1. Running head: STARBUCKS: A STRATEGIC PLAN 1
Starbucks: A Strategic Plan
Terry L. Dashner
STR/581
February 5, 2014
Dr. Tammi A. Reilly
2. STARBUCKS: A STRATEGIC PLAN 2
Table of Contents
Executive Summary............................................................................................................................3
Starbucks History ...............................................................................................................................4
Starbucks Mission, Vision, and Values.................................................................................................4
Environmental Scan............................................................................................................................5
Porter Five Forces...............................................................................................................................5
PESTEL.............................................................................................................................................7
SWOT Analysis .................................................................................................................................8
General Strategies and Recommendations ...........................................................................................8
Starbucks China: Strategies and Recommendations...............................................................................9
Implementation of the Strategic Plan..................................................................................................11
Contingency Plan .............................................................................................................................13
Outcome of the Analysis ...................................................................................................................13
Conclusion.......................................................................................................................................14
Request for Plan Approval ................................................................................................................15
Appendix A......................................................................................................................................20
Appendix B......................................................................................................................................21
Appendix C......................................................................................................................................22
Appendix D......................................................................................................................................23
3. STARBUCKS: A STRATEGIC PLAN 3
Executive Summary
Starbucks is a premier roaster and retailer of specialty coffee with over 21,366 stores in 68
countries. On January 22, 2015, Starbucks reported that consolidated net revenues had increased
13 percent to $4.8 billion in its fiscal first quarter. In the same report, shares gained 6.4 percent
with an EPS of 80 cents (Starbucks Newsroom, 2015). The strategic plan analyzed the question as
to why Starbucks China had not accelerated expansion plans to advance into third and fourth tier
cities in order to move ahead of its competitors and, thus, secure a dominant market share. The
analysis demonstrated that it is imperative for Starbucks China to expedite its expansion into third
and fourth tier cities because competitors such as Nestle, which controls 80 percent of the coffee
market in China, have achieved a strong presence already in the smaller cities. Kunal Sinha, the
Shanghai-based Regional Director of Cultural Insights for Ogilvy & Mather Asia Pacific (n.p.) has
spoken extensively on multinational companies who want to win in China. Multinational
corporations will have to market lower-tier cities. Although China is steeped in a tea culture, its
per capita annual coffee consumption has grown to 300 cups, well above the global average. Much
of the shift from tea to coffee is because of the influence of Western coffee companies (Barlow,
2013). The opportunity for Starbucks to capitalize on the Chinese middle class and their taste for
the Western experience is now. Starbucks China should expand quickly into the smaller city venue
with the addition of 40 stores a month between 2015 and 2019, in order to reach the overall
company goal of 3400 stores in China (Starbucks Newsroom, 2014). The cost for 40 stores at
$500,000 is $20,000,000, with a breakeven point of $65,083.33 per store. The profit margin is
36.75%.
4. STARBUCKS: A STRATEGIC PLAN 4
Starbucks History
Starbucks was founded in Seattle, Washington, a haven for coffee zealots. Although the
city was noted for its fine coffees before the Second World War, the quality of its coffee declined
afterward. To remedy the poor quality of coffee, Seattle resident, Gordon Bowker, traveled to
Vancouver, British Columbia, to purchase high-quality coffee beans. Bowker preferred dark
coffee, similar to the coffee he had found in Italy. Eventually, Bowker wrote about his travel
experiences for Seattle magazine. When Seattle folded, two friends of Bowker, Jerry Baldwin, an
English teacher, and Zev Siegl, a history professor, built their first store, located in Pike Place
Market. They picked the name Starbucks, after the first mate who loved coffee in Moby Dick
(History of Starbucks, n.d.).
Starbucks Mission, Vision, and Values
The mission statement for Starbucks (Mission Statement Starbucks Coffee Company,
n.d.) states, “To inspire and nurture the human spirit – one person, one cup and one
neighborhood at a time.” (para. 1). Pearce (2013) noted that mission statements are “broadly
framed” but an “enduring statement” of the purpose for which a company exists. (p. 38).
Starbucks exists to provide a unique experience for the customer. In other words not only are
customers provided a quality product, but an atmosphere of community in a very pleasant
environment. In regard to a company vision, Starbucks has promoted its vision since its inception
to create a place to go to between work and home. The values of Starbucks have centered on
community, company employees, and customers. When every employee is clear on the company
mission, vision, and values, then there is less emphasis on policy and procedure compliance and
enforcement (History of Starbucks, n.d.).
5. STARBUCKS: A STRATEGIC PLAN 5
Environmental Scan
Until the 20th century (Wheelen & Hunger, 2012), the global environment was
understood by business people to be a given. It was something to exploit and not to conserve. It
was the right of a company to take what it wanted. The side effects of such exploitation were
considered a tradeoff for jobs and a healthy economy. Eventually, the exploitations of the
environment were investigated by governments, which passed regulations to force corporations
to provide measures that dealt with the side effects of their activities (Wheelen and Hunger,
2012).
There are many external factors that impact the direction, action, and ultimately the
organizational structure of a company (Pearce, 2013). For example, Zachery (1996) wrote that
Starbucks was the first U.S. business to proclaim minimum standards for foreign farm workers
who produced its coffee (a result of pressure from protest groups). Under the standards,
impoverished farmers were given the authority to form or join unions without retribution. The
pay and benefits were to be sufficient enough to provide the basic needs of farmers and their
families. The intervention on behalf of the Guatemalan farmers was just one of the many socially
responsible programs that Starbucks would implement through the years.
Porter Five Forces
The remote environment (Pearce, 2013) comprises certain economic, social, political,
technological, and ecological factors that originate outside the purview of a company. The
primary factor in the remote environment is often the give and take relationship between a
business and the ecology. Industry factors have been defined by Harvard professor Michael E.
Porter (Porter, 1985). Porter cited five forces that impact industry competition. The first force is
competition or rivalry. Economists measure company competition by indicators of industry
6. STARBUCKS: A STRATEGIC PLAN 6
concentration. The concentration ratio is one measure. The Bureau of Census in the U.S. will
periodically report the CR for major standard industrial classifications. The information is good
for analyzing market share. The second force is the supplier power. Essentially, the fewer
suppliers a company has, the more powerful are the suppliers to drive up prices. With Chinese
labor costs on the rise (Bradsher, 2014), Starbucks China has begun a search for suppliers
outside China. For example, American Mug out of Ohio has become the supplier of coffee mugs
for Starbucks. The Ohio Company can deliver product in four days while on the contrary China
may take three months (Strom, 2012).
Porter also identified the power of buyers to bargain. At Starbucks in Beijing, a Grande
Latte sells for roughly $4.80, a dollar more than what it would cost in the U. S. That is
remarkable because China is a country still in development and its taste for tea is still preferred
to coffee. Since the Chinese economy opened to imports in the late 1970s, Western products
have acquired an absolute superiority with brand conscious Chinese. High prices actually enticed
customers because the affluent customers wanted to show off their status. So, to purchase a
product like a cup of coffee at Starbucks was a good way to obtain status in a business or
personal relationships. An advantage for Starbucks is that it entered China at a time when the
Chinese middle class had emerged, with its desire to drink Western specialty coffees
(Schiavenza, 2013).
Porter identified the force of new entrants to the market. The barrier for new specialty
coffee shops in China is significant. The formable competition for Starbucks in China is coffee
companies that have well-established locations worldwide. For example, Nestle, a Swedish
company, has been in China for over twenty years and holds 80 percent of the coffee market
7. STARBUCKS: A STRATEGIC PLAN 7
(Barlow, 2013). New entrants would have a difficult time in a market dominated by specialty
coffee companies that have years of proven success.
Porter identified the fifth force as the threat of substitutes. There are many substitute
beverages to coffee such as, tea, fruit juices, water, soda, and energy drinks. Other coffee
companies from the West, like Costa Coffee from Britain, which opened 73 shops in China in
2013 for a total of 326 stores in 30 cities, could eventually provide an experience that rivals
Starbucks. Once coffee makers become fashionable items in China, the typical Starbucks
customer could elect to drink coffee at home to save on costs (Giang, 2011).
PESTEL
PESTEL stands for political, economic, social, technological, environmental, and legal
factors that impact a business (Pearce, 2013). PESTLE is a very useful tool used to analyze the
effects of environmental factors on a company. Starbucks in China is concerned for the political
stability in China, such as the burdensome rules and regulations assessed against Western
companies and the differences in political philosophies. Starbucks must consider the economy
and whether or not it can sustain the future growth of Starbucks China. Starbucks has addressed
cultural issues in China with the enlargement of its stores so that families may gather and linger
as they desire. Technology has changed the way business is conducted in Starbucks stores, such
as the use of a cell phone app to pay for a purchase. An environmental factor that has affected
Starbucks is the drought in Brazil, the largest producer of Arabica coffee beans in the world
(Cooke, 2010). Starbucks has also complied with the strict laws in China on food safety
(Jourdan, 2014).
8. STARBUCKS: A STRATEGIC PLAN 8
SWOT Analysis
A strength, weakness, opportunity, and threat analysis (SWOT) for Starbucks China
conveys factors that have challenged, strengthened, and propelled it to success (See Appendix
A). The SWOT analysis is used to assess and monitor domestic and international markets. An
analysis of the internal environment of Starbucks focuses on resources and core competencies to
determine strengths and weaknesses. Some of the internal forces of Starbucks include the
replacement of the automatic espresso machines, the purchase of the Coffee Equipment
Company, new products, and international expansion. Its primary weakness is that some foreign
stores have yet to reach their full potential. Its present opportunity is the development and
expansion of distribution channels and further expansion into third and fourth tier cities in China.
The primary threat to Starbucks China is the Western specialty coffee company that is well
established in China already (Geereddy, n.p.).
General Strategies and Recommendations
When strategic planners study their market possibilities, they labor to determine which
opportunities are most likely to achieve the strategic long-term objectives. At the same time, they
try to forecast whether an available grand strategy can take advantage of the preferred
opportunities. Many strategic planners believe that long-term strategies should evolve from a
competitive advantage. Michael Porter has written about three generic strategies (Pearce, 2013).
The first is to strive for an overall economic leadership in the industry. Starbucks China must
control costs throughout its value chain, but the costs of its products are determined currently by
demand. The Chinese will pay a dollar more for a Grande Latte than Americans. Secondly, a
policy should aim to develop and sell unique products. The process is called differentiation.
Starbucks China continues to differentiate itself by changes in the menu items. Many items on
9. STARBUCKS: A STRATEGIC PLAN 9
the China menu are flavored for the Chinese palate. Last, a generic strategy should attempt to
have special appeal to more than one group of consumers. Starbucks has targeted the Chinese
middle class successfully and should expand its reach to include the family unit.
Management consultants Michael Treacy and Fred Wiersema have proposed an
alternative approach to the generic strategy of Porter that they call the value disciplines (Pearce,
2013). Strategies should center on customer value through one of the three value disciplines:
Operational excellence, customer intimacy, or product leadership (Pearce, 2013). Starbucks
China should continue to enhance the uniqueness of the Starbucks experience for its customers.
The Chinese culture is a family oriented culture. One reason Starbucks went to the larger store
model was to accommodate the families that come and linger in the stores (Starbucks
Newsroom, 2014).
Starbucks China: Strategies and Recommendations
Starbucks is committed to China (See Appendix B), which is the most populous country
in the world (Worldometers, n.d.). China in 2015 will become the second largest market for
Starbucks (Starbucks, 2014). Starbucks must pursue the Chinese market aggressively because if
it does not, its competitors will (Riley, 2014). For example, Costa Coffee, a British coffee chain,
is very similar to Starbucks and, as a result, it appeals to a comparable customer base. It has
plans to have 500 stores in China by 2016 and has the potential to rival Starbucks in China.
Profitability is the primary objective of an organization (Pearce, 2013). It does not matter
how profit is measured or defined, but a long-term plan for profitability is the best indicator that
a company can satisfy employees and stockholders (Pearce, 2013). A caveat for Starbucks
(Brizek, 2010) is that it plans for the short-term reach in China and not a long-term plan that
addresses its competitors.
10. STARBUCKS: A STRATEGIC PLAN 10
A clear view (Pearce, 2013) of how a business will generate profits and strategic actions
to succeed over the long term is a good business model. Starbucks should expand its business
model in China (Zhuqioing, 2014). Starbucks is the primary leader in single serve packaged
roast, ground coffee, and Ready-to-Drink products served outside its retail stores in the U.S. It
must implement that model in China to compete against Nestle and its 80 percent control of the
instant coffee market. (Starbucks Newsroom, 2014). In September, 2014, Starbucks announced
(Starbucks, 2014) the expansion of it store formats and its company experience segmentation in
both domestic and foreign markets. Starbucks has launched an interactive Starbucks Reserve
Roastery and Tasting Room, which is dedicated to educate customers to its various coffees
(Starbucks, 2014). This is an opportunity for Starbucks to continue its versatile business models
and expedite its expansion in China tier three and tier four cities.
The fact that Starbucks has a long-term plan for growth internationally does not negate
the need for an alternative plan. If the Starbucks Reserve Roastery and Tasting Room fails in a
large foreign market like China, then Starbucks should have another, alternative plan to
implement. For example (Starbucks, n.d.) in 2014, Starbucks “averaged $1.2 million in year-one
sales with a return on investment of approximately 50% that exceeded the best-in-class
investment ratio of 2 to 1.” (para. 5). The problem with the optimistic numbers is that they do not
include international markets. Nevertheless, Starbucks plans to make China its second largest
market by the end of 2015 to counter its dependence on the U.S. market (Starbucks, 2014).
Helen Wang (2012), author and noted expert on the middle class in China, has written
about the Chinese culture. Wang said that China had drunk tea and developed a culture around it
11. STARBUCKS: A STRATEGIC PLAN 11
for over a thousand years. She stated that everything pointed to a failure when Starbucks entered
China, but Starbucks had learned several valuable lessons, which helped it move forward:
Before Starbucks entered China in 1999, it conducted a careful market study and discovered that
the Chinese middle class had emerged.
Starbucks plans to have 1500 stores in China by the end of 2015 (Starbucks, 2014). The
president of Starbucks China, Belinda Wong, wrote that it is imperative for Starbucks to stay
value oriented to continue the success in China. Wong said (Starbucks 2014), "Growth has to be
built on the foundational values of Starbucks." (para. 9). Values that honor the Chinese customer
over profitability are vital to the success of expanded growth in China (Starbucks, 2014).
To expedite its growth in China and, thus, outpace its competition, Starbucks should:
Communicate expansion plans from the top down. John Culver, group president
of Starbucks China and Asia Pacific (CAP), should declare that China is the primary
Asian market for Starbucks
Establish More Partnerships
Honor the Chinese Culture
Change the Narrowness of the Brand (Matherson, 2013)
Reinvest in China (Starbucks, 2014)
Implementation of the Strategic Plan
In 2015, the challenge for Starbucks China is to stay ahead of the competition. Nestle and
Costa Coffee, a British chain, are two of the top competitors for Starbucks China (Fang, n.d.).
Starbucks China must implement a strategic management plan that expedites the expansion of
Starbucks China and advances its lead over the competition to secure its foothold in the market.
12. STARBUCKS: A STRATEGIC PLAN 12
Currently, Nestle controls 80 percent of the coffee market in China. Starbucks China has 320
stores in Shanghai, a tier one city. A single strategy to saturate first and second tier cities only in
order to dominate the coffee market will not work. Kunal Sinha, the Shanghai-based Regional
Director of Cultural Insights for Ogilvy & Mather Asia Pacific (2013) said, "If multinational
companies want to win in China, they will have no option but to redouble their efforts in the
lower-tier markets." Starbucks China should move immediately into third and fourth tier cities.
Forty stores a month should be built between 2015 and 2019 to reach 3400 stores. The cost is
$20,000,000, but the breakeven point will show a profit margin of 36.75% (See Appendix B).
Starbucks China University (Starbucks Newsroom, 2014), established in November 2012, has
provided 625,000 school hours to nearly 14,000 partners. (para. 8). Starbucks China needs to
begin a campaign to recruit potential employees and utilize the University to train them
immediately.
Starbucks (2015) has announced plans to double its China store count to 3,400 by 2019.
To accomplish the objective, 40 new stores a month must be built for four years. China is one of
the strongest markets for the company, due to a rapid growth of a customer base and quick
expansions (Johnston, 2015). The company added a record 120 new stores in China in the fourth
quarter of fiscal 2014 (See Appendix C). Recently, the company reached a milestone for the
number of stores in one Chinese city. Shanghai now has 320 stores, the most Starbucks stores in
the world. In December of 2014, Starbucks opened the new Chengdu Taikoo Li store in China,
as a part of its plan for innovation and rapid expansion in China (Starbucks Newsroom, 2015).
The flagship store was designed to introduce and encourage Starbucks’ Reserve Coffee — a rare
and exquisite Arabica coffee.
13. STARBUCKS: A STRATEGIC PLAN 13
Contingency Plan
When Starbucks entered China in 1999, many were skeptical that Starbucks had a chance
(Johnston, 2015). Given the fact that Chinese people have traditionally favored tea, it seemed
impossible that Starbucks would be able to break into the market. Starbucks did not let the
skepticism stop it. A market study conducted by Starbucks in the 1990s revealed that the Chinese
middle class was strong and formidable. Conditions were right for Starbucks to introduce its
products and its specialty coffee experience (Starbucks Newsroom, 2014).
Risks for success in China can be lessened, but never completely negated. For example,
coffee prices in 2015 could spike as a result of drought in Brazil, the biggest producer of Arabica
coffee in the world. If coffee prices spike because of drought in Brazil, the contingency plan for
Starbucks is to purchase Arabica Coffee from farms in China. If global supply chains are
interrupted because of world events, a contingency plan for Starbucks is to establish a
partnership with local suppliers. If a move into the tier three and four cities does not work out, it
behooves Starbucks to saturate coastal cities where the population is more affluent and likely to
purchase Starbucks products. As China (Worldometer, n.d.) attempts to become the largest
economy in the world and its ability to maintain a GDP of roughly 7% annually as estimated by
the World Bank, Starbucks should be able to build on its former success and dominate the
specialty coffee market.
Outcome of the Analysis
The fiscal last quarter for Starbucks (Starbucks Coffee Company, n.d.) ends the Sunday
after Sept 30. The first quarter of 2015 ended on December 28, 2014. Consolidated net revenues
increased 13 percent to 4.8 billion (See Appendix D). Global comparable store sales (stores that
have been open at least a year to distinguish growth from new sales) increased 5 percent with a 2
14. STARBUCKS: A STRATEGIC PLAN 14
percent increase in traffic. Starbucks China, Asia and Pacific (CAP) comparable sales increased
8 percent, driven entirely by increased traffic. Consolidated operation income reached $915.5
million with a Non-GAAP operation margin of 19.5 percent an increase of 80 basis points over
Q1 FY14 (1 percent change=100 basis points and 0.01 percent=1 basis point). Non-GAAP is
also called “adjusted” or pro forma. For example, a company may write-down an asset or
restructure its organization. These actions usually come with significant one-time costs that
distort company profits. As such, a company will also provide an "adjusted" earnings number
that excludes these nonrecurring items. Q1 2014 for CAP operation margin was 21.8 percent. It
was 30.4 percent in 2013, a change of 860 bps. The cost for 40 stores is estimated to be
$20,000,000 with a breakeven point of $65,083.33 per store, which leaves a profit margin of
36.75 percent.
Conclusion
The strategic plan for Starbucks China has analyzed the question as to why Starbucks
China has not accelerated expansion plans and advanced into third and fourth tier cities.
Starbucks China should expand in order to move ahead of its competitors and, thus, secure a
dominant market share by 2019. The analysis has demonstrated that it is imperative for
Starbucks China to expedite its expansion into third and fourth tier cities ahead of its
competitors. Although China is steeped in a tea culture, its per capita annual coffee consumption
has grown to 300 cups, well above the global average. Much of the shift from tea to coffee is
because of the influence of Western coffee companies (Barlow, 2013). The opportunity for
Starbucks to capitalize on the Chinese middle class and their taste for the Western experience is
now. Starbucks China should expand quickly into the smaller city venue with the addition of 40
15. STARBUCKS: A STRATEGIC PLAN 15
stores a month between 2015 and 2019 in order to reach the overall company goal of 3400 stores
in China by 2019 (Starbucks Newsroom, 2014).
Request for Plan Approval
I respectfully request to meet with you at your earliest convenience to discuss plans for
the implementation of the Starbucks China strategic management plan. It is my desire to begin
the implementation process immediately to reach certain milestones reserved for 2015. I can be
reached at 918-576-9532 or email at tdash0355@gmail.com. Thank you.
16. STARBUCKS: A STRATEGIC PLAN 16
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17. STARBUCKS: A STRATEGIC PLAN 17
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20. STARBUCKS: A STRATEGIC PLAN 20
Appendix A
S W O T
Strength 2014
Annual
Revenue has
more than
tripled in the
last ten years
to 16.5
billion U.S.
dollars in
2014
A Nielsen
Scarborough
survey in
2014 found
that 32
million
Americans
visited
within last
30 days
Weakness
Expensive
Products
Overdependence
on the U.S.
market
Self-
Cannibalization
through
overcrowding
Opportunity
Expansion
into Emergent
Markets
Expand
Product mix
and offers
Brand
Extension
Technological
advances
Threats
Increased
Competition
Developed
Countries
Economy
Changing
customer
tastes and
lifestyle
choices
Strength 2013
Starbucks
loyalty and
rewards
program
Best year in
Starbucks
42-year
history
Weakness
Coffee bean
surplus drove
down profits
Negative
Publicity telling
gun owners to
leave their
weapons at
home
Opportunity
Increased
product
offerings
Expansion of
retail
operations in
various
venues
Threats
Trademark
infringements
Supply
disruptions
Increased
competition
from local
cafes
21. STARBUCKS: A STRATEGIC PLAN 21
Appendix B
Starbucks China must build 1900 stores between 2015 and 2019 to reach its goal of 3400 stores
in China. Starbucks must build 40 stores a month across China at a cost of $20,000,000. Stores in
China average $886,000 annually. The average startup costs are $500,000.
Starbucks China Milestones Goals Vision
Double Store
Count by 2019
2019 3400 Stores
475 New Stores
a Year until
2019
Between 2015
and 2019 must
build 1900 stores
2015 1500 Stores
Across China
2014 120 Stores
320 Stores in
Shanghai
Accomplished
Mission
Statement
22. STARBUCKS: A STRATEGIC PLAN 22
Appendix C
Milestones between December 2013 and December 2014
$ in Millions December 28, 2013 December 29, 2014 Change
Net New Stores 234 209 25
Revenue $495.8 $266.9 86%
Operation Income $108.3 $81.1 34%
Operation Margin
(Measure of
Profitability)
21.8% 30.4% 860 (bps)
23. STARBUCKS: A STRATEGIC PLAN 23
Appendix D
Starbucks reported revenues of $4.8 billion from three sources:
company-operated stores – 79%
licensed stores – 10%
consumer packaged goods, food services, and other – 11%
The chart shows a breakdown of revenue by segment by geography.