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Obesity Crisis: Causes, Costs, and Solutions
- 2. Outline • Obesity: a public health crisis • Morbidity / mortality – effects on population health • Other hidden costs of obesity • Factors that cause and increase obesity • What we can do now?
- 3. What have we known about obesity? • Obese and overweight describe ranges of weight larger than what is considered healthy for a given height. • 2/3 of adults in the US are overweight 1/3 of population is obese • 2015-2016 : 18.5 % of children and 39.6 % of adults had obesity
- 6. Morbidity associated with obesity • Type 2 Diabetes • Cardiovascular Disease • Stroke • Hypertension • Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease • Osteoarthritis • Some cancers • Mental illness : depression
- 8. Mortality • About 1 in 5 deaths in the U.S. each year • Obesity currently results in an estimated 400,000 deaths annually • Hard to obtain true estimates without taking age and associated effects into account
- 9. Contribution to rising healthcare cost • Medical care costs increasing over time due mostly to rise in obesity prevalence • Socioeconomic costs also related to disability and premature death • Cost estimates are likely too low due to challenges in accounting for conditions related to obesity
- 10. Hidden costs of obesity • Low percentage of getting job • Losing jobs leading to other difficulties in society • Difficulties for individual life
- 11. Attributes associated with obesity • Who is most affected?
- 12. Race/ethnicity
- 13. Income • Being at or below the poverty line is associated with higher rates of obesity among children • 9 of 10 states with the highest obesity rates are among the poorest • Associated to lack education about obesity • Related to behavioral factors that leads to obesity
- 14. • According to The Obesity Epidemic of CDC, they researched a lots of factors that affect obesity. The most important one environment and the behavior • If we begin to change these factors, we may make a difference in decreasing obesity. • Through out the news in CDC, they talked lots of about how we can prevent obesity, such as improve quality of environment, lifestyles….
- 15. What we can do now? Recognize as chronic disease Responsibility exists at many levels Prevention as individual and society Can make impact in workplace Lifestyle modification Mindful eating Exercise Healthy self-talk Diets Medication Surgery
- 16. Works Cited • Herper, M. (2012, July 13). The Hidden Cost Of Obesity. Retrieved from https://www.forbes.com/2006/07/19/obesity-fat- costs_cx_mh_0720obesity.html#728afd832ba8. • Jad Saab and Steven P. Salvatore, “Evaluating the Cause of Death in Obese Individuals: A Ten-Year Medical Autopsy Study,” Journal of Obesity, vol. 2015, Article ID 695374, 7 pages, 2015. https://doi.org/10.1155/2015/695374.
- 17. • Overweight & Obesity Statistics. (2017, August 1). Retrieved from https://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/health- statistics/overweight-obesity?dkrd=hispt0880#causes • Commonwealth Parliament, & Parliament House. (2013, February 19). Marketing obesity? Junk food, advertising and kids. Retrieved from https://www.aph.gov.au/About_Parliament/Parliamentary_Dep artments/Parliamentary_Library/pubs/rp/rp1011/11rp09. • https://www.cdc.gov/cdctv/diseaseandconditions/lifestyle/obes ity-epidemic.html • . https://www.cnsnews.com/article/national/cnsnewscom- staff/gao-obesity-rate-poor-kids-71-higher-rich-kids
- 18. • Newman, K. N. (2019, September 19). Obesity in America: A Public Health Crisis. Retrieved from https://www.usnews.com/news/healthiest- communities/articles/2019-09-19/obesity-in-america-a- guide-to-the-public-health-crisis. • Hammond, R. A., & Levine, R. (2010). The economic impact of obesity in the United States. Diabetes, metabolic syndrome and obesity : targets and therapy, 3, 285–295. doi:10.2147/DMSOTT.S7384 • Mukherjee, S. (2018, September 14). A Startling New Report on America's Obesity Problem. Retrieved from https://fortune.com/2018/09/14/cdc-obesity-report/.
Editor's Notes
- Hello everyone My topic is about obesity in America.
- I’d like to give you an outline of what we will touch upon in this presentation: First, Definition and prevalence of obesity Second, I am going to discuss How does obesity affect population health? Third, The hidden costs that obesity brings to us Fourth, Which factors that cause obesity and how the rate of obesity has increased? And finally, What we can do know to treat and decrease the development of obesity?
- Obesity is a big problem in the US and especially increasing through years We all understand that people who are obese are considered as their weight is larger or uncontrolled increased than normal weight that a healthy person needs to have. According to Hammond, in her article named “The economic impact of obesity in the United States”, she stated that rate of obesity in the United State has increased since 1970 and reached more than 2/3 of Americans are overweight (2010) According to a Sep 2018 Fortune article, the number of Americans considered obese by the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey in 2015-2016 was more than 93 million including 18.5% of children and 39.6% of adults has obesity.
- From this chart, we can see that the rate of obesity in America has increased every year. Both adults and children have faced with high risk of increasing obesity. From the data, we notice that approximate 31% of adults and 14% of child are obese between 1999 and 2000. This rate has been continuously increasing to 2015-2016 with approximate 40% of adults and 19% of children in America had obesity. According to a Nov 2019 CNS News article, from 2013 to 2016, 71% of children growing up in the poor families are obese. This number is much higher than the obesity rate for children who are grown up in rich families. And we will discuss the reason why children who come from poorest families have higher risk of developing obesity than children growing up in rich families in the next few slides Source of the picture: https://www.forbes.com/sites/niallmccarthy/2017/10/16/u-s-obesity-rates-have-hit-an-all-time-high-infographic/#67a32c8c4bad
- Maps compare prevalence of obesity following specific years in 1985, 1995, 2005 and 2014 The CDC publishes a map every year of the prevalence of obesity in the USA. Back in 1985 most of the states on the map were light blue, representing obesity in 8-13% of that population. Look at the map in 2014, orange represents 25-30% obese and red represents greater than 35% of the entire states population is obese. In 2014, also every states in the USA have faced with high rate of obesity. It’s no wonder that the CDC ranked obesity as the number one threat facing America. Significantly reducing the quality of life among adults in our nation. if the news isn’t dismal enough there’s more to be concerned about: obesity is affecting our children, with more than 15 percent of the population under 18 years old classified as Overweight. More prevalence of obesity in the US that you can find in this website: https://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/health-statistics/overweight-obesity?dkrd=hispt0880#b This website provides different percentage of obesity based on race, sex, and ages. From those information, we can see that obesity has developed and increased widely in society. Something must—and can—be done to stop the trend.
- Obesity can affect nearly every one of the body’s organs, the heart, the lungs, in the blood, and put stress on joints, the digestive system even interfere with the immune system As you can see, it can lead to or play a role in everything from diabetes, heart disease, and stroke to sleep apnea, asthma, pregnancy complications, depression, and even cancer. By some estimates, number of diseases and conditions are related to obesity. In fact, maybe the single most common risk factor of developing obesity and vice versa. To make this more dramatic and serious. If you are obese you are facing high risk of diabetes, and more likely to die of cancer. According to Hammond, she stated that risk of hypertension is 40%–60% higher in the overweight and double higher in the obese. Moreover, according to a Dec 2014 Hindawin – Journal of Obesity, a research experienced in 849 adult autopsies, 274 cases (32.3%) were obese and 575 (67.7%) were nonobese. Even though, the number of obese people is lower than number of nonobese people, the percentage of developing of other diseases in obese adults much higher than in nonobese adults. We can conclude that no matter the how many obese people in population, if you have obesity, you have higher risk of developing other disorders than nonobese Obese people are usually diagnosed with depression and anxious because of their low self confidence and obesity leads them to other difficulties that related to their individual life. We will discuss more about this information.
- Obesity causes about 1 in 5 deaths in the U.S. each year – nearly as many as smoking, More widely, obesity currently results in an estimated 400,000 deaths annually. According to a Dec 2014 Hindawin – Journal of Obesity, a research in comparison of the cause of death in obese and nonobese individuals was made.The leading causes of death in obese population were malignancy (86 patients, 31.4%) and infection (71, 25.9%) followed by IHD (35, 12.8%), PE (17, 6.2%), stroke (12, 4.4%), hemorrhage (11, 4%) In our patient population, infection was the second most common cause of death (25.9% obese versus 23.8% nonobese) with pneumonia accounting for 59.2% and 66.4% of the deaths, respectively. While the exact role of obesity in causing these deaths likely depend on various factors and require further research, the significant role of obesity and diseases related to obesity in death should not be ignored as several causes of death are shown to differ in this population compared with nonobese adults, such as an increased rate of death from stroke and liver disease.
- Obesity increases a person’s risk for developing several serious health conditions such as cardiovascular disease, hypertension and diabetes. All this drives up healthcare costs and also affects working environment According to a Sep 2018 Fortune article, in 2008, United State spent approximate $147 billion US dollars for medical cost of obesity. Specifically, the medical cost for people who have obesity was $1,429 higher than those of normal weight According to Hamond, she pointed out that different diseases that related to obesity have required different amount of nation medical cost to treat. Because obesity contains higher risk of developing other disease, it requires higher amount of medical cost than healthy-weight people However, we donot know how the rate of obesity has changed through years and other factors/ diseases associated with may affect the statistic, therefore, those information we have for previous years until now may be lower than reality Obesity also affect socioeconomic due to the death and disability of emplyees.
- Lots of hidden costs of obesity that we rarely focus on. For example, obese people are less likely to be given jobs, they're waited on more slowly, they're less likely to be given apartments, they're less likely to be sent to college by their parents. We can see that companies and factories may not willing to hire a obese individual because they may need to take care of his health insurance for work and also always are concerned about he or she health if they cannot catch up the work. According to a Fortune article, the reason for companies do not want to give health benefits for obese people is the average employee only stays at a job for 4.5 years, and it actually takes far longer for health problems due to being overweight to emerge. Unless this company wants to keeps its employees for a long time and gives them great health benefits. This situation leads to increase the rate of unemployment. And those who cannot have job may not afford for the changes in economic growth when everything is expensive. Moreover, obese people usually have difficulties with day-to-day activities. For example, they may have problem in transportation (a woman have to ask a suitable seat belt for her in a flight because the normal one doesn’t fit her). Those similar problems may occur in normal life of obese individuals and that is also a condition for them to develop a mental illness. Due to the embarrassment and anxious, they may increase risk of developing depression.
- Let’s take a look at what causes weight gain. Who is most affected? Contributing Factors for Obesity -Overweight and obesity result from an energy imbalance. This involves eating too many calories and not getting enough physical activity. -As simple and as complicated as this. Body weight is the result of genes, metabolism, behavior, environment, culture, and socioeconomic status. What affects balance and leading to obesity? We can consider lots of factors related to development of obesity. For example, age, availability of food, behavior, environment, gender, genetics, metabolism, medications,… -Behavior and environment play a large role causing people to be overweight and obese. These are the greatest areas for prevention and treatment actions. .
- This data of percentage show comparison between different races. This information retrieved from https://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/health-statistics/overweight-obesity?dkrd=hispt0880#causes Higher prevalence for American Indians, Alaska Natives, other Hispanic/Latino, Native Hawaiians, Pacific Islanders vs. non-Hispanic whites From this table, we can see a large difference between races. And how is this so different? It is considered that related to genetics and also their income. Potential gene variants affecting hunger or metabolism, interacting with environmental influences
- According to a Sep 2019 US News article, social and economic factors affect the increasing of obesity in population. Low income people usually have higher risk of developing obesity than rich people. Because they do not have enough money to afford healthier food. For them, fast food and high level o sugar food will bee more convenient and cheaper. Poor people may not have enough knowledge about risk of obesity and then they don’t care much about their health. Moreover, living in a low income or poor area, the lifestyle and social factors may affect the increasing of obesity Lifestyle and behavioral factors include a lack of physical activity that burns calories, smoking, lack of sleep (which can lead to an increased desire to consume calories), eating an unhealthy diet and not having a safe space to exercise, food deserts where grocery stores that carry fresh fruits and vegetables are not available, lack of transportation to access healthy food options. According to Jolly, in her article named “Marketing obesity? Junk food, advertising and kids”, she ponted out that advertising focus on less healthy food and that leads to increase obesity. She figured out that how marketing junk food plays a huge role in developing of obesity. Because today, lots of companies and advertisements create “delicious” and “cheap” food and that make mostly children wants to eat. Therefore, higher rate of obesity in children appear
- As we’ve mentioned, losing a great deal of weight can take multiple approaches, and a long time…it is a lifestyle change which can take time. The key is to give support, customized to organization that will encourage—and reinforce--your employees, even for small changes. For example, a primary benefit of reducing obesity in the workplace is having happier and healthier employees. A secondary side benefit is that happier and healthier employees are more productive and take less time off because of illness relating to problems caused by being overweight. The key to reducing cost of healthcare, life and disability insurance, turnover and absenteeism—and your ROI—depends on a well-developed business strategy. Creating a wellness culture that is unique to your own workplace and resources is the foundation for success For some this could mean breaks throughout the day to exercise, for others it could mean having healthier food choices available. But it all requires a well thought out strategy with built in elements keyed to workforce population, a commitment from all senior levels, incentives and vigorous communications. Start small, just start now.
- We’ve mentioned that obesity is a disease and that it also has a stigma. That means that any approach to address it requires sensitivity. Obesity cannot be chalked up to laziness or lack of willpower. Experts say that it is an epidemic that must be addressed on the individual, social, in schools, in workplace and even global level. And to be successful, obesity must be within the context of a wellness program, without singling out obese individuals. Globally Recognize as Chronic Disease Prevention as individual and society – Can’t just chalk it up to being lazy and no will power. Responsibility exists at many levels. We need to be responsible with our public problem and always take care of our health Can make impact in workplace and in schools, such as encourage eating healthy food, eat more vegetables and exercise We can see that obesity now is a huge problem insociety. It brings a lots of other diseases and also affects our employment. It becomes a “cancer” that we need to treat now. Even though, we don’t have specially way to fully treat obesity but we can prevent it and decrease the rate of obese people in population This is the end of my presentation Thank you