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😇 😈
What is
ETHICS
Alexei’s Primer on Ethics | Part 1
🤰 Abortion
🐂 Animal rights
🏳🌈 LGBT+ rights
🌡 Climate change
👬 Cloning
🧬 GMO
🤖 AI & Robotics
📸 Surveillance
Most of today’s ⚠important issues
seem to be the issues of ethics:
ETHICS
But what is
? ? ? ? ? ?
?
? ? ? ?
?
Very broadly, ETHICS
is a 🧭compass that
tells you what’s
😇right and 😈wrong
ETHICS
MORALITY
In most cases,
is the same as
Ethical = moral. I know, some
people would 🙅disagree, and
perhaps there are situations
where these are not the same
REALLY? YES.
Like, when a 👨💼public of
fi
cial
sleeps with a 💋sex worker
it’s immoral, but if he hands
a contract to his cousin’s
🏗company, that’s unethical
Right? No.This makes no sense!
Both behaviours are 😈bad and
describe the same phenomena,
even though one is about 💰money
and the other is about 💃sex.
Non-experts often claim that
ethics is 🏟communal, while
morality is 🧍private*. But
🎓professionals mostly use
these terms interchangeably.
* For some bizarre reason the claim is reversed in Russian
The word moralis was
invented by Cicero when he
was trying to translate the
Greek word ethics to Latin.
They both meant the same:
manner, custom, law.
Generally, the terms
ethics and morality are
used interchangeably.
https://www.britannica.com/story/whats-the-difference-between-morality-and-ethics
Encyclopedia Britannica
DESCRIPTIVE
ETHICS
Non-judgementally
studies morality
in human communities
Here’s a really ⚠important distinction:
NORMATIVE
ETHICS
Passes moral judgement
and tells what’s good,
bad or non-moral
🔬 ⛔
Moral
Philosophy
Moral
Psychology
HOW MORALITY
⚙WORKS
WHAT’S 😇GOOD
OR 😈BAD
So, if you want to study
Moral
Theology
Moral
Anthropology
DESCRIPTIVE ETHICS NORMATIVE ETHICS
The Discipline of Ethics
QUESTION:
How do you
draw the line?
😇 Moral
😈 Immoral
😐 Amoral or
non-moral
Ethics: Not ethics:
https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article/
fi
gure?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0231794.g002
OPINIONS OF 🟥REPUBLICANS AND 🟦DEMOCRATS ON ABORTION AND ALCOHOL
BAD NEWS: THERE IS NO CLEAR LINE
Believe it or not, a substantial minority of republicans
(yes, republicans!) think that 🤰abortion is 😐non-moral
If you ask 🧐philosophers,
the situation, quite predictably,
is even more 🤔confusing.
In the 1970’s they
published a 272-page
book, containing
various de
fi
nitions
of morality.
There does not seem to be
much reason to think that a
single de
fi
nition of morality
will be applicable to all
moral discussions.
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/morality-de
fi
nition/
We don’t know what ethics
is, but there is some
consensus on what it’s 🎯for,
what it 📦contains and what
it is probably 🚫not
GOOD NEWS
Morality is a set of
psychological adaptations
that allow otherwise sel
fi
sh
individuals to reap the
bene
fi
ts of cooperation
Joshua Greene
In
fl
uential moral philosopher
So, morality evolved to foster
🤝cooperation. Some people
disagree but there seems to be
a lot of consensus on this.
Theory of ☯dyadic morality
suggests that what makes
judgements moral is
perceived 👊harm or 🍼care.
A man intentionally gished
a little girl, who cried.
Is the man good or bad?
This man is unmistakably 😈bad, even
though to gish is not a real verb.
We are attuned to sensing harm.
Also, we know that
ethics is not the same
as 👨⚖ law, 🏟 customs
or 🤮 emotions
ETHICS IS NOT LAW
👨⚖
Although law is based on morality,
it doesn’t prohibit all immoral acts,
lying is one example. Laws can also be
immoral, Nazi laws most certainly were.
🏟
ETHICS IS NOT CUSTOMS
The word ethics originally meant customs,
but customs can be barbaric. Ethics is
not whatever the crowd says. In the
Soviet Union going against the crowd was
often the hallmark of moral behaviour.
🤮
ETHICS IS NOT EMOTIONS
“These people are just disgusting to me!”
A lot of morally wrong acts are disgusting,
but not all disgusting acts are wrong.
What disgusts people varies from person
to person and from culture to culture.
🤮
emotions
👨⚖
written law
🏟
community
opinion
ETHICS
is not any of these things,
but there’s a considerable overlap
1
Is a 🧭compass that tells
you what’s 😇good, 😈bad
or 😐non-moral
2
Exists because 🤑self-
interested 🧍humans need
to 🤝cooperate
WHAT IS ETHICS?
4
Not de
fi
ned solely by 🏟community
opinion, 👨⚖law or 🤮emotions but
probably has something to do with
all of these things
3
Deals with questions
of 👊harm or 🍼care
Ok, let’s do a quick recap
Next: why ethics becomes
particularly important
TODAY
Spoiler: it’s because of rapidly disintegrating religion
kapterev.com
ALEXEI KAPTEREV

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What is ethics?

  • 1. 😇 😈 What is ETHICS Alexei’s Primer on Ethics | Part 1
  • 2. 🤰 Abortion 🐂 Animal rights 🏳🌈 LGBT+ rights 🌡 Climate change 👬 Cloning 🧬 GMO 🤖 AI & Robotics 📸 Surveillance Most of today’s ⚠important issues seem to be the issues of ethics:
  • 3. ETHICS But what is ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?
  • 4. Very broadly, ETHICS is a 🧭compass that tells you what’s 😇right and 😈wrong
  • 6. Ethical = moral. I know, some people would 🙅disagree, and perhaps there are situations where these are not the same REALLY? YES.
  • 7. Like, when a 👨💼public of fi cial sleeps with a 💋sex worker it’s immoral, but if he hands a contract to his cousin’s 🏗company, that’s unethical
  • 8. Right? No.This makes no sense! Both behaviours are 😈bad and describe the same phenomena, even though one is about 💰money and the other is about 💃sex.
  • 9. Non-experts often claim that ethics is 🏟communal, while morality is 🧍private*. But 🎓professionals mostly use these terms interchangeably. * For some bizarre reason the claim is reversed in Russian
  • 10. The word moralis was invented by Cicero when he was trying to translate the Greek word ethics to Latin. They both meant the same: manner, custom, law.
  • 11. Generally, the terms ethics and morality are used interchangeably. https://www.britannica.com/story/whats-the-difference-between-morality-and-ethics Encyclopedia Britannica
  • 12. DESCRIPTIVE ETHICS Non-judgementally studies morality in human communities Here’s a really ⚠important distinction: NORMATIVE ETHICS Passes moral judgement and tells what’s good, bad or non-moral 🔬 ⛔
  • 13. Moral Philosophy Moral Psychology HOW MORALITY ⚙WORKS WHAT’S 😇GOOD OR 😈BAD So, if you want to study Moral Theology Moral Anthropology DESCRIPTIVE ETHICS NORMATIVE ETHICS The Discipline of Ethics
  • 14. QUESTION: How do you draw the line? 😇 Moral 😈 Immoral 😐 Amoral or non-moral Ethics: Not ethics:
  • 15. https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article/ fi gure?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0231794.g002 OPINIONS OF 🟥REPUBLICANS AND 🟦DEMOCRATS ON ABORTION AND ALCOHOL BAD NEWS: THERE IS NO CLEAR LINE Believe it or not, a substantial minority of republicans (yes, republicans!) think that 🤰abortion is 😐non-moral
  • 16. If you ask 🧐philosophers, the situation, quite predictably, is even more 🤔confusing.
  • 17. In the 1970’s they published a 272-page book, containing various de fi nitions of morality.
  • 18. There does not seem to be much reason to think that a single de fi nition of morality will be applicable to all moral discussions. Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/morality-de fi nition/
  • 19. We don’t know what ethics is, but there is some consensus on what it’s 🎯for, what it 📦contains and what it is probably 🚫not GOOD NEWS
  • 20. Morality is a set of psychological adaptations that allow otherwise sel fi sh individuals to reap the bene fi ts of cooperation Joshua Greene In fl uential moral philosopher
  • 21. So, morality evolved to foster 🤝cooperation. Some people disagree but there seems to be a lot of consensus on this.
  • 22. Theory of ☯dyadic morality suggests that what makes judgements moral is perceived 👊harm or 🍼care.
  • 23. A man intentionally gished a little girl, who cried. Is the man good or bad? This man is unmistakably 😈bad, even though to gish is not a real verb. We are attuned to sensing harm.
  • 24. Also, we know that ethics is not the same as 👨⚖ law, 🏟 customs or 🤮 emotions
  • 25. ETHICS IS NOT LAW 👨⚖ Although law is based on morality, it doesn’t prohibit all immoral acts, lying is one example. Laws can also be immoral, Nazi laws most certainly were.
  • 26. 🏟 ETHICS IS NOT CUSTOMS The word ethics originally meant customs, but customs can be barbaric. Ethics is not whatever the crowd says. In the Soviet Union going against the crowd was often the hallmark of moral behaviour.
  • 27. 🤮 ETHICS IS NOT EMOTIONS “These people are just disgusting to me!” A lot of morally wrong acts are disgusting, but not all disgusting acts are wrong. What disgusts people varies from person to person and from culture to culture.
  • 28. 🤮 emotions 👨⚖ written law 🏟 community opinion ETHICS is not any of these things, but there’s a considerable overlap
  • 29. 1 Is a 🧭compass that tells you what’s 😇good, 😈bad or 😐non-moral 2 Exists because 🤑self- interested 🧍humans need to 🤝cooperate WHAT IS ETHICS? 4 Not de fi ned solely by 🏟community opinion, 👨⚖law or 🤮emotions but probably has something to do with all of these things 3 Deals with questions of 👊harm or 🍼care Ok, let’s do a quick recap
  • 30. Next: why ethics becomes particularly important TODAY Spoiler: it’s because of rapidly disintegrating religion