The document summarizes key details from the TOP500 project over its 25 year history including:
- The origins of the TOP500 as an outgrowth of efforts in the 1980s to track supercomputer installations.
- How the TOP500 list defines and measures supercomputers based on the Linpack benchmark performance.
- Trends over time in the top supercomputer systems and sites/countries based on a normalized performance metric accumulated over 50 editions of the TOP500 list.
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Top500 SC17 invited talk
1. TOP500
- 25 Years
- 50 Editions
SC17
November 14
2017
Erich
Strohmaier
Berkeley Lab
2. Mannheimer Supercomputer Statistics
• Hans Meuer started the Mannheimer Supercomputer Seminar
(precursor to ISC) in 1986
• He presented installation counts of Supercomputers (Vector-
computers) to quantify the market size for this type of system
• Counting Vector-computer sales from only a few vendors of large
systems was sufficient (Cray/CDC/Fujitsu/Hitachi/NEC)
• Worked reasonable well in the 1980s
TOP500 Roots – Early Surveys
4. • A lot of new vendors introduced new systems at various sizes –
and wanted to be counted
• Entry level models were questionable to be counted
• Supercomputing market was no longer vertically separated from the
‘rest’ of the computing market
• Endless discussions what was a ‘true’ supercomputer
• A new definition for ‘Supercomputer’ was needed
• Preferable a definition which adapted itself over time
• No static threshold
• And one which separated actual functional systems from concepts
• 2 Years of exploring different concepts
TOP500 Roots – End of 1980s
6. Take the largest 500 installed!
• Use Linpack as measure
• Simplistic, but widely available and
• You needed a functioning system to run it!
• Self-adapting over time
• And we knew, we had 500!
TOP500 Roots – End of 1980s
7. • After first list we settled on publishing twice a year
• ISC’xy in June in Germany • SCxy in November in the U.S.
• At the second list we realized that trends over time was
the most interesting aspect of our data collection
• TOP500 is inventory based
• Works well if turn-over is high
• All information available from the TOP500 web site at:
www.top500.org
TOP500
8. Performance Development
1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 2016
59.7 GFlop/s
422 MFlop/s
1.17 TFlop/s
93 PFlop/s
549 TFlop/s
845 PFlop/s
SUM
N=1
N=500
1 Gflop/s
1 Tflop/s
100 Mflop/s
100 Gflop/s
100 Tflop/s
10 Gflop/s
10 Tflop/s
1 Pflop/s
100 Pflop/s
10 Pflop/s
1 Eflop/s
Hear more about this and the latest data at our BoF following at 5:15pm.
9. How do we integrate/aggregate over time/editions?
• System counts are focused on the low end
• Moore’s Law overpowers everything performance based
• Normalize each list by average performance
• HPL not Peak
• Average performance not max (#1) or min
• Add up contributions from various lists over time
• Each full lists contributed a total of 500
• 50 lists together have a total weight of 25,000
25 Years – 50 Editions
13. # Site Country Norm-HPL
1 LLNL USA 1,466
2 LANL USA 810
3 ORNL USA 737
4 SNL USA 652
5 NSCC Guangzhou China 449
6 RIKEN AICS Japan 354
7 NASA/Ames USA 352
8 FZ Jülich Germany 333
9 JAMSTEC Japan 325
10 NERSC USA 303
11 ANL USA 298
Dominant Sites
14. # Site Country Norm-HPL
1 LLNL USA 1,466
2 LANL USA 810
3 ORNL USA 737
4 SNL USA 652
5 NSCC Guangzhou China 449
6 RIKEN AICS Japan 354
7 NASA/Ames USA 352
8 FZ Jülich Germany 333
9 JAMSTEC Japan 325
10 NERSC USA 303
11 ANL USA 298
Dominant Sites
15. # Site Country Σ Norm-HPL
1 LLNL USA 1,466
2 LANL USA 810
3 ORNL USA 737
4 SNL USA 652
5 NSCC Guangzhou China 449
6 RIKEN AICS Japan 354
7 NASA/Ames USA 352
8 FZ Jülich Germany 333
9 JAMSTEC Japan 325
10 NERSC USA 303
11 ANL USA 298
Dominant Sites
16. # Site Country Norm-HPL
1 LLNL USA 1,466
2 LANL USA 810
3 ORNL USA 737
4 SNL USA 652
5 NSCC Guangzhou China 449
6 RIKEN AICS Japan 354
7 NASA/Ames USA 352
8 FZ Jülich Germany 333
9 JAMSTEC Japan 325
10 NERSC USA 303
11 ANL USA 298
Dominant Sites
18. Countries
# Country Norm-HPL
1 United States 13,258
2 Japan 3,377
3 China 1,740
4 Germany 1,686
5 United Kingdom 1,253
6 France 866
7 Switzerland 287
8 Canada 265
9 Italy 263
10 South Korea 224
Around 1990 this became problematic due to inconsistent treatment of smaller vector systems and emerging massively parallel systems
Removed early prototypes before system become #1
Government removed;
Dead heat at the end
16.7% (1/6th) of all normalized cycles provided by DOE
Government removed;
Dead heat at the end
These were not in the first few editions of the list but came in on the scene with a #1 systems
Consistent funding and policy pays off
MPP are scalar and RISC other than intel without any accelerator (includes BG/L)
Intel are all intel (incl Titanium but not Phi) without any accelerat
Intel Phi are used as accelerator or main processor