The document discusses the benefits of using multiple programming languages and data stores, or a "polyglot" approach, for modern applications. A polyglot approach allows using the right tool for each task, rather than trying to force a single technology to fit all needs. This improves performance, scalability, and the ability to adapt applications to changing requirements compared to traditional monolithic architectures. The document provides examples of when to use different languages and data stores and concludes that a polyglot approach makes applications easier to maintain over time.