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“Start small, fail fast” の理論
工程の順序の入れ替えによる
コストの最小化

中田 亨
Toru Nakata, AIST

1
目的
• 前提条件
– 手順の前後入れ替えが可能
– 不良の中途加工品はただちに除去し、下流工程に流
さない

• この場合、どのような手順から着手すべきか?
– 特に、コスト最小にするには?

• 手順の前後入れ替え
– 物理的・化学的な加工では難しい
– 事務作業では、比較的容易
2
凡例
入力品数

手順i
Si : 成功率
Ci: コスト単価

𝐶𝑜𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡 𝑂𝑢𝑡𝑝𝑢𝑡
𝑆𝑖 =
𝐼𝑛𝑝𝑢𝑡

合格品数

𝐶𝑜𝑠𝑡 = 𝐶 𝑖 ∗ 𝐼𝑛𝑝𝑢𝑡

3
成功率が違う場合
1

a
Sa: 0.1
Ca:1000

0.1

1

b
Sb: 0.9
Cb:1000
Cost 1000

0.9

0.09

Cost 100

Cost 1000

b
Sb: 0.9
Cb:1000

C=1100

a
Sa: 0.1
Ca:1000

0.09

Cost 900

C=1900

• 成功率が低いものから着手すると良いようだ

4
成功率問題の例
• アメリカのスターを東京ドームで公演させたい
• どちらの手順を先にするべきか?
A) スターにオファーを出し、承諾を得る
B) 東京ドームを予約する

• 両方とも必須で、事務コストは同じとする
5
コスト単価が違う場合
1

a
Sa: 0.8
Ca:1000
Cost 1000

1

b
Sb: 0.8
Cb:9000
Cost 9000

0.8

b
Sb: 0.8
Cb:9000

0.64

Cost 7200

0.8

C=8200

a
Sa: 0.8
Ca:1000

0.64

Cost 800

C=9800

• コストが低いものから着手すると良いようだ

6
単コストに差がある例
• システムを作りたい
• どちらの手順を先にするべきか?
A) 人月のかかる部分
B) 人月のかからない部分
• 両方とも必須の部分で、成功率も同じとする
7
ことわざで言えば

• 安く始めろ
• 速く失敗せよ
• “Think big, start small, fail
quickly, scale fast.”
8
一般の場合、どこから着手すべきか
1
成
功
率
S
O

コスト単価C
9
2つの手順の一体化
1

A
Sa, Ca
Cost Ca

Sa

B
Sb, Cb

SaSb

Cost SaCb

C=Ca+SaCb
AB
SaSb,
Ca+SaCb
10
手順合成の図的意味

11
「手順合成」はどんな写像か

手順Aが○の位置にあり、手順Bが青の格子状に動く場合、
ABの合成手順は赤の網状に動く

12
AB の方がBAより安いとは
𝐶𝑎 + 𝑆𝑎 𝐶𝑏 < 𝐶𝑏 + 𝑆𝑏 𝐶𝑎
𝐶𝑎 − 𝑆𝑏 𝐶𝑎 < 𝐶𝑏 − 𝑆𝑎 𝐶𝑏
1− 𝑆𝑏 1− 𝑆𝑎
<
𝐶𝑏
𝐶𝑎
1−𝑆 𝑖
Priority=
𝐶𝑖
(失敗率÷コスト単価)が大きな手順から先着すべき
13
優先度
劣後
1−𝑆 𝑖
Priority=
𝐶𝑖

優先
(失敗率÷コスト単価)が大きな手順から先着すべき
14
コストの漸増、成功率の漸減

15
手順の前後関係に拘束がある場合
「BはAよりも先に着手できない」という拘束は
逆向きなので手順設計に困る

1
成
功
率

A

B

C

E
D

「DはCよりも先に着手できない」という拘束
は、順方向なので問題なし、忘れてよい

O

コスト単価
16
ABは連続実行すべき
Bはなるべく前にやるべきであり、Aが完了して
Bが許可されるやいなや着手すべき。

1
成
功
率

O

A

B

C

E
D

コスト単価
17
図形解法
1

A

B

E

SaSb
AB

成
功
率

C

O

D

コスト単価
18
手順の最適解
CDABE
E

1

AB

成
功
率

C

O

D

コスト単価
19
実質の製造コスト
1製品を作るためにかかる費用
1
成
功
率
総
乗
O

𝐶 𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑂𝑛𝑒

𝐶 𝑠𝑜𝑟𝑡𝑒𝑑𝐴𝑙𝑙
=
𝑆𝑖

Sorted Best Total Cost
20
非必須だが付加価値を高める手順は
実行すべきか
1
成
功
率
総
乗

𝐿 = 𝑉 𝑎𝑑𝑑𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑙

O

𝑆𝑖

Sorted Best Total Cost

損失を挽回するのは、付加価値が大きくないと難しい
21
まとめ
• ことわざ “Think big, start small, fail quickly,
scale fast.”
– 当たり前ではあるが、、、

– 個々の手順の改善はなし、順序入れ替えだけで、
コストが下がる

• 図形解法で、すっきり整理できる

22

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Start small, fail fast の理論