REMODELING THE POLICE AND POLICING IN NIGERIA:
Challenges and Prospects for the Nigeria Police Academy Graduating Cadets
BY
TANKO AHMED, fwc
CEO, TSANGAYA HUMAN RESOURCES
FORMER SENIOR FELLOW, NATIONAL INSTITUTE (NIPSS),
KURU-JOS, NIGERIA
1

Stonechat
*Police Officers are responsible for everybody, in everything, every time,
everywhere, and in every way possible.
*Police Officers are on there own when thinking out strategies, planning
operations, or calculating tactics
*The question here is, ‘what kind of people go for police work’?
*For the purpose of this lecture, I also ask, ‘how do you transform the average
civilian into the ideal police officer’?
2

Being A Public Lecture for the Graduating Cadets of
the Nigerian Police Academy (POLAC), Wudil
3

Some Thought Lines
On the Primacy of Modelling
“… Most human behaviour is learned through modeling from others …”
Albert Bandura
http://www.braintrainingtools.org/skills/fortunately-most-human-behavior-is-learned-observationally-through-modeling-meaning/
On the Police and Society
‘… The Police is the force which holds back chaos, allowing order and civilization to
thrive under cohesion of good policing …’
The Thin Blue Line - A Movie on Police Work
https://www.rogerebert.com/reviews/the-thin-blue-line-1988
On the Value of Good Policing
‘… Evil is powerless if the Good are unafraid …’
President Ronald Reagan
https://www.calibrepress.com/2018/08/inspirational-police-quotes/
4

Paper Abstract
Recent developments including the current community policing programme, the
new Police Act, the #EndSARS and a supportive Police Trust Fund combine to
provide a catalyst for remodeling of the Police and policing in Nigeria.
The Nigeria Police Academy, POLAC, as the hub for professional, intellectual and
leadership development holds the aces for remodeling the police and policing in
Nigeria.
The Institution infuses ‘… knowledge for service …’ to its cadet-graduates who are
the products of its combined police force training and university intellectual and
academic development.
5

Paper Deployment
The Paper deploys the figurative phrase of ‘the thin blue line’ policing
documentary movie to depict the complex challenges and prospects for the
police and policing in society.
It projects the Police as the force holding back chaos to allow for order and
civilisation to thrive; as well as striving to practice good policing within its
enclave.
A simulation exercise is specially designed for the graduating POLAC Cadet-
Graduates to form a networking platform to prepare for the challenges and
prospects of the real world beyond the Academy.
6

INTRODUCTION
‘… knowledge for service …’
The POLAC Motto
http://www.polac.edu.ng/
*Background, *Scholastic Debates, *General Literature
*Specific Literature, *Theoretical Framework,
*Problem Statement, *Paper Objectives
7

Background
The Nigeria Police Academy (POLAC) is a unique institution blending
university education with command and leadership training and the
development of ideal police officers for the Nigeria Police Force (NPF).
The training and development of the ideal police officers require an
extensive and rigorous physical and intellectual programme to infuse any
desired aptitude and conditioning of cadets (Ashdown, 2017; Mohammed, 2020).
The POLAC is the hub for modeling, and remodeling the ideal police
officers which as for the dynamic and complex environment and nature of
policing in Nigeria.
8

Scholastic Debates on the Police and Policing
Scholars are divided into two distinct groups on the concept of
the police and policing based on means and ends in service
delivery.
The first group projects police and policing in terms of maintaining
public order and safety by enforcing existing laws and crime
prevention, detection, and investigation.
The second group however reflects on the various responsibilities
and expectations shouldered on the police and policing, beyond law
enforcement and maintenance of public order.
9

General Literature on Police Training and Development
General literature on the training and development tend to focus on
the effectiveness and practicality of programmes in the knowledge
and practice of beneficiaries (Goldstein and Ford, 2002).
The literature on the training and development of police officers
revolves around how the concept of policing in a rapidly changing
and challenging world drives the desired effect (Mohammed, 2020).
The literature reflect on the dynamic, complex, and fast-changing
modern society and dysfunctional work environment unfavorable for
young and fresh officer-cadets
(Lasley, 2012; Mohammed, 2020; de Klerk, 2020).
10

Specific Literature on Police Training and Development
Specific literature on the training and development of the ideal police officer
and policing barely pays attention to the challenges and prospects for
institutions like POLAC and its graduating cadets.
The bulk of available materials mainly consist of grey literature mostly
instructive, promotional, and reflective responses to issues on the ground
often seen in brochures, joining instructions, lectures, and speeches.
Thus, there is the need to capture the general trend and place such discourse
on clear propositions, or theorem, for better perception and deployment at the
dynamic and complex realities of a fast-changing world.
11

Theoretical Framework
Police training and development programmes facilitate change
within police organisations as they respond to needs and trends
of policing the larger society Birzer (2003).
The social learning theory explains human behaviour about
learning through reciprocal interaction and emphasizes the
importance of modeling and remodeling of attitudes, emotional
management, resilience, endurance, and speed thinking.
These components tally with the basics for police training and
intellectual development re blended into the POLAC programme.
12

Problem Statement
The Police Academy may have a clear-cut mission, vision, philosophy, and
motto but more importantly will be the quality and effectiveness of its
products in keeping up to expectations.
Thus, the paper focuses on the process of modeling and remodeling of the
police and policing in Nigeria at the Police Academy.
It plays out the game-changing quartet of community policing, the Nigeria
Police Act, EndSARS reform, and the Nigeria Police Trust Fund as catalyst
for change.
The paper pays particular attention to the challenges and prospects
this may portend to the Police Academy cadet-graduates.
13

Paper Objectives
a. To describe the Nigeria Police Academy as the hub for training and
development of the ideal police officer;
b. To explain the remodeling for the ideal police officer at the Police
Academy;
c. To establish the need for remodeling the police and policing in Nigeria
associated with the Police Academy and its Cadet-Graduates;
d. To outline challenges and prospects in remodeling for the POLAC and
its cadet-graduates; and
To proffer recommendations and implementation strategies on the way
forward.
14

KEY TERMS
*Nigeria Police Academy, *Remodeling,
*POLAC Police Cadet-Graduates,
*Ideal Police Officer, *The Thin Blue Line, *Command and Leadership,
*Dysfunctional Work Environment
15

Nigeria Police Academy (POLAC)
The establishment of POLAC has a steady background from the
1982 Pace Report on the assessment of the training needs, best
orientation, and future trajectory for manpower development of
the Nigeria Police.
The 1986 Daura Report laid the foundation for the Nigeria Police
Academy to train police officers with the highest professional
standard.
POLAC is also a full-fledged degree-awarding and research
institution at per with any university at home and abroad.
16

POLAC Mission, Vision, Philosophy, and Motto
Mission
To produce the ideal superior Police officer who is equipped with knowledge and skills to
face challenges of policing in an increasingly complex Nigerian society and a
technologically sophisticated world.
Vision
A model security training institution, internationally respected for the quality and
efficiency of its training and the excellence of its academic standards.
Philosophy
A highly Reformed, Mobile, Innovative, Efficient and Civil Police.
Motto
Knowledge for Service
17

Remodeling
Remodeling is the act of changing or altering the structure, style,
or form of something https://www.collinsdictionary.com.
It also involves the remodeling of thinking, action, behavior, or
conduct often used in the training, and development of police
cadet-graduates to instill ideal qualities and good practices.
The establishment, mission, vision, philosophy, and motto of the
Nigeria Police Academy define it as a modeling and remodeling hub
for the police and policing in Nigeria.
18

Police Cadet-Graduates
The Police Cadet-Graduates are trained police officers and
intellectuals with first degrees.
They are trained in the fundamentals of police duties and
responsibilities, and developed intellectually able to study,
understand, and work in complex and challenging environment
as ideal superior police officers.
The POLAC Cadet-Graduates are ideal superior police officers
endowed with physical fitness, critical thinking, problem-solving
skills, communication skills, interpersonal skills, strong moral
character, and devotion to the community.
19

Ideal Police Officer
The ideal police officer is empowered with knowledge, skills,
expertise, and the ability to exercise the fundamentals of law
enforcement, including high expectations by the larger society.
Such an officer should also be well-kitted with modern tools,
equipment, skills, and functional environment for the discharge
of duties and responsibilities.
The ideal police officer crosses all lines of duty as dictated by the
figurative policing phrase of ‘the thin blue line’ signifying the off-
limit range, and nature of modern policing.
20

The Thin Blue Line
The "thin blue line" is a policing phrase that figuratively explains the
unique position of the police in modern society.
It describes the police as the force which holds back chaos to allow order
and civilization to thrive.
The phrase which is also the title and theme of a police documentary movie
demands the cohesion of the police force by itself in the principles and
practice of 'good policing’.
Implications of ‘the thin blue line’ on the police and policing also beckon at
the modern police officers to possess and practice the tenets of command and
control, or simply be in charge of whatever they do.
21

Command and Leadership
To command is to give order or instructions with authority while
exercising the dominant influence of being in charge of a situation.
To lead is to guide followers, direct subordinates, or serve as a
channel for undertaking or attaining set goals or objectives.
Command and leadership sum up the display of capacity and
capability in the discharge of duties and responsibilities at helms of
affairs.
The POLAC ideal police officer must be up and about due to the
unpredictable nature of the real world which also portends a
dysfunctional work environment
22

Dysfunctional Work Environment
The term dysfunction signifies disruption or disturbance in smooth function seen
as constituting negative influence on the police and policing.
The police work environment in Nigeria is dysfunctionally characterised by an
undesirable condition of service, ill-equipped, inadequate resources, peoples’ high
expectations, public low patronage, insufficient personnel and other aspects
making it an utmost challenge to the police and policing.
The knowledge and skills on how to handle an overwhelming dysfunctional
work environment for the police and policing in Nigeria are very crucial in the
training and development of modern police officers.
23

CATALYST FOR REMODELING THE POLICE
AND POLICING IN NIGERIA
*Catalyst for Change
*Community Policing, *The Nigeria Police Act, *The EndSARS Protests
*The Nigeria Police Trust Fund
24

Catalyst for Change
In social sciences, a catalyst for change refers to any situation or
event(s) for, or trigger, change.
Recent events directly triggering a change in the police and
policing in Nigeria include the newly introduced community
policing programme, the Nigeria Police Act, the EndSARS
reforms, and the Nigeria Police Trust Fund.
These events, singularly or severally, portend the urgent need for
remodeling the police and policing in Nigeria, with particular
reference to the POLAC Cadet-Graduates.
25

Community Policing
Community policing revolves on three components of developing community
partnership, engaging in problem-solving, and implementing community
policing organisational features https://www.discoverpolicing.org
Community policing in Nigeria seeks to instill strong partnerships,
collaborative, cooperative, and coordinating efforts between the police and
citizens at the neighbourhood or community levels (Ordu and Nnam, 2017).
Operational units deploy stakeholder-based resource pooling and
management, tactically able to pin-point and isolate crime and criminals in
the public domain, with the POLAC cadet-graduates at its base.
26

The Nigeria Police Act
The Act offers the much-needed instrumentality to initiate reform from
within, and carry the People along through its existing nationwide
programmes like the Community Policing.
It demands public partnership, operational agility, resource-based
management, SERVICOM principles, constant reform, and capacity
building which are already embedded in the ‘Police Charter’.
This serves as a clear guide and legal framework for the police and policing
in Nigeria, including the POLAC Cadet-Graduates
27

The EndSARS Reform
The protest which took place in many major cities is noted for its wide
patronage by a population that is made of entirely young Nigerians.
(Yomi, 2020).
The End-SARS protests were seen to be promoted more by anti-
government elements than for ethical and moral concern for human
rights abuse.
However, the protests also provided an impetus for the immediate
commencement of reforms in the police and policing in Nigeria. It serves
as a wake-up call to police and policing in Nigeria, including the POLAC
Cadet-Graduates
28

The Nigeria Police Trust Fund
The Nigeria Police Trust Fund was established by an Act to provide funds
for, inter alia, the training and welfare of personnel of the Nigeria Police Force.
The Trust Fund is a resource base for programmes through workshops,
seminars, conferences, and simulations at tactical, operational, and strategic
levels.
Areas of concentration will also cover public engagement skills and service
delivery conducted by competent and experienced resource persons drawn
across the board including POLAC and its Cadets.
29

Table 1:
The Catalyst for Remodeling the Police and
Policing in Nigeria
Catalyst 1: Community Policing Programme
Catalyst 2: The Nigeria Police Act of 2020
Catalyst 3: The EndSARS Protests and Reforms
Catalyst 4: The Nigeria Police Trust Fund
30

Catalyst 1: Community Policing
S/n Catalyst Description Cause for Remodeling
1 Community Policing
Community policing in Nigeria
seeks to instill strong
partnerships, collaborative,
cooperative, and coordinating
efforts between the police and
citizens at the neighbourhood or
community levels (Ordu and
Nnam, 2017).
The NPF command and
leadership strategically focuses
on the community policing
outreach to build a formidable
functional relationship with The
People.
Operational units deploy
stakeholder-based resource
pooling and management,
tactically able to pin-point and
isolate crime and criminals in the
public domain, with the POLAC
cadet-graduates at its base.
31

Catalyst 2: Nigeria Police Act of 2020
2 Nigeria Police Act of 2020
The seeks to provide for a
more effective and well-
organised Police Force
driven by the principles
of transparency, and
accountability in its
operations and
management of its
resources.
The Act offers the much-
needed instrumentality
to initiate reform from
within and carry the
People along through its
existing nationwide
programmes like the
Community Policing.
It demands a public
partnership, operational
agility, resource-based
management, SERVICOM
principles, constant
reform, and capacity
building which are
already embedded in the
‘Police Charter’.
32

Catalyst 3: EndSARS Protests and Reform
3 EndSARS Reform
The EndSARS protest takes
its name from the slogan
started in 2017 as a
Twitter campaign using the
hashtag #ENDSARS to
demand the disbanding of
the Nigeria Police SARS unit
by the Nigerian
Government (Busari, 2020).
The protest which took
place in many major cities
is noted for its wide
patronage by a
demographic that is made
of entirely young Nigerians.
(Yomi, 2020)
However, the protests also
provided an impetus for
the immediate
commencement of reforms
in the police and policing in
Nigeria.
33

Catalyst 4: The Nigeria Police Trust Fund
4 Nigeria Police Trust Fund 2019
The Nigeria Police Trust Fund
was established by an Act to
provide funds for, inter alia, the
training and welfare of
personnel of the Nigeria Police
Force. The Act states that the
Trust Fund would consist of
funds from a levy of 0.005% of
the net profit of companies
operating a business in
Nigeria amongst other sources.
The Fund distinctively focuses on
the provision, and support of a
competent human resource base
for Nigeria Police Force (NPF)
personnel, including auxiliary
staff.
The Trust Fund is a resource base
for training, and welfare
programmes through
workshops, seminars,
conferences, and simulations at
tactical, operational, and
strategic levels.
© Ahmed, Tanko 2021
34

TRAINING AND DEVELOPMENT OF
THE IDEAL POLICE OFFICER
*Training and Development Programme,
* Remodeling the Ideal Police Officer,
* The Hidden Curriculum,
* Construct of the Ideal POLAC Cadet-Graduates,
* Qualities of the POLAC Ideal Police Officer
35

Training and Development Programme for the Ideal Police Officer
The ideal police officer must be trained and developed for everything,
including the ‘unknown’ or the ‘unpredictable’ which also require regular
updating and upgrading to cope with a rapidly changing world.
This type of training and development is as exceedingly laborious, not to
mention hazardous, with formatted behavior learned observationally
through modeling and remodeling (Albert Bandura, 1977) .
The POLAC programme runs rigorous police training parallel to a
university standard academic development for the Cadet-Graduates
36

Remodeling the Ideal Police Officer
Police officers tend to become the kind of police officers they are trained,
developed, or socialized to be.
In the formal and informal training and development, the influence of
institutional leadership, faculty members, instructors, administrators and
peer groups are very critical.
The young officers always look up to and copy the styles, traits, character,
conduct, dressing, and general attitude of those charged with the running
of the Academy in all facets.
Significant to these include the infectious behavior of course mates would
translate and guide on individual and group development or operational
personality.
37

The Hidden Curriculum
Role models and the modeling process may not necessarily be cited in the programmes or
curriculum but still remain dominant at the background of every activity due to
prevailing social learning practice.
Role models in POLAC represent the open, recognized, and acceptable norms, practices,
and values of the Nigeria Police Force at its best.
Lest we not also forget, that these values of police officers are directly related to the
concept, meaning, and purposes of the ‘hidden curriculum’ or ‘extra-curricular’
activities which will significantly influence police organizational performance and
public perceptions.
https://opentextbc.ca/ethicsinlawenforcement/chapter/8-2-socialization-of-police/
38

Construct of the Ideal POLAC Cadet-Graduates
The cadet programme of POLAC revolves on team-building beyond the
training and development of the mental and physical aptitude of the
individual to the need of bounding among the cadets for networking.
This is done to strip the cadets of their individuality, to be replaced with the
culture of compliance and values of the Police Force (Chappell and Lanza-Kaduce, 2010).
What is left with the Cadets is the formation, sustenance, and
advancement of functional teamwork for a regimented career of
service to the larger society.
39

CHALLENGES AND PROSPECTS FOR THE POLAC
CADET-GRADUATES
*Universal Challenges and Prospects in Police and Policing
*Challenges for the POLAC Graduates, *The Ultimate Challenge to Police Officers
*My Job Will Never Satisfy Anybody, *Prospects for the POLAC Graduates, *Prospects for the Ideal
Superior Police Officer
Table 2: Matrix of Remodeling Challenges and Prospects for the POLAC Cadet-Graduates
40

Universal Challenges and Prospects in Police and Policing
The vocation of police and policing is universally self-dependent on one’s
initiative and resourcefulness to face practically any situation at a moment’s
notice.
The Nigeria Police Force is poorly equipped, under-resourced, with an ever-
increasing pressure by a highly demanding and non-appreciating public
constituting a serious gap between its needs and what is available.
As any game-changing event occurs, the POLAC police need to remodel as in
the quartet case of community policing, the Police Act, EndSARS protest, and
the Police Trust Fund.
41

Challenges for the POLAC Cadet-Graduates
Demanding situations often exhaust the limit of the most trained, developed, and
equipped professionals, especially the police in policing which (Maguen, et al. 2009;
Rousseau, 2018).
General responsibilities of the Ideal Police Officer go beyond basic Law enforcement to
include a wide variety of activities in multiple situations as seen in the unpredictable
nature of public order preservation (Neocleous, 2004; Siegel, 2005).
The NPF is chronically resource-starved in funding, equipment, training, facilities,
amenities, welfare and general condition of service, and a dysfunctional work
environment, with the POLAC and its Cadet-Graduates without exception.
42

The Ultimate Challenge to Police Officers
In the heat of the October 2020 EndSARS protest a young police officer serving
at the Police Academy, like many others who showed open concern, captures
the ultimate challenge of being a police officer in Nigeria.
There were many poster post and discourse in support of the Nigeria Police
Force, especially the poster that says: a society which chooses war with its
police better learn to make peace with its criminals.
The one which captures the ultimate challenge to the police and policing is a title:
MY JOB WILL NEVER SATISFY ANYBODY!
43

AYoung Police Officer’s WhatsApp Poster During the EndSARS
Protests
MY JOB WILLNEVER SATISFY ANYBODY
It is a job where you will never satisfy anybody.
If you arrest a criminal everybody will be happy, but his family will complain.
If you release him an Bond because it is his constitutional right,
people will say that you have taken a bribe.
Deny him the Bond, and the Human Rights Commission will be at your door.
If you investigate a case in a short time, they will say you have vest interest.
But if you take long, then you are not efficient and interested.
So, there you are.
Either way, you cannot win.
◦ THE ONUS IS ON THE POLAC CADET-GRADUATES TO GET THINGS DONE
44

Prospects for the POLAC Cadet-Graduates
The prospects for the police and policing in Nigeria is also determined by how
the entire NPF stands up to challenges as they occur.
The POLAC Cadet-Graduates are particularly trained, developed, and
remodeled in problem-solving not only as ideal police officers but also as
university graduates.
POLAC Cadet-Graduates are equipped with formidable team spirit with its
multiplier effect in ideas, spread, outreach, and network competencies as they
are posted to every nook and corner of the NPF for a career in command and
leadership.
45

Table 2: Matrix of Remodeling Challenges and Prospects for the POLAC Cadet-Graduates
S/n Catalyst(s) for Remodeling Challenges Prospects
1 Community Policing Community building where there has
never been any foundation
Ideal police officers are
administrators and
community/nation builders
2 Nigeria Police Act 2020 The Police Act seems to set tight
rules of engagement for the Police in
a loose environment
Idea police officers could turn the
tide of over-regulations to
maintenance of discipline in society
3 EndSARS Social Media takeover of society Social media as enabler and
equalizer to all
4 Police Trust Fund Difficult to access to adequate
funding from Government
POLAC as training and development
hub could play host to the Fund in
PPP Consultancy Service
© Ahmed, T. (2021)
46

Prospects for the Ideal Superior Police Officer
The POLAC prospectus spells the minimum qualification for suitable civilians
to seek for admission into the Academy to be trained as police officers and also
to study to become professionals across fields any university could offer.
The Ideal Police Officer bears responsibility for public order, public safety, law
enforcement, prevention, detection, and investigation of criminal activities, well-
trained, well-educated, and well-prepared to perform.
The Ideal Superior Police Officer is empowered with knowledge, skills,
expertise, and the ability to exercise the fundamentals of law enforcement,
they also bear the prospects of serving society as police officers.
47

THE WAY FORWARD
48

ATheoretical Construct on the Way Forward
The interactional tenets of social learning theory coincide with the
POLAC policing and academic blend in which qualified candidates were
selected from the populace to be processed and modeled into ideal
superior police officers.
What may look complex from the surface could be adopted and deployed
for understanding the situational responsibilities of POLAC as a primary
modeling centre for the police and policing in Nigeria.
Thus, when it comes to facing the real world as ideal superior
police officers the onus is on the POLAC cadet-graduates to strive
to adjust or remodel.
49

Facing the Real World of Policing
The real world may seem harsh in formidable challenges but it also offers
prospects with which the cadet-graduates could deploy to their advantage.
The cadet-graduates are not only trained police officers but also university
graduates in full employment in a ready-made career in command and
leadership in the police and policing in Nigeria.
Among them will be police superintendents, staff officers, commanders,
commissioners, and inspectors general with additional roles in the larger
society.
This is the career point at which to build a formidable platform to come
together, keep together, and work together to begin, to progress, and to be
successful in facing the challenges and prospects ahead.
50

Networking Platform
The team spirit acquired by POLAC cadet-graduates in the course of primary
modeling by the Academy is their ultimate group asset as they strive to face
challenges and build on prospects.
Ashdown (2017:1) explains that “… in the modern age, where everything is
connected to everything, the most important thing about what you can do is
what you can do with others …”.
Network platforms include those of social networks of Facebook, WhatsApp,
Twitter, Instagram, etc., for sharing of messages, photos, videos, events, and
many others, including fraternities like school, course, or classmates.
For example, the POLAC Cadet-Graduates could take advantage of new
technologies and organise the entire officers into one single or interconnected
sub-group for contact, social activities, work environment, or operations.
51

Simulation Exercise
Simulation exercises involve practical interactive learning
processes within the social learning theory environment to test
the knowledge, skill, and capability of individuals and groups to
respond to a simulated event, situation, challenge, or prospect.
They are staged to further inculcate knowledge and
understanding by putting into practice the results of learned
lessons.
For example, the putting into practice of the knowledge, skill, and
lesson learned by the POLAC Cadet-Graduates, including those
discussed in this presentation.
52

CONCLUSION
53

Summary
The paper sets out to discuss the topic of remodeling of the police
and policing in Nigeria with particular reference to the challenges
and prospects for the Nigeria Police Academy cadet-graduates.
It describes the Academy as a unique institution blending
university education with command and leadership training in
developing ideal superior police officers for the Nigeria Police
Force.
The paper further establishes the implications for modeling and
remodeling and outlines the challenges and prospects are built
around major events influencing policing in Nigeria.
54

Conclusion
The paper concludes that the POLAC programme built on its mission, vision,
philosophy, and motto of knowledge for service is sufficient to place the cadet-
graduates on a good footing for their career in command and leadership.
That the cadet-graduates are up to the task in facing the challenges and
prospects of the real world characterised by dysfunctional work environment
considering the four major events of community policing programme, the
guiding Police Act, the EndSARS wake-up call and the supportive Police Trust
Fund.
The cadet-graduates could start with a network platform along
with a simulation exercise for the entire set as they launch into the
real world
55

Recommendations and Implementation Strategies
Recommendation One
The Nigeria Police Academy consistently implement its mission, vision,
philosophy, and motto of knowledge for service in producing the lead superior
police officers for the police and policing in Nigeria.
Implementation Strategies
*Government to fund and support the Nigeria Police Academy, particularly
with special attention from the Nigeria Police Trust Fund.
*The Presidency to ascend to the Nigeria Police Academy Bill which was
recently passed by the National Assembly.
56

Recommendation Two
The POLAC cadet-graduates to build a networking platform to enable them to
pull their knowledge, strength, and influence to work together in facing the
challenges and prospects of policing in Nigeria
Implementation Strategies
*The POLAC cadet-graduates to create and maintain a network platform
to facilitate coming together, keeping together, and working together
under the Nigeria Police Charter, and standard rules.
*The POLAC Commandant, Staff Officers, and faculty to participate on
the cadet-graduates network platforms as observers and guides.
57

58

References
Ashdown, P. (2017). Paddy Ashdown: The Global Power Shift, Mutual Responsibility. Retrieved from http://www.mutualresponsibility.org/culture/global-interconnection-
between-people-and-nations-a-fact-of-life-ted-talk 13/3/17
◦ Bandura, A. (1977) Social learning theory. New York, NY: General Learning Press
Bandura, A. (1986) Social foundations of thought and action. Eaglewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall
Birzer, M. L. (2003) The theory of andragogy applied to police training. Policing An International Journal of Police Strategies and Management, 26(1), 29-42, March.
Retrieved from https://www.researchgate.net/
Busari, S. (2020) “Nigeria’s youth finds its voice with the EndSARS protest movement”. CNN, October 27 https://www.cnn.com
Chappell, A. T., and Lanza-Kaduce, L. (2010). Police academy socialization: Understanding the lessons learned in a paramilitary-bureaucratic organization. Journal of
Contemporary Ethnography, 39(2), 187–214.
De Klerk, E. (2020) ‘Challenges of policing during Covid-19: The nexus between public leadership, social control, and social conflict’, April 24, Institute for Security
Studies. Retrieved from https://issafrica.org/events/challenges-of-policing-during-covid-19 26/5/2020
Goldstein, I. L. and Ford, K. (2002) Training in organizations: Needs assessment, development, and evaluation (4th Ed.). Belmont, CA: Thompson Wadsworth.
Hughes, R. (2015) ‘If men were angels, no government would be necessary’, World Economic Forum, Nov. 24. Retrieved from
https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2015/11/if-men-were-angels-no-government-would-be-necessary/ 2/3/20
Kazeem, Y. (2020) “How a youth-led digital movement is driving Nigeria’s largest protests in a decade”. Quartz Africa, October. https://www.qz.com
Kelling, G. L., Banton, M. P., Brodeur, J., Whetstone, T., and Walsh, W. F. (2020) Police law enforcement. Encyclopedia Britannica, https://www.britannica.com/
Lasley, J. (2012) Los Angeles police department meltdown: the fall of the professional reform model of policing. Boca Raton, FL: Taylor & Francis
59

Maguen, S., Metzler, T., McCaslin, S., Inslicht, S., Henn-Haase, C., Neylan, T. and Marmar, C. (2009) Routine work environment stress and PTSD symptoms in police officers.
National Institute of Health Public Access, October 197(10), 754-760.
Mohammed, Z. (2020) ‘Nigeria Police Academy offers outdated courses’. A Presentation by the Commandant Nigeria Police Academy, Assistant Inspector General, Zanna
Mohammed, mni, at a Public Hearing Organised by the Senate Committee on Police Affairs at the National Assembly, Abuja – Wednesday, March 18, 2020
Neocleous, M. (2004) Fabricating social order: A critical history of police power. London, UK: Pluto Press
Ordu, G. O., and Nnam, M. U. (2017) Community policing in Nigeria: A critical analysis of current developments. ResearchGate, January. Retrieved from
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/318528740 13/12/2020
Police Act, 2020 Retrieved from https://placbillstrack.org/upload/Polic.pdf 13/12/2020
Roberg, R., Crank, J., and Kuykendall, J. (2000) Police & society, 2nd Edition. Los Angeles, CA: Roxbury Publishing Co.
Rousseau, D. (2018). Trauma and crisis intervention. Module Six-Trauma and the Criminal Justice System Lecture. Boston University; Metropolitan College. Retrieved from
http://sites.bu.edu/daniellerousseau/2018/04/22/police-work-environment-and-stress/ 3/3/2020
Siegel, L. J. (2005) Criminology. Belmont, CA: Thomson Wadsworth
Williamson, T. (2008) The handbook of knowledge-driven policing: Current conceptions and future directions. Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons
Wolfe, S. E., Mclean, K., Rajek, J., and Alpert, G. P. (2019) Advancing a theory of police officer training motivation and receptivity. Justice Quarterly, December. Retrieved from
https://www.researchgate.net/Advancing_a_Theory_of_Police_Officer_Training_Motivation_and_Receptivity/ 3/3/2020
http://www.polac.edu.ng/
https://opentextbc.ca/ethicsinlawenforcement/chapter/8-2-socialization-of-police/
https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/remodelling
https://www.discoverpolicing.org/explore-the-field/what-is-community-policing/
https://www.mondaq.com/nigeria/fund-management-reits/846080/nigeria-police-trust-fund-establishment-act-introduces-0005-levy-on-the-net-profit-of-companies
60