3. I. Learning Targets
• I can identify the elements commonly found in living things (C,
H, O, and N).
• I can describe how atoms bond together to form molecules.
• I can compare the chemical structures of carbohydrates,
lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids by describing how they form
and are broken down.
• I can relate the importance of the 4 biomolecules to living
things.
• I can describe the function of an enzyme and factors that
influence enzyme activity.
17. III. Atoms and their
Interactions
A. Elements
1. Everything is made of substances
called elements.
18.
19.
20. III. Atoms and their
Interactions
A. Elements
1. Everything is made of substances
called elements.
2. Most common elements are…
Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen,
and Nitrogen
22. B. Atoms are the basic building block of
all matter.
1. Definition: an atom is the
smallest particle of an element
that has the same characteristics
of that element.
27. C. Structure of an Atom
1. Nucleus:
a. protons (+ charge)
b. neutrons (0 charge)
28. C. Structure of an Atom
1. Nucleus:
a. protons (+ charge)
b. neutrons (0 charge)
c. Overall charge of the
nucleus
= + charge
29. C. Structure of an Atom
1. Nucleus:
a. protons (+ charge)
b. neutrons (0 charge)
c. Overall charge of the
nucleus
= + charge
2. Electron Cloud
30. C. Structure of an Atom
1. Nucleus:
a. protons (+ charge)
b. neutrons (0 charge)
c. Overall charge of the nucleus
= + charge
2. Electron Cloud
a. electrons (- charge and move
rapidly)
33. D. Atoms become stable by bonding
with other atoms.
1. When atoms bond together, they
form new compounds, which
have different properties than the
individual atoms had.
34. D. Atoms become stable by bonding
with other atoms.
1. When atoms bond together, they
form new compounds, which
have different properties than the
individual atoms had.
C + O2 CO2
+
35. 2. Some compounds contain just one
or two atoms (H2O or CO2), whereas
others contain tens, hundreds, or
even thousands of atoms.
36. 2. Some compounds contain just one
or two atoms (H2O or CO2), whereas
others contain tens, hundreds, or
even thousands of atoms.
a. Large molecules = macromolecules
37. b. Macromolecules are formed by
bonding together small molecules
to form chains called polymers.
38. b. Macromolecules are formed by
bonding together small molecules
to form chains called polymers.
poly = many meros = parts
39. b. Macromolecules are formed by
bonding together small molecules
to form chains called polymers.
poly = many meros = parts
mono = one meros = part
41. 3. Macromolecules chains are controlled
by water.
a. When H2O is added, hydrolysis
breaks apart chains.
42. 3. Macromolecules chains are controlled
by water.
a. When H2O is added, hydrolysis
breaks apart chains.
43. 3. Macromolecules chains are controlled
by water.
a. When H2O is added, hydrolysis
breaks apart chains.
hydro = water lysis = to split
44. 3. Macromolecules chains are controlled
by water.
a. When H2O is added, hydrolysis
breaks apart chains.
b. When H2O is lost, condensation
forms chains.
57. 2. The foods we consume have
carbohydrates, fats (lipids), and
proteins in them.
58. 2. The foods we consume have
carbohydrates, fats (lipids), and
proteins in them.
a. Carbohydrates give us energy
(ex. sugar, apples, potatoes, pasta…)
59. 2. The foods we consume have
carbohydrates, fats (lipids), and
proteins in them.
a. Carbohydrates give us energy
(ex. sugar, apples, potatoes, pasta…)
b. Fats are related to weight gain
(ex. oils, butter, whole milk…)
60. 2. The foods we consume have
carbohydrates, fats (lipids), and
proteins in them.
a. Carbohydrates give us energy
(ex. sugar, apples, potatoes, pasta…)
b. Fats are related to weight gain
(ex. oils, butter, whole milk…)
c. Proteins help build muscles
(ex. fish, beef, eggs, cheese, nuts…)
61. 3. A healthy diet of foods containing
each of these macromolecules
insures proper function of all the
body’s cells, tissues, organs, and
organ systems. If one or more are
lacking, the body cannot function
to provide us with all of our
necessary needs.
81. C. Lipids
1. Purpose: energy storage, insulation,
and protective coatings
2. Compound structure:
a. Composed of C, H, and O with a
larger proportion of C-H bonds than
carbohydrates (have less O’s)
82. C. Lipids
1. Purpose: energy storage, insulation,
and protective coatings
2. Compound structure:
a. Composed of C, H, and O with a
larger proportion of C-H bonds than
carbohydrates (have less O’s)
(ex. lipids in beef fat: C57H110O6)
100. D. Proteins
1. Purpose: provide structure, motion,
and immunity
a. Enzyme = catalyst to speed up
chemical reactions
101. D. Proteins
1. Purpose: provide structure, motion,
and immunity
a. Enzyme = catalyst to speed up
chemical reactions
2. Compound structure:
a. Composed of C, H, O, nitrogen (N),
and sulfur (S)
103. D. Proteins
3. Monomer subunit:
a. Amino acid = Basic building block of
protein
• 20 total amino acids
• Our body naturally makes 11, but we
have to eat the other 9 (they must be
present in our diet)
104. D. Proteins
b. Many amino acids bond together in a
chain using peptide bonds and form a
protein
113. D. Nucleic Acids
1. Purpose: store genetic
information in the form
of a code
114. D. Nucleic Acids
1. Purpose: store genetic
information in the form
of a code
2. Compound structure:
a. Composed of C, H, O,
N, and phosphorus (P)
115. D. Nucleic Acids
3. Monomer subunit:
a. Arranged as a nitrogen base, sugar,
and a phosphate group
116. D. Nucleic Acids
4. Forms:
a. DNA: contains instructions to form all
DNA
of an organism’s enzymes and
structural proteins
b. RNA: copy of DNA used when making
RNA
proteins
