5. IntroductionIntroduction
Describe the construction of the various types of lamination
style and core construction used in single phase, three
phase, auto and instrument transformers.
Identify the different winding styles/types used in
transformers.
State the methods used to insulate low and high voltage
transformers.
Describe the construction of transformer tanks for
distribution transformers.
List the types of information stated on transformer
nameplates.
Perform basic insulation resistance, continuity and winding
identification tests
7. Transformer OperationTransformer Operation
Primary coil is supplied with a AC voltage.
Current drawn produces a magnetic field
Magnetic field transported to a secondary coil via a
magnetic circuit
Magnetic field induces a voltage in secondary coil
V+ V+
20. Steel TypesSteel Types
Silicon steel is used for laminations
Silicon content 0 – 6.5%
Why Silicon?
• Small hysteresis curve area
• Increases electrical resistivity Reduced eddy current size
• Hardened grain structure
• Reduced workability
• Very low carbon levels <0.005% are called for or magnetic
ageing will take place Losses will increase with age
• Carbon can be removed by annealing in a hydrogen rich
atmosphere
21. Grain OrientationGrain Orientation
• Optimum properties are developed in the rolling direction
• Magnetic density is increased by 30% in the coil rolling direction
• Magnetic saturation is decreased by 5%
• Given codes such as M-0, M1, M-2, M-3, M-4 and M-6
• Similar magnetic properties in all directions
• less expensive
• Used in applications where the direction of magnetic flux is
changing (motors and generators)
• Given codes from M-15 to M-47
Non-orientated
22. Grain SizeGrain Size
The larger the grain the less the hysteresis losses
2-10 W/kg @ 60 Hz and 1.5 tesla magnetic field
strength are common with a 150μm grain size
heat treatment increases the average crystal size
Excessive bending, incorrect heat treatment, or even rough
handling of core steel can adversely effect its magnetic
properties
23. Amorphous Steel
losses up to 30% of conventional steels
Made by pouring molten alloy steel on a rotating cooled wheel.
• high cost (about twice that of conventional silicon steel)
• lower mechanical properties
This cools the metal so quickly that crystals do not form
24. Lamination Coatings
• Increase electrical resistance between laminations
• Provide resistance to corrosion
• Act as a lubricant during die cutting
• Can be organic or inorganic (such as Magnesium oxide)
• Dependant on the heat treatment of the laminations
• Wheather it is immersed in oil
• The working temperature of the finished item
25.
26. Magnetostriction
A property of ferromagnetic materials that causes them to
change their shape when subjected to a magnetic field
losses due to frictional heating
first identified in 1842 by James Joule
When a magnetic field is applied, the boundaries between the
domains shift and the domains rotate, both these effects
causing a change in the material's dimensions
The effect is responsible for the familiar "electric hum"