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Chemical and Physical Properties: Isotopes and Forensic Science
- 1. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike 2.0 UK: England & Wales License Isotopes and Forensic Science University of Lincoln presentation
- 3. 1. The Forensic Perspective This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike 2.0 UK: England & Wales License
- 8. 2. The Atom This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike 2.0 UK: England & Wales License
- 10. Henri Becquerel This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike 2.0 UK: England & Wales License Henri Becquerel Nobel Prize (Physics) 1903 Discovered Radioactivity in 1896 Placed pitchblende on a photographic plate and observed…. U
- 12. Types of radioactive decay: alpha, α (Z > 83) This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike 2.0 UK: England & Wales License Daughter nucleus Parent nucleus Alpha particle (Helium nucleus)
- 13. Types of radioactive decay: beta, β - (N/Z too large) This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike 2.0 UK: England & Wales License Converting N to P Daughter nucleus Parent nucleus Beta particle (Negatron)
- 14. Types of radioactive decay: beta, β + (N/Z too small) This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike 2.0 UK: England & Wales License Converting N to P Daughter nucleus Parent nucleus Beta particle (Positron)
- 15. Types of radioactive decay: gamma, γ (excited nucleus) This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike 2.0 UK: England & Wales License Parent nucleus Daughter nucleus Gamma rays
- 16. Radioactive Decay This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike 2.0 UK: England & Wales License Growth/Decay curves for radioactive elements
- 17. Half-Life This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike 2.0 UK: England & Wales License Parent Daughter / Radiation Half-Life (Y) 3 H 3 He + 0 β -1 12.3 14 C 14 N + 0 β -1 5730 87 Rb 87 Sr + 0 β -1 49 X 10 9 210 Pb 206 Pb + 4 α +2 20.4 238 U 234 Th + 4 α +2 + γ 4.5 X 10 9
- 18. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike 2.0 UK: England & Wales License Element Uranium- 238 series Th- 232 series U-235 series Uranium U-238 4.5*10 9 y U-234 245500 y U-235 7.0*10 8 y Proactinium Pa-234 1.2 min Pa-231 32800 y Thorium Th-234 24.1 d Th-230 75400 y Th-232 1.4*10 10 y Th-228 1.91 y Th-231 25.5 h Th-227 18.7d Actinium Ac-228 6.1 h Ac-227 21.8 y Radium Ra-226 1600 y Ra-228 5.75 y Ra-224 3.7 d Ra-223 11.4d Francium Radon Rn-222 3.8 d Astatine Polonium Po-218 3.1 min Po-214 0.00014 s Po-210 138 d Bismuth Bi-214 19.9 min Bi-210 5.0 d Lead Pb-214 26.8 min Pb-210 22.3 y Pb-206 stable Pb-208 stable Pb-207 stable α -decay Z: -2 N: -4 β -decay Z: +1 N: +/-0 Decay series of short lived nuclides
- 19. 3. Isotopes This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike 2.0 UK: England & Wales License
- 21. Detection of Isotopes This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike 2.0 UK: England & Wales License Existence of ISOTOPES confirmed by Aston using the first mass spectrometer in 1919. Analysis of Neon gas achieved separation of 3 stable isotopes: 90.9% 0.3% 8.8% Ion Source Detection system Faraday cups Magnetic sector Isotope Ratio MS
- 23. 4. Dating Techniques This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike 2.0 UK: England & Wales License
- 32. 5. Stable Isotopes This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike 2.0 UK: England & Wales License
- 38. Adulteration: Alcoholic Beverages This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike 2.0 UK: England & Wales License Malt Maize/Cane UK German Malt Blended Scotch B’bon Cz Bootleg Wine Bootleg Port/Brandy Δ 13 C per mil v. PDB -30 -20 -10 Wines Beer Whisky Whisky Sugars
- 39. Adulteration: Maple Syrup This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike 2.0 UK: England & Wales License Same approach has been used for honey, fruit juice, olive oil and maple syrup By combining 2 H : 1 H ratios with 13 C : 12 C ratios we can achieve greater DISCRIMINATION -30 -20 -10 δ 13 C 110 100 90 2 H ppm ‘ Maple’ Maple Beet Cane Adulterated syrup shown to contain 40% Beet sugar Martin et al (1996) J Agric Food Chem, 44, 3206.
- 40. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike 2.0 UK: England & Wales License Nakamura et al (1992) Biomed Mass Spectrom, 8, 390.
- 41. Travelling German Business Men This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike 2.0 UK: England & Wales License USA Japan δ 13 C -18 -18 -20 -20 Weeks 3 2 4 1 Nakamura et al Biomed Mass Spectrom, 8, 390.
- 43. Geographical Source of Heroin This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike 2.0 UK: England & Wales License From: Besacier et al (1997)J Forensic Science, 42, 429 Drug source Heroin δ 13 C Morphine ( H-M) Acetyl source Lebanon -30.9 -28.7 2.2 Lab 1 Lebanon -31.4 -28.9 2.5 Lab 1 Thailand -32.2 -30.5 1.7 Lab 2 Turkey -31.4 -29.7 1.7 Lab 2 Turkey -32.7 -29.6 3.1 Lab 3
- 44. 6. Nuclear Forensic Science – the Atomic Detectives This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike 2.0 UK: England & Wales License
- 45. Trafficking Nuclear Materials This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike 2.0 UK: England & Wales License