar), moong, urad, cotton, jute, groundnut, andmoong, urad, cotton, jute, groundnut, and soyabean.soyabean. • Some of the most important rice-growingSome of the most important rice-growing regions are Assam, West Bengal, Coastalregions are Assam, West Bengal, Coastal regions of Orissa, Andhra Pradesh, Tamilregions of Orissa, Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu Kerala and Maharashtra, particularlyNadu Kerala and Maharashtra, particularly the Konkan coast along with Uttar Pradeshthe Konkan coast along with Uttar Pradesh and Bihar.and Bihar. sonawane11jan@rediffmail.comsonawane11jan@rediffmail.com 28
 In between the Rabi and the Kharif seasons there is a short season during the summer months known as the ZAID season.  Some of the crops produced during ‘Zaid’ are watermelon, muskmelon, cucumber, vegetable and fodder crops.  Sugarcane takes almost a year to grow. sonawane11jan@rediffmail.comsonawane11jan@rediffmail.com 29
A large variety of crops are grown to meet the requirement of the growing population. Crops also supply raw materials for agro based industries. Major food crops are wheat, rice, maize and millets. Jute and cotton are fibre crops. Important sonawane11jan@rediffmail.comsonawane11jan@rediffmail.com 30
Rice is the staple food crop of aRice is the staple food crop of a majority of people in India.majority of people in India. India is the second largest producerIndia is the second largest producer of rice in the world after China.of rice in the world after China. It’s a Kharif crop which requiresIt’s a Kharif crop which requires highhigh temperature, (above 25temperature, (above 25oo ) high) high rainfall above 100 cm. and highrainfall above 100 cm. and high humidity.humidity. It grows best in alluvial clayey soil,It grows best in alluvial clayey soil, which can retain water.which can retain water. sonawane11jan@rediffmail.comsonawane11jan@rediffmail.com 31
Rice is grown in the plains of northRice is grown in the plains of north and north eastern india, coastal areasand north eastern india, coastal areas and the deltaic regions.and the deltaic regions. Development of canal irrigation andDevelopment of canal irrigation and tube wells have made it possible totube wells have made it possible to grow rice in areas of less rainfallgrow rice in areas of less rainfall such as Punjab, Haryana and Westernsuch as Punjab, Haryana and Western Uttar Pradesh and parts of Rajasthan.Uttar Pradesh and parts of Rajasthan. China, India, Japan, Sri Lanka andChina, India, Japan, Sri Lanka and Egypt are the leading producers ofEgypt are the leading producers of rice in the world.rice in the world. sonawane11jan@rediffmail.comsonawane11jan@rediffmail.com 32
 Wheat is the second most important cereal crop , it is the main crop in north and northwestern part of the country.  Wheat requires a cool growing season and a bright sunshine at the time of ripening.  It requires 50 to 70 cm of annual rainfall evenly distributed over the growing season.  There are two important wheat growing zones in the country – the Ganga Sutlej plains in the north west and black soil region of the Deccan.  The major wheat producing states in India are Punjab, Haryana, Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Rajasthan and parts of Madhya Pradesh.  USA, Canada, Argentina, Russia, Ukraine, Australia. sonawane11jan@rediffmail.comsonawane11jan@rediffmail.com 34
They are also known as theThey are also known as the coarse grain and can be growncoarse grain and can be grown on less fertile and sandy soils.on less fertile and sandy soils. It is a hardy crop that needsIt is a hardy crop that needs low rainfall and high tolow rainfall and high to moderate temperature andmoderate temperature and adequate rainfall.adequate rainfall. Jowar, Bajra and Ragi areJowar, Bajra and Ragi are grown India.grown India. Other countries are Nigeria,Other countries are Nigeria, China and Niger.China and Niger.sonawane11jan@rediffmail.comsonawane11jan@rediffmail.com 36
• They have a very high nutritional valueThey have a very high nutritional value • For example – Ragi is very rich in iron, calciumFor example – Ragi is very rich in iron, calcium other micro nutrients and roughage.other micro nutrients and roughage. • Jowar is the third most important food crop withJowar is the third most important food crop with respect to area and production.respect to area and production. • It is a rain fed crop mostly grown in the moistIt is a rain fed crop mostly grown in the moist areas which hardly needs irrigation.areas which hardly needs irrigation. • Maharashtra is the largest producer of JowarMaharashtra is the largest producer of Jowar followed by Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh andfollowed by Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh and Madhya Pradesh.Madhya Pradesh. sonawane11jan@rediffmail.com 38
Bajra Bajra grows well on sandy soils and shallow black soil. Rajasthan is the largest producer of Bajra followed by Uttar Pradesh, Maharashtra, Gujarat and Haryana sonawane11jan@rediffmail.comsonawane11jan@rediffmail.com 39
• Ragi is a crop of dry regions and grows well on red, black, sandy, loamy and shallow black soils. • Karnataka is the largest producer of ragi followed by Tamil Nadu. • Apart from these states, Himachal Pradesh, Uttarakhand, Sikkim, Jharkhand and Arunachal Pradesh are also important for the production of Ragi. sonawane11jan@rediffmail.comsonawane11jan@rediffmail.com 40
Maize is a crop which is used both as food and fodder. It is a Kharif crop which requires temperature between 21o C, moderate rainfall and lots of sunshine and grows well in old alluvial soil. In some states like Bihar maize is grown in rabi season also . Use of modern inputs such as HYV seeds, fertilizers and irrigation have contributed to the increasing production of Maize. Major maize producing states are Karnataka, Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Andhra Pradesh and Madhya Pradesh North America, Brazil, China, Russia, Canada and Mexico are the leading producers of maize sonawane11jan@rediffmail.comsonawane11jan@rediffmail.com 41
• India is the largest producer as well as consumer of pulses in the world. • These are the major source of protein in a vegetarian diet. • Major pulses grown in India are tur (arhar), urad, moong, masur, peas and gram. • Pulses need less moisture and survive even in dry conditions. Being leguminous crops all these crops except arhar help in restoring soils fertility by fixing nitrogen form the air. Therefore, these are mostly grown in rotation with other crops . • Major pulses producing states in India are Madhya Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh , Rajasthan, Maharashtra and Karnataka sonawane11jan@rediffmail.comsonawane11jan@rediffmail.com 42
Sugarcane • It is a tropical as well as a subtropical crop. • It grows well in hot and humid climate with a temperature of 21o C to 27o C and an annual rainfall between 75 cm and 100 cm. • Irrigation is required in the regions of low rainfall. It can be grown on a variety of soils and needs manual labour from sowing to harvesting. • India is the second largest producer of sugarcane only after Brazil. • It is the main source of sugar, gur (Jaggery) Khandasari and molasses. • The major sugarcane producing states are Uttarpradesh, Maharashtra, Karnataka, Tamilnadu, Andhra Pradesh, Bihar , Punjab and Haryana. sonawane11jan@rediffmail.comsonawane11jan@rediffmail.com 43
 India is the largest producer of oilseeds in the world.  Different seeds are grown covering approximately 12 percent of the total cropped area of the country.  Main oil seeds produced in India are groundnut, mustard, coconut, sesamum (til), soyabean, castor seeds, cotton seeds, linseed and sunflower.  Most of these are edible and used as cooking mediums.  However, some of these are also used as raw material in the production of soap , cosmetics and ointments. sonawane11jan@rediffmail.comsonawane11jan@rediffmail.com 45
 Groundnut is a Kharif crop and accounts about half of the major oilseeds produced in the country.  Andhra Pradesh is the largest producer of groundnut followed by Tamilnadu, Karnataka, Gujarat and Maharashtra.  Linseed and mustard are Kharif crops.  Sesamum is a Kharif crop in north and rabi in south india.  Castor seed is grown both as rabi and Kharif. sonawane11jan@rediffmail.comsonawane11jan@rediffmail.com 46
 Tea is a beverage crop grown on plantations.  The tea plant grows well in tropical and subtropical climates endowed with deep and fertile well drained soil, rich in humus and organic matter.  Tea bushes require warm and most frost free climate all through the year.  Frequent showers evenly distributed over the year ensure continuous growth of tender leaves. sonawane11jan@rediffmail.comsonawane11jan@rediffmail.com 47
 Tea is a labour intensive industry. It requires abundant cheap and skilled labour.  Tea is processed within the tea garden to restore its freshness.  Major tea producing states are Assam, hills of Darjeeling and Jalpaiguri districts of West Bengal, Tamil Nadu and Kerala.  Apart from these, Himachal Pradesh, Uttarakhand, Meghalaya, Andhra Pradesh and Tripura are also tea producing states in the country.  India is the leading producer as well as exporter of tea in the world.  Kenya, India, China, Sri Lanka produce the best quality tea in the world sonawane11jan@rediffmail.comsonawane11jan@rediffmail.com 48
 India produces about four percent of theIndia produces about four percent of the world’s Coffee. India coffee is known inworld’s Coffee. India coffee is known in the world for its good quality.the world for its good quality.  The Arabica variety initially brought fromThe Arabica variety initially brought from Yemen is produced in the country. ThisYemen is produced in the country. This variety is in great demand all over thevariety is in great demand all over the world. Initially its cultivation wasworld. Initially its cultivation was introduced on the Baba Budan Hills andintroduced on the Baba Budan Hills and even today its cultivation is confined toeven today its cultivation is confined to the Nilgiris in Karnataka, Kerala and Tamilthe Nilgiris in Karnataka, Kerala and Tamil Nadu.Nadu.  Coffee requires warm and wet and well-Coffee requires warm and wet and well- drained loamy soil. Hill slopes are moredrained loamy soil. Hill slopes are more suitable for growth of this crop. Brazil issuitable for growth of this crop. Brazil issonawane11jan@rediffmail.comsonawane11jan@rediffmail.com 51
 India is the largest producer of fruits and vegetables in the world.  India is a producer of tropical as well as temperate fruits.  Mangoes of Maharashtra, Andhra Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh and West Bengal, Oranges of Nagpur and Cherrapunjee (Meghalaya) , Bananas of Kerala, Mizoram, Maharashtra and Tamil Nadu, Litchi and Guava of Uttarpradesh and Bihar, Pineapples of Meghalaya, Grapes of Andhra Pradesh and Maharashtra (Nashik), Apples, Pears, Apricots and Walnuts of Jammu and Kashmir and Himachal Pradesh are in great demand the world over. sonawane11jan@rediffmail.comsonawane11jan@rediffmail.com 53
 India produces about 13 percent of the World's vegetables.  It is an important producer of pea, cauliflower, onion, cabbage, tomato, brinjal and potato. sonawane11jan@rediffmail.com 54
Rubber –  It is an equatorial crop, but under special conditions it is also grown in tropical and subtropical areas.  It requires moist and humid climate with rainfall of more that 200 cm, and temperature above 25o C.  Rubber is an important industrial raw material .  It is mainly grown in Kerala, Tamil Nadu, Karnataka and Andaman and Nicobar Islands and Garo Hills of Meghalaya.  India ranks fifth among the worlds' natural rubber producers. sonawane11jan@rediffmail.comsonawane11jan@rediffmail.com 55
 Cotton, Jute, Hemp and Natural silk are the four major fibre crops grown in India.  The first three are derived from the crops grown in the soil, the latter is obtained from cocoons of the silk worms fed on green leaves specially mulberry.  Rearing of silk worms for the production of silk fibre is known as SERICULTURE. sonawane11jan@rediffmail.comsonawane11jan@rediffmail.com 57
India is believed to be the original home ofIndia is believed to be the original home of the cotton plant. It is one of the main rawthe cotton plant. It is one of the main raw materials for cotton textile industry.materials for cotton textile industry. India is the third largest producer of cottonIndia is the third largest producer of cotton in the world.in the world. Cotton grows well in drier parts of the blackCotton grows well in drier parts of the black cotton soil of the Deccan plateau.cotton soil of the Deccan plateau. It requires high temperature, light rainfallIt requires high temperature, light rainfall or irrigation , 210 frost-free days and brightor irrigation , 210 frost-free days and bright sunshine for its growth.sunshine for its growth. China, USA, India, Pakistan, Brazil and EgyptChina, USA, India, Pakistan, Brazil and Egypt are the leading producers.are the leading producers. sonawane11jan@rediffmail.comsonawane11jan@rediffmail.com 58
 It is also known as ‘GOLDEN FIBRE’.It is also known as ‘GOLDEN FIBRE’.  It grows well drained fertile soils in the floodIt grows well drained fertile soils in the flood plans where soils are renewed every year.plans where soils are renewed every year.  High temperature is required during the time ofHigh temperature is required during the time of growth.growth.  West Bengal, Bihar, Assam, Orissa andWest Bengal, Bihar, Assam, Orissa and Meghalaya are the major jute producing states.Meghalaya are the major jute producing states.  It is used in making gunny bags, mats, ropes,It is used in making gunny bags, mats, ropes, yarn, carpets and other artefacts.yarn, carpets and other artefacts.  Due to its high cost, it is losing market toDue to its high cost, it is losing market to synthetic fibres and packing materialssynthetic fibres and packing materials particularly the nylon.particularly the nylon.  This crop is grown in the tropical areas. IndiaThis crop is grown in the tropical areas. India and Bangladesh are the leading producers.and Bangladesh are the leading producers. sonawane11jan@rediffmail.comsonawane11jan@rediffmail.com 60
• Agriculture has been practised in India for thousands of years. Sustained used of land without compatible techno institutional changes have hindered the pace of Agricultural Development. • Inspite of development of sources of irrigation most of the farmers in large parts of the country still depend upon monsoon and natural fertility in order to carry on their agriculture. • For a growing population like India, this poses a serious threat and challenge. • Agriculture which provides livelihoods for more than 60 percent of its populations needs some serious technical and institutional reforms. sonawane11jan@rediffmail.comsonawane11jan@rediffmail.com 62
• Collectivization , consolidation of holdings co- operation and abolition of zamindari, etc were given priority to bring about institutional reforms in the country after independence. • Land reform was the main focus of our FIRST FIVE YEAR PLAN. • The right of inheritance had already led to fragmentation of land holdings necessitating consolidation of holdings. • The laws of land reforms were enacted but the laws of implementation was lacking or lukewarm. sonawane11jan@rediffmail.comsonawane11jan@rediffmail.com 63
• The government of India embarked upon introducing agricultural reforms to improve Indian agriculture in the 1960’s and 1970’s. • The GREEN REVOLUTION based on the use of package technology and the WHITE REVOLUTION (OPERATION FLOOD) were some of the strategies initiated to improve the lot of Indian agriculture. • But, this led to the development in few selected areas. • In the 1980’s and 1990’s, a comprehensive land development programme was initiated, which included both institutional and technical reforms. sonawane11jan@rediffmail.comsonawane11jan@rediffmail.com 64
• Provision of crop insurance against drought, flood, cyclone, fire and disease, establishment of Grameen Banks, cooperative societies and banks for providing loan facilities to the farmers at lower rates of interest were some of the important steps taken in this direction. • KISAN CREDIT CARD (KCC) , PERSONAL ACCIDENT INSURANCE SCHEME (PAIS), are some other schemes introduced by the Government of India for the benefit of the farmers. sonawane11jan@rediffmail.comsonawane11jan@rediffmail.com 65
• Special weather bulletins and agricultural programmes for farmers were introduced on radio and television. • The Government also announces minimum support process, remunerative and procurement prices for important crops to check the exploitation of farmers by speculators and middlemen. sonawane11jan@rediffmail.comsonawane11jan@rediffmail.com 66
• Agriculture has been the back bone of the Indian economy though its share in the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) has registered a declining trend from 1951 onwards, yet its share in providing employment had livelihoods to the population continues to be as high as 63 percent in 2001. • This declining share of agriculture in the GDP is a matter of serious concern as it will also result in the decline in other spheres of economy having a wider implications for society. sonawane11jan@rediffmail.comsonawane11jan@rediffmail.com 68
• The Government of India has made concentrated efforts to modernize agriculture. • Priority was given for improving Indian agriculture by the establishment of Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR). Agricultural Universities, Veterinary Services and Animal Breeding Centres, Horticulture Development , Research and Development in the field of Meteorology and Weather forecast etc. sonawane11jan@rediffmail.comsonawane11jan@rediffmail.com 75
• The Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR) is an autonomous organisation under the Department of Agricultural Research and Education (DARE), Ministry of Agriculture, Government of India. Formerly known as Imperial Council of Agricultural Research, it was established on 16 July 1929 as a registered society under the Societies Registration Act, 1860 in pursuance of the report of the Royal Commission on Agriculture. The ICAR has its headquarters at New Delhi. sonawane11jan@rediffmail.comsonawane11jan@rediffmail.com 76
• The Council is the apex body for coordinating, guiding and managing research and education in agriculture including horticulture, fisheries and animal sciences in the entire country. With 97 ICAR institutes and 47 agricultural universities spread across the country this is one of the largest national agricultural systems in the world. sonawane11jan@rediffmail.com 77
• The ICAR has played a pioneering role in ushering Green Revolution and subsequent developments in agriculture in India through its research and technology development that has enabled the country to increase the production of food grains by 4 times, horticultural crops by 6 times, fish by 9 times (marine 5 times and inland 17 times), milk 6 times and eggs 27 times since 1950-51, thus making a visible impact on the national food and nutritional security. It has played a major role in promoting excellence in higher education in agriculture. It is engaged in cutting edge areas of science and technology development and its scientists are internationally acknowledged in their fields. sonawane11jan@rediffmail.com 78
• Apart from this the government is also interested in improving the rural infrastructure. • Though the GDP growth rate is increasing over the years, it is not generating sufficient employment opportunities in the country. The growth rate in agriculture is decelerating which is an alarming situation. • Indian farmers are facing a big challenge from international competition and our government is going ahead with reduction in the public investment in agricultural sectors particularly in irrigation, power, rural roads, market and mechanization. sonawane11jan@rediffmail.comsonawane11jan@rediffmail.com 79
• Subsidy on fertilizers is decreased leading to increase in the cost of production. • Reduction in import duties on agricultural products have proved detrimental to agriculture in the country. • Farmers are withdrawing their investment from agriculture causing downfall in the employment in agriculture. sonawane11jan@rediffmail.comsonawane11jan@rediffmail.com 81
Food is the basic need andFood is the basic need and every citizen of the countryevery citizen of the country should have access to foodshould have access to food which provides minimumwhich provides minimum nutritional level. If anynutritional level. If any level of our population doeslevel of our population does not have this access , thatnot have this access , that segment suffers from thesegment suffers from the lack oflack of FOOD SECURITY.FOOD SECURITY.sonawane11jan@rediffmail.comsonawane11jan@rediffmail.com 82
• The number of people who do not have food security is disproportionately large in some regions of our country, particularly in economically less developed states with higher incidence of poverty. • The remote areas of the country are more prone to natural disasters and uncertain food supply. sonawane11jan@rediffmail.comsonawane11jan@rediffmail.com 83
sonawane11jan@rediffmail.comsonawane11jan@rediffmail.com 84 Nearly half of India's children under age 5 are malnourished.Nearly half of India's children under age 5 are malnourished.
In order to ensure availability of food to all sections of society our government carefully designed a national food security system. It consists of two components – a)a) BUFFER STOCKBUFFER STOCK b)b) PUBLIC DISTRIBUTIONPUBLIC DISTRIBUTION SYSTEMSYSTEM sonawane11jan@rediffmail.comsonawane11jan@rediffmail.com 86
• PDS is a programme which provides food grains and other essentials commodities at subsidised prices in rural and urban areas. • INDIA’S food security policy has a primary objective to ensure availability of food grains to the common people at an affordable price. • It has enabled the poor to have access to food . • The focus of the policy is on growth in agriculture production and on fixing support price for procurement of wheat and rice , to maintain there stocks sonawane11jan@rediffmail.comsonawane11jan@rediffmail.com 87
• THE FOOD CORPORATION OF INDIA is responsible for procuring and stocking food grains, whereas distribution is ensured by PUBLIC DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM. • The FCI procures food grains form the farmers at the government announced MINIMUM SUPPORT PRICE (MSP) • The government used to provide subsidies on agriculture inputs such as seeds, fertilizers, power and water, but these subsidies have now reached unsustainable level and has also led to large scale inefficiencies in the use of these scarce inputs. sonawane11jan@rediffmail.comsonawane11jan@rediffmail.com 88
• Excessive and imprudent use of fertilizers and water has led to water logging, salinity and depletion of essential micronutrients in the soil. • The high MSP subsidies in input and committed FCI purchases have distorted the cropping pattern. • Wheat and paddy crops are being grown more for the MSP they get. Punjab and Haryana are foremost examples. This has also created a serious imbalance in intercropping parities. sonawane11jan@rediffmail.comsonawane11jan@rediffmail.com 89
• The consumers are categorised into two – a. Below Poverty Line (BPL) b. Above Poverty Line. (APL) However this categorisation is not perfect and a number of deserving poor have been excluded from the BPL CATEGORY. Moreover some of the so called APL slip back to BPL, because of the failure of even one crop and it administratively difficult to accommodate such shifts. sonawane11jan@rediffmail.comsonawane11jan@rediffmail.com 93
• Each district and block can be made self sufficient in food grain production if government provides agricultural infrastructure, credit linkages and also encourages the use of latest technology. • Instead of concentrating only on rice or wheat, the food crop with a better growth potential in that particular area must be encouraged. • Creation of necessary infrastructure like irrigation facilities, availability of electricity etc, may also attract private investments in agriculture. • The focus on increasing food grain production which should be on a sustainable basis and also free trade in grains will create massive employment and reduce poverty in rural areas. sonawane11jan@rediffmail.comsonawane11jan@rediffmail.com 94
• There has been a gradual shift from cultivation of food crops to cultivation of fruits, vegetables, oil seeds and industrial crops. • This has led to the reduction in net sown area under cereals and pulses. • With the growing population of India, the declining food production puts a big question mark over the country’s future food security. • The competition of land between non-agricultural uses such as housing etc, and agriculture has resulted in reduction in the net sown area. • The productivity of land has started showing a declining trend. • Fertilizers , pesticides and insecticides which once showed dramatic results are now being held responsible for degrading the soil. • Periodic scarcity of water has led to reduction in area under irrigation. Insufficient water management had led to water logging and salinity. sonawane11jan@rediffmail.comsonawane11jan@rediffmail.com 95
• Free power to a section of farmers had encouraged them to pump groundwater to grow water intensive crops in low rainfall areas (rice in Punjab, Sugarcane in Maharashtra) • This unsustainable pumping had reduced water storage in aquifers. • Consequently ,many wells and tube wells have run dry. This has pushed the marginal and small farmers out of cultivation. sonawane11jan@rediffmail.comsonawane11jan@rediffmail.com 96
• Many small farmers face water crisis. • Inadequate storage and marketing facilities also at as disincentive to the farmer. • The farmers are badly affected by the uncertainties of production and market. • They suffer from a double disadvantage as they pay high prices for inputs such as HYV seed, fertilizers etc, but lack the bargaining power to fix the prices in their favour. • All the production reached the market simultaneously , the higher the supply the lower the demand. This causes distress sale. • Therefore, there can be no food security without the security of the small farmers. sonawane11jan@rediffmail.comsonawane11jan@rediffmail.com 98
IMPACT OFIMPACT OF GLOBALISATIONGLOBALISATION ON AGRICULTUREON AGRICULTURE sonawane11jan@rediffmail.com 99
• Globalisation is not a new phenomenon . • It was there at the time of colonisation. • In the nineteenth century when European traders came to India, at that time too, Indian spices were exported to different countries of the world and farmers of south India were encouraged to grow these crops. Till today it is one of the export from India. • During the British period cotton belts of India attracted the British ultimately cotton was exported to Britain as raw material for their textile industry. sonawane11jan@rediffmail.comsonawane11jan@rediffmail.com 100
• Cotton textile industry in Manchester and Liverpool flourished due to the availability of good quality cotton from India. • Mahatma Gandhi’s Satyagraha Movement in Champaran – Bihar in 1917 against the indigo planters. sonawane11jan@rediffmail.comsonawane11jan@rediffmail.com 102
• Under globalisation, particularly after 1990, the farmers in India have been exposed to new challenges. • Despite being an important producer of rice, cotton, rubber, tea, coffee, jute and spices our agricultural products are not able to compete with the developed countries of the world because of the highly subsidised agriculture in those countries. • Today Indian agriculture finds itself at the crossroads. • To make agriculture successful and profitable, proper thrust should be given to the improvement of the condition of marginal and small farmers. sonawane11jan@rediffmail.comsonawane11jan@rediffmail.com 103
• The green revolution promisedThe green revolution promised much, but today its undermuch, but today its under controversies.controversies. • It is being alleged that it has causedIt is being alleged that it has caused land degradation due to overuse ofland degradation due to overuse of chemicals, drying aquifers andchemicals, drying aquifers and vanishing biodiversity.vanishing biodiversity. • The key word today is “GENEThe key word today is “GENE REVOLUTION” which includes geneticREVOLUTION” which includes genetic engineering.engineering. • Organic farming is much in vogueOrganic farming is much in vogue today because it is practisedtoday because it is practised without factory made chemicalswithout factory made chemicalssonawane11jan@rediffmail.comsonawane11jan@rediffmail.com 104
• A few economists think that Indian farmers have a bleak future if they continue growing food grains on the holdings that grow smaller and smaller as the population rises. • India’s population is about 600 million which depends upon 250 million hectares of agricultural land, an average of less than half a hectare per person. • Indian farmers should diversify their cropping pattern from cereals to high value crops. • This will increase incomes and reduce environmental degradation simultaneously. • Fruits, medicinal herbs, flowers, vegetables, bio-diesel crops like jatropha and jojoba need much less irrigation than rice or sugarcane. • India’s diverse climate can be harnessed to grow a wide range of high-value crops. sonawane11jan@rediffmail.comsonawane11jan@rediffmail.com 105
Agricultural DevelopmentAgricultural Development refers to the efforts made torefers to the efforts made to increase farm production in orderincrease farm production in order to meet the growing demand ofto meet the growing demand of increasing population.increasing population. sonawane11jan@rediffmail.com 106
This can be achieved in many ways –This can be achieved in many ways – Increasing the cropped areaIncreasing the cropped area The number of crops grownThe number of crops grown Improving irrigation facilitiesImproving irrigation facilities Use of fertilizersUse of fertilizers Use of high yielding variety of seedsUse of high yielding variety of seeds Mechanization of agricultureMechanization of agriculture The ultimate aim of agriculturalThe ultimate aim of agricultural development is to increase food securitydevelopment is to increase food security sonawane11jan@rediffmail.comsonawane11jan@rediffmail.com 107
Presentation by –Presentation by – Vinod P SonawaneVinod P Sonawane sonawane11jan@rediffmail.comsonawane11jan@rediffmail.com 108

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