CLIMATE CHANGE IMPACTS :
CHALLENGES FOR AQUACULTUTE
MARICULTURE ( STAL 6023 )
DR. SIMON KUMAR DAS
NIK NOORHAYATI BINTI NIK ABDUL MAJID
P66094

OUTLINES
Overview of climate change
Vulnerability to climate change
Nature of the climate change threat
Preparing and responding to the impacts
Conclusion

OVERVIEW OF CLIMATE CHANGE
(a) Global Mean Surface Temperature Anomaly(˚C)
(b) Projected Surface Temperature Changes
(2090-2099 relative to 1980-1999)
(a)
(b)
Source : Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), 2007
o Global mean temperature has
increased about 0.8 ˚C since
1850
o The average temperature in
Southeast Asia has increased
0.1-0.3˚C per decade over the
last 50 years
o Projected surface temperature
changes would lead to further
warming by 1-6˚C by 2100

OVERVIEW OF CLIMATE CHANGE
o Global average sea level rose
at an average rate of 1.8
mm/year over 1961 to 2003
o The rate was faster over 1993
to 2003 about 3.1 mm/year
o Increased in global mean sea
level and prospects for more
severe extreme floods and
drought in some place
o Intense tropical cyclone
activities has increased since
1970

CLIMATE CHANGE IMPACTS :
(DIRECT AND INDIRECT)
Source: FAO 2012

VULNERABILITY TO CLIMATE CHANGE
Exposure: The nature and
degree to which fisheries
production systems are
exposed to climate change
Adaptive capacity: Ability or
capacity of a system to
modify or change to cope
with changes in actual or
expected climate stress
Potential impact: All impacts
that may occur without taking
into account planned
adaptation
Sensitivity: Degree to which
national economies are
dependent on fisheries and
therefore sensitive to any
change in the sector
= Vulnerability
Source : FAO 2006

Global mapping of national economies vulnerability to
climate change impacts on fisheries
Source : Allison et al, 2009

NATURE OF CLIMATE CHANGE THREATS
1) Temperature Changes
Effects Implications
Increased stratification and reduced
mixing of water, reducing primary
productivity and food supplies for fish
species
Reductions in fish stocks
Reduced water quality, especially of
dissolved oxygen, changes in range and
abundance of pathogens, predators and
competitors
Altered culture species, possibly
worsened losses to disease and possibly
higher capital costs for aeration
equipment
Changing in timing and success of
spawning and peak abundance
Impacts on seed availability and
reductions in fish stocks

o Temperature tolerance of important cultured is temperate region, particularly
is close to the upper range
o Increase in temperature a few degrees is likely to impact on the culture of
such species
o So not severe for cultured tropical species, predicted water temperature
increases a likely to be still within the optimal range of the tolerance
temperature

NATURE OF CLIMATE CHANGE THREATS
2) Sea Level Rise
Effects Implications
Loss of land
Reduced area available for land-based
(pond), loss of freshwater fisheries
Changes to estuary systems
Shifts in species abundance, distribution
and composition of fish stocks and
aquaculture seed
Loss of coastal ecosystems such as
mangrove forests
Worsened exposure to waves and storm
surges and risk that inland aquaculture
become inundated
Salt water infusion into groundwater
Reduced freshwater availability for
aquaculture, shift to brackish water
species

NATURE OF CLIMATE CHANGE THREATS
3) Increase in frequency/intensity of storm
Effects Implications
Large wave and storm surge,
Lost aquaculture stocks, damage or loss
of aquaculture facilities
Inland flooding from intense
precipitation
salinity changes, introduction of disease
or predators into aquaculture facilities
during flooding episodes
Higher capital costs needed to design
cage moorings, pond walls, jetties

NATURE OF CLIMATE CHANGE THREATS
4) Drought
Effects Implications
Lower water quality and availability for
aquaculture, salinity changes
Changes in lake water levels and river
flows
increase productions costs, loss of
opportunity as production is limited

NATURE OF CLIMATE CHANGE THREATS
5) El-Nino Southern Oscillation (ENSO)
Effects Implications
Change location and timing of ocean
currents and upwelling altered nutrient
supply in surface water, changed ocean
temperature and bleached coral
Changes in the productivity of fisheries
Changed ocean temperature and
bleached coral
Reduced productivity of reef fisheries

PREPARING AND RESPONDING TO THE
IMPACTS
o Implement comprehensive and integrated ecosystem
approaches
- to manage coastal, oceans, fisheries, aquaculture to
adapting to climate change
- to reduced risk from natural disaster
o Provide climate change education in schools and create greater
awareness among all stakeholders
o Undertake assessment of local vulnerability and risk to archive
climate proof
o Support innovation by research on management systems and
aquatic systems

PREPARING AND RESPONDING TO THE
IMPACTS
o Building bridge between
science and policy
o Understanding country
priorities and assisting their
implementation through
funding, partner and technical
support

PREPARING AND RESPONDING TO THE
IMPACTS(communication & informing)

PREPARING AND RESPONDING TO THE
IMPACTS(advocating for inclusion)

CONCLUSSION
Climate change
contributed to natural
disaster
Impact on economy: include
reduced productivity of
aquaculture, cost of rehabilitation,
reconstruction of facilities, pond,
new bridge and others
Coastal area will suffer:
shoreline erosion, increased
wave action, saline intrusion
Effective implementation need to adapt
to climate change, improve public
awareness, reduced risk from natural
disaster
Continuous improvement of
development plan making process
is crucial to address climate
change