Una visió clara de com la incorporació del 5G afectarà i millorarà les aplicacions d' Internet de les Coses i com la reducció de latència, l'augment de velocitat, la millor eficiència energètica, la capacitat de connexió massiva de dispositius, etc. afectaran al desenvolupament de la industria 4.0

1. Barcelona, March 8th, 2016
18 de Setembre de 2018

2. 5G Applications on Automotive and Industry 4.0
2
• 5G for automotive (V2X)
• 5G for industry 4.0
• Key Take aways

3. What do we have today?
3
• What do we have today? Local perception sensors
– Vehicle knows about objects detected by its local sensors
– Adaptive Cruise Control (ACC)
– Front Collision Warning
– Lane Departure Warning
– Lane Change Assist
– Park Distance Control
– Park Assist

4. The value of V2X
4
• V2X provides additional sources of information beyond those that can be
sensed directly by on-board sensors:
– About internal vehicle characteristics (malfunctioning, driver actions, ...)
– About roadway conditions (surface conditions, ...)
– About locations and speed of other vehicles

5. Day 1: Awareness Driving
5
• Status data
– Position
– Speed
– Events
• Services
– Traffic jam
– Road works
– Intersection collision warning
– Emergency / stationary vehicle
warning
• V2X Communication
– Cooperative Awareness Messages (CAM)

6. Day 2: Collective Sensing
6
• Sensor data and locally perceived objects
– Objects
– Field-of-view
• Services
– Road works 2.0: triggered by
vehicles
– Green Light Optimal Speed
Advisory (GLOSA 1.0)
– In-vehicle info
– Overtaking warning
– Connected ACC
• Environmental Perception Messages (EPM)

7. Day 3: Cooperative driving
7
• Intention data (“My plan”)
– Vehicles send intended
manoeuvres
– Trajectories
• Services
– Lane-merging assistance
– Cooperative ACC
– Vulnerable Road User (VRU)
warning
– Platooning
• Intentions are used by automated driving algorithms to enable vehicles to
accurately predict what others will do and optimize their own decisions and
actions

8. 8
Business case for platooning
• Platoon leader sets speed, others adapt
• The shorter the distance the higher the
fuel savings due to reduced air drag
• Low latency communication critical
• Demonstratd by Ericsson and Scania
– https://www.scania.com/group/en/scania-takes-lead-with-full-scale-autonomous-truck-
platoon/
Potential Fuel Savings (%) [1]
Coupled Control Loops D2D communications
[1] https://nparc.nrc-cnrc.gc.ca/eng/view/fulltext/?id=d21e1097-5d30-4a0f-b742-35ffad931c2f

9. 9
Intelligent Transport Systems
• Safety services
Safety Service Use case Min. frequency Max. Latency
Vehicle status warning Emergency electronic brake lights 10 Hz 100 ms
Abnormal condition warning 1 Hz 100 ms
Traffic hazard warning Wrong way driving warning 10 Hz 100 ms
Traffic condition warning 1 Hz 100 ms
Dynamic vehicle warning Overtaking vehicle warning 10 Hz 100 ms
Pre-crash sensing warning 10 Hz 50 ms
Co-operative glare reduction 2 Hz 100 ms
… … … …

10. 10
Cooperative Awareness Messages (CAMs)
• Tolerated end-to-end delay:
– 300 ms for collision risk warning
• Position accuracy
– 1 m accuracy for longitudinal collision risk estimation (enhanced GPS)
– 0-15 m for driver awareness
• General structure
ITS PDU
header
CAM protocol version
CAM message type Id
Station Id
ITS type
Latest geographic position
Fast changing status info:
(heading, speed,7)
Slow changing status info:
(exterior lights,7)
Public transport, heavy load,
Dangerous goods, rescue vehicle, 7
Basic
Container
HF
Container
LF
Container
Special
vehicle
Container

11. 11
Decentralized Event Notification Messages (DENM)
• DENM (DEN Message)
– Message sent to alert about something: accident, slippery road surface,
emergency vehicle, ...
– DENM broadcasting is repeated from the originating station with a
certain frequency (1-10 Hz) as long as the event is present or forwarded
to other vehicles in the relevance area
– Single/Multi hop
– DENM types
• New DENM
• Update DENM
• Cancellation DENM
• Negation DENM

12. 12
SPAT and MAP messages
• SPAT (Signal Phase and Timing):
– Message sent by traffic lights for GLOSA
application
– Prediction of duration and phases of
traffic lights
• MAP:
– Topological definition of lanes
within an intersection or road-segment
– Type of lanes
– Restriction at lanes

13. 13
Security and Privacy for V2X
• Potential atacks:
– Attacker on the road side injects fake CAMs announcing a car at high
speed in opposite flow direction
– Attacker spoofs DENMs to impersonate an ambulance and gain priority
• ETSI-G5 messages need to be authenticated
– A private/public key pair is required for signing messages
– PKI based on publicly nominated certificate authorities
– Issued certificates should be easy to revoke
– Standards being defined by ETSI
• What about privacy?
– If your car sends 10 CAMs/second, you can be followed
– Identities, i.e. certificates, need to be periodically renewed. Impact on
safety still under investigation.

14. 14
Spectrum for V2X
• EC has designated unlicensed spectrum for safety and non-safety
ITS services
• Unlicensed spectrum can be complemented with licensed
spectrum for some C-V2X services, e.g. platooning
• Safety services over licensed spectrum require roaming
agreements

15. 15
IEEE 802.11p VS C-V2X (4G/5G)
• IEEE 802.11p, is a Wi-Fi extension for V2X available since 2010
• LTE C-V2X first version is Rel. 14, ratified March 2017
• New C-V2X extensions proposed for 5G (Rel. 16)
• There is a “political” fight between these two technologies
– US regulator was going to mandate IEEE 802.11p, but decision stalled
• https://innovation-destination.com/2018/04/17/dsrc-vs-c-v2x-death-match/
– China seems to lean towards mandating C-V2X
• http://5gaa.org/news/bright-regulatory-trends-of-c-v2x-in-asia-pacific-region/
– Europe undefined:
• Volkswagen supporting IEEE 802.11p in 2019
– https://www.volkswagenag.com/en/news/2017/06/pwlan.html
• 5GAA has appeared to lobby in favor of C-V2X http://5gaa.org/
• Coexistance being studied in ETSI
– http://5gaa.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/10/5GAA_News_neu.pdf

16. 16
IEEE 802.11p VS C-V2X (4G/5G)
• Initial performance comparisons prove C-V2X is slightly better, but not sure if
enough to debunk IEEE 802.11p market advantage
NGMN, V2X White paper v1.0. Available at: https://www.ngmn.org/fileadmin/ngmn/content/downloads/Technical/2018/V2X_white_paper_v1_0.pdf

17. 5G for Industry 4.0
17
• Industry 4.0 powered by Big Data, Analytics, and Robotics
• The role of 5G?
– Enable Industrial Automation
– Replace Ethernet by wireless, to transport industrial control protocols like
Profinet
Wired Industrial Ethernet Wireless Industrial Ethernet

18. 18
Effect of delay on Industry Automation
Qualcomm: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=w5wOxAD7hHA

19. 19
Other applications
• Augmented reality for troubleshooting
• AR display provides context information to speed up diagnostics
• Delay is key for seamless AR performance
https://www.ericsson.com/en/networks/trending/insights-and-reports/5g-for-manufacturing

20. 20
Latency on 4G networks
4G delay measured for 2 Swedish operators 4G RAN delay
• In 4G e2e delay around 50 ms
• 30 ms in the radio access network, and 20 ms in the core
• All packets going until the Internet Peering Point
Garcia, Alfredsson, Brunstrom, “Delay metrics and delay characteristics: A study of four Swedish HSDPA+ and LTE networks”, Department of Mathematics and Computer science, Karlstad
University, Sweden, https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/7194075/

21. How to reduce latency in 5G?
21
• RAN latency reduction: URLLC slice
– Goal: 8 ms/1 ms RTT for eMBB/URLLC
– Mechanisms: Pre-emption, reduced slot sizes,
enhanced H-ARQ
• Core latency reduction: Mobile Edge Computing
– Goal: Terminate traffic closer to radio, e.g. Central Offices
– Related efforts: CORD (Central Office Rearchitected Data-Center)
Fibre 5µs/km
5G < 1ms
Applications
Ji, Hyoungju, et al. "Introduction to ultra reliable and low latency communications in 5G." Computing Research Repository (CoRR) abs/1704.05565 (2017).

22. 22
Business implications
• Potential new offering by telcos: Hosting industrial control functions on
Telco clouds
• Some open questions:
– Privacy: Will industries allow their data to be hosted in Telco clouds?
– Breaking silos: Will this give entry to new players focusing on software for industrial
control, breaking SIEMENS, ABB’s, etc, closed systems?
• 5G for Connected Industries and Automation (https://www.5g-acia.org)
5G
network
Feedback < 1ms
Action
Control Logic

23. 23
Key Take aways
• 5G is more than ultra fast mobile broadband (eMBB)
• Automotive and Industry are sectors that will be disrupted first
• Key technical feature is not capacity, but low latency and
reliability
• Business implications for applying 5G to new vertical sectors,
still unclear
• mMTC (5G low power IOT) still not defined