Explore the types and levels of challenge posed by varying forms of tectonic activity. Research contrasting locations to draw out the range of tectonic activity and the different impacts produced on communities . January 2010

Explore the types and levels of challenge posed by varying forms of tectonic activity. Concepts Processes Theories Models 1.1 Range of hazards associated with Volcanoes and Earthquakes Volcanism Earth Movement Plate tectonics The Dregg Disaster model 1.2 Event profile 3.1 Why people live in hazard zones Occupancy Disaster risk equation 3.2 Range of hazards Plate Boundaries Constructive, destructive, conservative 3.3 Impacts – range of scales and locations 3.4 Trends - frequency and impact Park’s Hazard response model 4.1 Varying approaches to coping with hazards 4.2 Specific strategies

Research contrasting locations to draw out the range of tectonic activity and the different impacts produced on communities. hints at the type of supporting evidence needed, for example a range of areas / types/ strategies, and means a focus on the geographical places, case studies and examples illustrating these. CASE STUDIES must be in contrasting areas and on a range of hazards: Know your 6 case studies to include 2 volcanic eruptions (1 LEDC 1 MEDC), 2 Earthquakes (1 MEDC, 1 LEDC) and 2 Tsunamis (1 LEDC 1 MEDC) with a BIG focus on IMPACTS. Identify contrasts in impacts on different types of communities i.e. urban/rural, MEDC/LEDC, levels of education, communities' perception of the hazards. IMPACTS should be not all negative - there are some positive impacts as well go back to "Why do people live in hazardous areas". (3.1) Go to Slide 10

Explore the types and levels of challenge posed by varying forms of tectonic activity . 3.1 The reasons why people live in tectonically active areas and how this might relate to the level of economic development. 1.1 Tectonic hazards and disasters and what makes tectonic activity hazardous. There is a range of tectonic hazards associated with both volcanoes (lava, pyroclastics, ash, lahars, etc) and earthquakes (ground shaking, displacement, liquefaction, tsunamis, etc). 1.2 Event profile of hazards, including frequency, magnitude, duration and areal extent. 3.2 The range of hazards associated with different types of tectonic activity. 3.3 The specific impacts of a range of tectonic hazards at a range of scales and at locations in countries at different stages of development. 3.4 T rends in frequency and impact over time. Research contrasting locations to draw out the range of tectonic activity and the different impacts produced on communities. 4.1 The varying approaches of individuals and governments to coping with tectonic hazards in countries at different stages of development. 4.2 Specific strategies involved in adjustment: modifying loss burden, modifying the event and modifying human vulnerability; and the range of approaches and strategies used in locations at different stages of development. N.B. 1.1 is a hyperlink

3.2 The range of hazards associated with different types of tectonic activity.

3.2 The range of hazards associated with different types of tectonic activity. What factors determine the varied physical nature of the hazard Type of magma (viscosity) Depth of Focus Type of Plate Boundary Explosiveness of eruption Material ejected Proximity to population centres Frequency Risk Perception Quality and accuracy of Prediction and Forecast Type of Fault

Every hazard event is different, and therefore the specific impacts of disaster vary When researching case studies , it is important to be able to identify specific impacts and be able to explain these Some impacts are tangible and can be given a financial value. Others are intangible , such as the destruction of a temple or artwork. Many losses are direct and immediate such as property damage, but others are indirect – these come later and are harder to quantify, such as stress and psychological damage. Impacts are often considered as human (death, injury, illness), economic (property loss, loss of income, cost of relief effort) and physical (changes to landscape and topography). 3.3 The specific impacts of a range of tectonic hazards at a range of scales and at locations in countries at different stages of development. Degree of Impact is affected by 1. Duration of hazard 2 . Scale of Hazard 3. Frequency of Hazard and 4. Magnitude of hazard. Impacts can vary geographically There are significant differences between LEDC and MEDC countries. Generally, LEDC hazards are social in nature (Larger number of deaths) MEDC hazards are economic in nature. Go to Slide 11 Physical Social Economic

3.3 The specific impacts of a range of tectonic hazards at a range of scales and at locations in countries at different stages of development. Go to Slide 12

3.4 Trends in frequency and impact over time. http://www.em-dat.net/documents/Publication/publication_2004_emdat.pdf There is a decreasing number of deaths due to hazards The number/frequency of reported natural disasters has increased Since 1980, the average annual economic cost of hazards has risen from less than $20 bn to more than $160 bn. Why ? Better understanding of natural disasters Better preparedness Better technology

4.1 The varying approaches of individuals and governments to coping with tectonic hazards in countries at different stages of development. People cope with natural hazards in very different ways The chosen ways are often related to wealth and access to technology Humans do have a capacity to ignore or seriously underestimate risk, even when it seems obvious to others Often it may seem obvious that people should move out of harms way, but in reality this may be impossible.

Modify Loss burden Modify hazard event Modify Human Vulnerability Hazard Type and Example Accept Loss Aid Insurance Environmental Control Hazard Resistance Community Preparedness Forecasting and Warning Land Use Planning Design Retrofitting VOLCANO LEDC VOLCANO MEDC EARTHQUAKE LEDC EARTHQUAKE MEDC