3. Sequence of Presentation
• HD Concept
• Sustainability and Equity
• S&E trends: Impact on Human Development
• Paradigm Shift
• HDI and Turkey
• Message of the report

4. The Concept and its Evolution
• “People are the real wealth of a nation; human development is a process of
enlarging people’s choices.” (1990)
• “Human Development is the expansion of people’s freedoms to live long,
healthy and creative lives; to advance other goals they have reason to value;
and to engage actively in shaping development equitably and sustainably on
a shared planet. People are both the beneficiaries and the drivers of human
development, as individuals and in groups.” (2010)
• “Sustainable human development is the expansion of the substantive
freedoms of people today while making reasonable efforts to avoid seriously
compromising those of future generations.” (2011)

5. How to calculate
Human Development Index
Components
• Life Expectancy at Birth
• Expected years of Schooling
• Mean Years of Schooling
• Gross National Income Per Capita

6. Environmental and inequality trends
threaten
human development progress

7. Why equity and sustainability?
How can we….
 Maintain progress in ways that are
equitable and that do not harm the
environment?
 Meet the development aspirations
of poor people worldwide?
 Promote policies that will advance
both equity and sustainability?

8. Environment and Climate Change
 Global temperatures are rising: Now average 0.75°C
higher than at the beginning of the 20thcentury.
 Sea level is rising: 20 centimeters higher today than in
1870
 Likelihood of natural disasters is increasing: Average
number per year doubled over 25 years
 Loss of forest cover threatens livelihoods and biodiversity:
Low HDI countries experience greatest losses (11%)
 Impact on the Poor: Household level

9. Environmental trends threaten
human development progress
By 2050, the global HDI would be:
 19% higher than it is today.
• Largest increase in developing
countries (24%).
• 44% for Sub-Saharan Africa and
36% for South Asia.
 8% lower in an environmental
challenge scenario.
• 12% for South Asia and Sub-
Saharan Africa.
 15% lower in an environmental
disaster scenario.
• Dramatic impact on developing
countries
• 24% for Sub-Saharan Africa and
22% for South Asia.

10. Inequalities generate losses on human dev’t
and threaten future progress
 Our Inequality-adjusted HDI reveals losses of 23% of HDI globally.
 Health and education disparities are narrowing, but income inequality is
worsening.
• Average country-level income inequality increased around 20 percent over
1990–2005.
 Higher levels of gender inequality (GII) is associated with lower levels of
sustainability.
• Meeting unmet need for family planning could cut carbon emissions by
about 17% by 2050.
 1.5 billion people lack electricity, 2.6 billion lack access to basic sanitation.
• If current trends continue, more people will lack access to modern energy
in 2030 than today.

11. Negative impact on poor households
 Education:
• Environmental challenges constrain both enrolment and
progress of enrolled children.
 Livelihoods:
• Significant risks for 350 million people who rely on forests
for subsistence and incomes.
• Similarly for 45 million (6 million are women) that fish for a
living.
 Health:
• Indoor air pollution kills 11 times more people in low HDI
countries
• Each year 3 million children under age 5 die from
environment-related diseases.

12. The Paradigm Shift
 Change the development model towards more sustainable
production and consumption patterns
 Clean and safe environment – a right not a privilege.
• Promote more inclusive participation in governance and policy-making by
those most vulnerable to environmental hazards.
 Meeting development aspirations of poor people while preserving the
environment.
• Promising examples of win-win policies exist at the national level.
 The scale of the challenge demands massive simultaneous investment and
innovation.

13. For a macro shift,
we need global innovations
 Current development finance is insufficient and with unequal access
(countries and sectors).
 New financing sources: Currency Transactions Tax
• Feasibility of implementation and growing high-level support
 Reforms for greater equity and access to finance.
• State role in catalyzing private resources
• “Deal-flow” climate facilities to help local actors with the complex
requirements to access climate finance
• National climate funds to promote blending of resources

14. For a macro shift,
we need global innovations
 Swift implementation of UN Universal Energy Access Initiative.
• Global campaign
• Removing barriers to technology diffusion
• Support of National low-emission, climate-resilient
development strategies.
 Achieving this would increase CO2 emissions by only 0.8%
• Estimated annual investment is less than an eighth of annual
subsidies for fossil fuel.

15. 2011 Human Development Report
Indices and Turkey

16. Human Development Index 2011
• 2011 Human Development Index covers record 187 countries and territories,
puts Norway at top, DR Congo last.
• Norway, Australia and the Netherlands lead the world in the 2011 Human
Development Index (HDI).
• The Democratic Republic of Congo, Niger and Burundi are at the bottom of the
Human Development Report’s annual rankings of national achievement in
health, education and income.
• The United States, New Zealand, Canada, Ireland, Liechtenstein, Germany and
Sweden round out the top 10 countries in the 2011 HDI.

17. Turkey’s Human Development
•Turkey’s HDI value for 2011 is 0.699—in the high human development
category—positioning the country at 92 out of 187 countries and territories.
• Between 1980 and 2011, Turkey’s HDI value increased from 0.463 to 0.699, an
increase of 51.0 per cent or average annual increase of about 1.3 per cent.

18. Turkey’s Human Development
since 1980

19. Turkey’s Human Development
comparison

20. Inequality and HDIs
• The IHDI equals the HDI when there is no inequality across
people.
• It represents the actual level of human development.
• The new Gender Inequality Index (GII) reflects women’s
disadvantages in three dimensions – reproductive health,
empowerment, and economic activity
•MPI identifies multiple deprivations in the same hhs in
education, health and standard of living.
•Individuals living above the income poverty line may still suffer
deprivations in education, health and other living conditions.

21. Turkey’s Inequality-adjusted
Human Development comparison

22. Turkey in Gender Inequality Index
(GII)

23. Turkey in Multidimensional
Poverty Index (MPI)

24. Prescriptive Recipe:
• Development aspirations of poor to be met in a
framework of global and local sustainability
• an incremental approach is not enough; A macro
shift is needed
•Promoting human development requires addressing
sustainability.
• This can and should be done in ways that are
equitable and empowering

25. Find Human Development on the Net
For free downloads of the 2011 Human Development Report:
hdr.undp.org
Soft copies including a Turkish summary at UNDP Turkey’s website:
undp.org.tr
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/undpturkiye