An introductory presentation on the principles of research methodology

1. Introduction to Research Methodology Sohail Bajammal, MBChB, MSc, FRCS(C), PhD(c) [email_address] Assistant Professor, Faculty of Medicine Vice Dean Academic Development, Faculty of Dentistry Umm Al-Qura University

5. Perspectives of Research Economic Legal Therapy Basic Science Social Diagnosis Prognosis Clinical Health Problem “ Trauma”

7. Research Methodology vs Evidence-Based Medicine

8. Research Methodology EBM Research Doing Using

9. EBM Haynes et al. BMJ 2002;324:1350 Clinical Circumstances Research Evidence Patients’ Preferences Clinical Expertise

10. 5As of EBM

14. 5As of EBM

15. 5S Hierarchy of Evidence RCTs, Cohort, Case control, Case series Expert Opinion: Classical Textbooks

17. Levels of Evidence http://library.downstate.edu/EBM2/2100.htm

19. It’s time consuming

20. 5S Hierarchy of Evidence RCTs, Cohort, Case control, Case series Systematic Reviews Critically-Appraised Journal Articles & Abstracts Evidence-Based Guidelines & Textbooks Computerized Decision Support Expert Opinion: Classical Textbooks

21. To practice EBM, we need all four Clinical Circumstances Research Evidence Patients’ Preferences Clinical Expertise

22. Research Methodology

23. Research Methodology Planning Conducting Publishing

24. Target Population Phenomena of interest Intended Sample Intended variables Actual subjects Actual measurements From Hulley et al. Designing Clinical Research. LWW Design Implement Infer Infer Errors Errors Research Question Truth in the Universe Study Plan Truth in the Study Actual Study Findings in the Study

29. Sampling The Universe Study Population Study Sample

30. Bad Sampling The Universe Study Population Study Sample

33. Types of Research Quantitative Qualitative Mixed-Methods

35. Descriptive Studies

39. Analytical Studies

40. Case-Control Studies Ask patients Read files Cases (e.g., Lung Cancer) Control (e.g., NO Lung Cancer) GO BACK IN TIME GO BACK IN TIME Shisha Smokers NOT Shisha Smokers Shisha Smokers NOT Shisha Smokers

41. Case-Control Study ODDS RATIO Lung Cancer Yes No Shisha Smoking Yes No

43. Prospective Cohort Lung Cancer No Lung Cancer Lung Cancer No Lung Cancer Shisha Smokers NOT Shisha Smokers F/U F/U

44. Cohort Study RELATIVE RISK Lung Cancer Yes No Shisha Smoking Yes No

46. Randomized Controlled Trial (RCT) Outcomes Outcomes Patients with MI RANDOM Drug A Drug B F/U F/U

52. GCC EBHC

53. http://eapps.ngha.med.sa/ebm/