3. POLITICAL AFFAIRS
-British harassment in the west
1. Weapons to Indians
2. Impressment
-French Revolution in 1789
Fight for democracy in France
-British and French at war
France want US help
Because of their alliance with the U.S.
after the American Revolution, the
French expected help in their
revolution. However, the American
reaction split along party lines, with the
Federalists against and the
Democratic-Republicans for.
Washington, however, declared
neutrality.
-U.S. neutrality
Proclamation of Neutrality
Not taking sides
France is angry
4. POLITICAL AFFAIRS
-Jay’s Treaty meant to avoid war with
the British
-trade treaty with Britain
-highly unpopular b/c of the
Revolution
• Only agreed to leave forts in the
West; still attacking American ships
and impressing sailors
-Pinckney’s Treaty
-trade treaty with Spain
-access to the Mississippi R.
• Agreed to control natives in FL while
U.S. agreed to control those in GA
-Treaty of Greenville
-Battle of Fallen Timbers
-Ohio Valley area given up by natives
The Treaty of Greenville granted
the Ohio Valley area, also known
as the Northwest Territory, to the
United States. This was given up
by the natives after the Battle of
Fallen Timbers.
5. Reaction to Jay’s Treaty:
According to this political
cartoon, what do you think
MOST Americans thought
about the deal between the
U.S. and Britain following Jay’s
Treaty? Why?
6. WASHINGTON’S WARNING
-served two terms but refused
another
Would not be another “King
George”
-political fighting had already
begun
Hamilton v. Jefferson
-Farewell Warnings
“As a very important source of strength
and security, cherish public credit. One
method of preserving it is to use it as
sparingly as possible.”
~George Washington~
-no political parties
-no involvement in foreign
affairs
8. XYZ AFFAIR
-Neutrality strained
relations with France and
Britain
• War with them closer,
U.S. not strong enough
-U.S sends ambassadors to
France to patch relations
-bribes were demanded by
the French
• Sent out agents X,Y, and
Z instead of ambassador
• Demand money to see him
-US was outraged as story
emerged
• U.S. not taken seriously
• “See you on the seas”
“Cinque-tetes, or the Paris Monster,”
is the title of this political cartoon
satirizing the XYZ Affair. On the
right, the five members of the French
Directory, or the ruling executive
body, are depicted as a five-headed
monster demanding money. The
three American representatives,
Gerry, Pinckney, and Marshall, are
on the left, exclaiming, “Cease
bawling, monster! We will not give
you six-pence!”
10. XYZ AFFAIR
-Political Parties oppose
each other
-Federalists align with
British
-Dem-Republicans align
with French
-nearly leads to war
Two year undeclared war
with France
-Convention of 1800
avoids war
Adams makes peace with
French
Federalists angry with
Adams
“Millions for defense, but not one
cent for tribute!”
After the XYZ Affair, Congress
created a navy department and
authorized American ships to seize
French vessels. 1200 men marched
to Washington to volunteer for war,
and Congress authorized the creation
of an army of 50,000 troops. While
war was never officially declared, for
the next two years an undeclared
naval war raged between France and
the U.S.
11. ALIEN & SEDITION ACTS
Anti-French feeling flourished, and
many Federalists believed that
French agents were everywhere,
plotting to overthrow the government.
New arrivals from foreign countries
were held in particular suspicion,
especially because immigrants were
active in the Dem.-Rep. party. Some
of the most vocal critics of Adams
were foreign-born and immigrants.
To counter what they saw as a
growing threat against government,
the Federalists passed the Alien and
Sedition Acts.
-Federalists passed laws
to limit criticism of
gov’t by those
sensitive to the
French (DemRepublicans) and
restrict citizenship
rights
-would have limited
freedom of speech and
allowed deportation of
unpopular aliens
• Could not speak out
against the
government
• Quieted all opposition
12. Washington’s death was instrumental in improving
conditions with France. Napoleon Bonaparte, now
first consul of France, hoped to lure American
friendship away from the British and back to the
French. Napoleon ordered ten days of mourning to
be observed in the French armies for the American
leader. Soon, Napoleon would offer even greater
concessions to the Americans.
14. WESTERN EXPANSION
-Indian Conflicts
• Settlers moving West and pushing
natives off their land
- unfair treaties
American settlers not upholding
promises made to nativesTecumseh’s League
Group of natives led by Tecumseh
Ready to attack American settlers,
aided by British
“White people…have driven us
from the great salt water, forced
us over the mountains, and
would shortly push us into the
lakes. But we are determined to
go no farther. The only way to
stop this evil is for all red men to
unite.” ~Tecumseh~
15. WESTERN EXPANSION
- Battle of Tippecanoe (1811Madison’s Term)
• Tecumseh’s men set up here
- William Henry Harrison
• Governor of Indiana who attacked
Tecumseh’s League at Tippecanoe
before they could attack him
• Shatters Native American morale
In November 1811, while Tecumseh
was absent, his brother and aid led
the Shawnee in an attack on
Harrison and his troops near
Tippecanoe. Harrison struck back
and burned the Shawnee capital to
the ground. Harrison’s victory,
known as the Battle of Tippecanoe,
made him a national hero.
16. FOREIGN AFFAIRS
-US neutrality between Britain and
France???
Needed trade with both sides
• Jay’s Treaty expired
Impressment of American sailors into the
Royal British Navy
• War among European nations
-British began impressment of
sailors
• Making American sailors fight for
the British Navy
• British attack U.S. ship
17. “It has paralyzed industry…Our fertile lands
are reduced to sterility. It will drive our seamen
into foreign employ, and our fisherman to
foreign sandbanks…It has dried up our
revenue.”
~Philip Key, Congressmen
FOREIGN AFFAIRS
-Jefferson gets Embargo Act
passed to cut off trade; hurts
U.S. business more than Europe
• Angry about attacking American
ships; will not trade with anyone
• Ruins Jefferson’s presidency
• Congress repealed in 1809
-War Hawks emerge
• Want to begin war with British
“Mr. President, if you know what is good for
your future welfare you will take off the embargo
that is now such a check upon American
commerce…”
~New England merchant, 1808
• Henry Clay/John C. Calhoun
Possibility of gaining lands
Revenge for helping Indians
19. WAR OF 1812
-James Madison
became President in
1808
-British continue
harassment of U.S.
trade and settlers
• Impressment, aiding
natives
-US declares war on
Britain
• “Mr. Madison’s War”
• Small army and navy
-U.S. fails to invade
Canada
• British keep Canada
By the spring of 1812, President Madison
decided to go to war against Britain. Madison
believed that Britain was trying to strangle
American trade and cripple the American
economy. Congress approved the war
declaration in early June.
20. WAR OF 1812
-British burn parts of
Washington, 1814
• Turn to Baltimore harbor
• Francis Scott Key writes
anthem at Ft. McHenry
By 1814, the superior British were raiding and
burning towns all along the Atlantic coast. The
redcoats brushed aside some hastily-assembled
soldiers and entered Washington, D.C. In
retaliation for the U.S. victory at the Battle of
York, the capital of Upper Canada, in which U.S.
forces burned the governor’s mansion and the
legislative assembly buildings, the British burned
the Capitol, the White House, and other public
buildings. On August 24, Madison and other
federal officials had to flee from their own capital.
21. Francis Scott Key writes
the Star Spangled
Banner after the allnight bombardment at
Fort McHenry
22. WAR OF 1812
-Hartford Convention
debates New England’s
part in war—Federalists
opposing the war
• Want constitutional
amendments to increase
New England’s power—
states rights
-Treaty of Ghent, 1814
(nothing changed hands)
• Officially ends the War
of 1812
• America recognized as
a strong nation
U.S. and Britain sign the
Treaty of Ghent, officially
ending the War of 1812
23. Foreign Affairs
-end of the war of 1812
-Era of Good Feelings
• U.S. is prosperous and
growing; national pride
-northern border with
Canada established
49th parallel
• British give up
territory to U.S. near
Oregon
-Florida becomes part of
the US, 1819
-Adams-Onis Treaty
also sets SW border
with Spanish Mexico
• Spain breaks Pinckney
Treaty
25. Monroe Doctrine
-James Monroe became
President in 1816
-U.S. is still a fragile
nation in the world arena
-attempts to claim part of
the world as our own
“neighborhood”
•Wants to protect western
hemisphere from Europe
-Monroe Doctrine
“The American continents,… are henceforth
not to be considered as subjects for future
colonization by any European powers. . .”
~James Monroe
states that Europeans
should not interfere with
this hemisphere
•Any attack seen as attack
on the U.S.
