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1.  lbert Bandura was born December 4, 1925.
 1949 – Graduated from the University of British Columbia with a degree in Psychology.
 1952 – Received his Ph.D. in Clinical Psychology from the University of Iowa.
 1953 – Began teaching at Stanford University.
 1974 – Served as President of the APA.
 1980 – Received the APA’s Award for Distinguished Scientific Contributions.
 2004 - Outstanding Lifetime Contribution to Psychology, American Psychological
Association.
Early Life:
Albert Bandura was born in a small Canadian town located approximately 50 miles from
Edmonton. The last of six children, Bandura's early education consisted of one small school
with only two teachers. According to Bandura, because of this limited access to educational
resources, "The students had to take charge of their own education" (Stokes, 1986).
areer:
 After earning his Ph.D., he was offered a position at Stanford University. Bandura accepted
the offer (even though it meant resigning from another position he had already accepted)
and has continued to work at Stanford to this day. It was during his studies on adolescent
aggression that Bandura became increasing interested Ivan Petrovich Pavlov was born
September 14, 1849
 He died on February 27, 1936
Early Life:
Ivan Pavlov was born in a small village in Ryazan, Russia, where his father was the village
priest.
His earliest studies were focused on theology, but reading Charles Darwin's On the Origin
of the Specieshad a powerful influence on his future interests. He soon abandoned his
religious studies and devoted himself to the study of science. In 1870, he began studying
the natural sciences at the University of Saint Petersberg.
in vicarious learning, modeling and imitation.
3
Theory:
Albert Bandura's social learning theory stressed the importance of observational learning,
imitation and modeling. "Learning would be exceedingly laborious, not to mention
hazardous, if people had to rely solely on the effects of their own actions to inform them
what to do," Bandura explained (Bandura, 1977). His theory integrates a continuous
interaction between behaviors, cognitions and the environment.
His most famous experiment was the 1961 Bobo doll study. In the experiment, he made a
film in which a woman was shown beating up a Bobo doll and shouting aggressive words.
The film was then shown to a group of children. Afterwards, the children were allowed to

2. play in a room that held a Bobo doll. The children immediately began to beat the doll,
imitating the actions and words of the woman in the film.
The study was significant because it departed from behaviorism’s insistence that all
behavior is directed by reinforcement or rewards. The children received no encouragement
or incentives to beat up the doll; they were simply imitating the behavior they had observed.
Bandura termed this phenomena observational learning and characterized the elements of
effective observational learning as attention, retention, reciprocation and motivation.
ontributions to Psychology:
Bandura’s work is considered part of the cognitive revolution in psychology that began in
the late 1960s. His theories have had tremendous impact on personality
psychology, cognitive psychology, education andpsychotherapy.
2.
Birth and Death
 Born January 8, 1902
 Died February 4, 1987
Early Life
Carl Ransom Rogers was born in 1902 in Oak Park, Illinois. He enrolled at the University of
Wisconsin in 1919 as an agriculture major but later changed to religion.
After attending a 1922 Christian conference in China, Rogers began to question his career
choice. He graduated from the University of Wisconsin in 1924 with a bachelor's degree in
History and enrolled at the Union Theological Seminary before transferring to Teachers
College of Columbia University in 1926 to complete his master's degree.
Contributions to Psychology:

3. With his emphasis on human potential, Carl Rogers had an enormous influence on both
psychology and education. Beyond that, he is considered by many to be one of the most
influential psychologists of the 20th century. More therapists cite Rogers as their primary
influence than any other psychologist.
As described by his daughter Natalie Rogers, he was "a model for compassion and
democratic ideals in his own life, and in his work as an educator, writerContributions to
Psychology:
While Ivan Pavlov was not a psychologist, and reportedly disliked the field of
psychology altogether, his work had a major influence on the field, particularly on the
development of behaviorism. His discovery and research on reflexes influenced the growing
behaviorist movement, and his work was often cited in John B. Watson's writings. Other
researchers utilized Pavlov's work in the study of conditioning as a form of learning.
, and therapist."
Charles Spearman
Born in London, United Kingdom on 10th September 1863 he showed an unusual talent and
ability of becoming a psychologist from childhood. He started off his career by joining the
British army. After serving the British army for 15 years he resigned to study for a PhD in
experimental psychology. Since Spearman had no previous required qualifications for the degree
of his choice he decided to study at University of Leipzig, Germany, which had liberal entrance
policies, under the supervision of Wilhelm Wundt. Spearman’s numerous achievements also
include his association as a professor of mind and logic in place of William McDougall at
University College, London. Mcdougall got so impressed by the aptitude and capabilities of
Spearman that he recommended him to teach at University College, London as a substitute for
him. Spearman stayed and taught at University College, London until he retired in 1931. He
obtained the entitlement of professor of psychology in 1928 when a separate department of
psychology was created at the university.

4. His most influential g factor theory served as a stepping stone for intelligence theories. He
identified g as a specific quantity which came out as an outcome of statistical operations. He also
divided the intelligence score of a person into two categories, the one which remains constant
over the period of time termed as general factor or g whereas the other which changes from time
to time classified as specific factor. He also proposed that g factor is composed of two different
capabilities that are related to each other very closely. He identified these two abilities as
“eductive” and “reproductive” ability. There was another factor observed by Charles Spearman
in assessing intelligence which he named as special factor. Individuals who scored higher on
tests persistently possessed the special factor in intelligence.
Fritz Perls
itz Perls was a well renowned German psychotherapist and psychiatrist known for his notable
works on Gestalt therapy. The interconnection between the individual being and the environment
that he interacts with on a daily basis is the main idea behind Gestalt therapy. Born on July 8th,
1893 in Germany Fritz Perls was associated with Esalen institute. During his tenure at the
institute he developed the schools of thought related to gestalt psychology and gestalt theoretical
psychotherapy. He identified the main idea behind gestalt therapy is self-awareness regarding
one’s feelings, emotions, perceptions, sensations and bodily feelings as well as the necessity of
learning the association of oneself with the surroundings that he is present in.

5. He was a medical doctor by profession as he chose to study medicine instead of law which was
studied by his uncle. Perls started off his career by serving the German Army during World War
I. Soon after this major event in the world history he graduated as medical doctor and began
practicing as an assistant to Kurt Goldstein who used to cure soldiers suffering from brain injury.
Slowly Fritz got interested towards studying psychoanalysis. He started studying this subject
under the supervision of Wilhelm Reich. He got married to Lore Posner in 1930 and after
marrige they moved to Netherlands and later to South Africa. He wrote a book entitled Ego,
Hunger and Aggression along with his wife, though her name was not mentioned as the author
she had contributed to a great deal in writing this book. Fritz Perls also served in South African
Army from 1942 to 1946, during his tenure with the South African army he reached the rank of a
captain. After this job he left for New York where he published his works and findings on gestalt
therapy. The key concept behind gestalt therapy is that it completely solves the problems of the
individuals that are affected from sadness and depression to the extent that it hampers their
growth and productivity in life.
The idea of gestalt therapy is to cure the problems that are hampering the growth and
productivity that is coming in the success and prosperity of an individual’s life. Everyone has a
right to live a fulfilled and satisfied life and gestalt therapy is the way of adopting the lifestyle
and reforming the lives of individuals to make them ambitious and prosperous in order to get
more out of their lives and due to this factor gestalt therapy is also known as humanistic type of
psychotherapy. Conflicting ideas were also presented in gestalt therapy which caused rift
between the experts practicing the gestalt therapy and led them to part their ways. Isadore Form,
who was a teacher in New York assessed and presented about the low potential possessed by
gestalt therapy. His views were also shared by the co-founders of Cleveland Institute but many
others proposed gestalt as a way of leading a happy and satisfied life. One of the Fritz Perls’
renowned publication is Finding Self Through Gestalt Therapy. He died on march 14th,1970 in
Chicago.

6. David Buss
David Buss is a professor of psychology at University of Texas, Austin. He is known for his
evolutionary psychology research on mate selection with the basis on human sex differences. His
profound works on human mating strategies defines and distinct his works in the field of
psychology. Born on April 14th, 1953 he acquired his PhD in psychology from University of
California, Berkeley.
He is most distinguished for his works and in depth researches in human mating strategies and
their relationships, conflicts arising between the sexes, prestige, social reputation, status,
emotional jealousy, homicide and most recently the issues related to stalking. David Buss along
with K. H. Craik has also analyzed and investigated on how certain traits specifically make up a
personality. He proposed the idea of Prototype theory into psychology of personality which says
that traits are used as a categorization of a personality which means that how strongly a trait
defines a certain personality. David buss differentiated between the short term and long term
mating strategies. He used the Sociosexual Orientation Inventory(SOI-R) for determining that if
the person is in favor of a long term serious relationship or a short term hookup. According to
David Buss’s research along with his colleagues he concluded through the experiment that men
who showed a woman’s face preferred a long term mating relationship whereas the other
category of men who showed woman’s body have an inclination towards keeping a short term
mating strategy. The same experiment was conducted with women but they revealed no specific

7. feature to determine their mating strategy for David Buss and his team. According to their
researches men and women face different challenges in terms of their role and gender which
determines their behavior today. Women face the challenges of pregnancy, bringing up a child
effectively enough to ensure his survival giving them the utmost care whereas men face the
challenges of providing resources, gene transfers to the off springs and surviving through the
uncertainty that becoming a parent brings with it.
David Buss has also devised Strategic Interference Theory (SIT) which states that men and
women deal differently with intersexual deception. Women as emotional beings get more
distressed over their partner’s involvement with others whereas men get emotionally worked up
over their partner’s display of sexual infidelity and lies.
Charles Spearman
harles Spearman was well known as the pioneer of factor analysis as a statistical technique to
reduce and interpret data. He was the first psychologist who used the application of mathematical
models for analyzing and interpreting the complexities present in human mind. He was an
English psychologist who gave the concept of General intelligence or more commonly g factor
through which he defined intelligence as a cognitive ability which can be measured and
expressed numerically. Using the technique of factor analysis, he conducted a study to prove this
theory through which he observed and inferred that people with higher intelligence levels did
well on series of mental aptitude tests whereas people with lower intelligence did not perform

8. well enough on all these tests. His most famous statistical invention Spearman’s rank correlation
coefficient is used to measure statistical dependence between two variables.
Born in London, United Kingdom on 10th September 1863 he showed an unusual talent and
ability of becoming a psychologist from childhood. He started off his career by joining the
British army. After serving the British army for 15 years he resigned to study for a PhD in
experimental psychology. Since Spearman had no previous required qualifications for the degree
of his choice he decided to study at University of Leipzig, Germany, which had liberal entrance
policies, under the supervision of Wilhelm Wundt. Spearman’s numerous achievements also
include his association as a professor of mind and logic in place of William McDougall at
University College, London. Mcdougall got so impressed by the aptitude and capabilities of
Spearman that he recommended him to teach at University College, London as a substitute for
him. Spearman stayed and taught at University College, London until he retired in 1931. He
obtained the entitlement of professor of psychology in 1928 when a separate department of
psychology was created at the university.
His most influential g factor theory served as a stepping stone for intelligence theories. He
identified g as a specific quantity which came out as an outcome of statistical operations. He also
divided the intelligence score of a person into two categories, the one which remains constant
over the period of time termed as general factor or g whereas the other which changes from time
to time classified as specific factor. He also proposed that g factor is composed of two different
capabilities that are related to each other very closely. He identified these two abilities as
“eductive” and “reproductive” ability. There was another factor observed by Charles Spearman
in assessing intelligence which he named as special factor. Individuals who scored higher on
tests persistently possessed the special factor in intelligence.
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9. Anna Freud
ud is considered the co-founder of psychoanalytic child psychology along with Melanie Klein.
She was born on 3rd December 1895 in Vienna, Austria. Her formal education did not play a
significant role in her learning instead, she gained a lot of knowledge and learned from her
father Sigmund Freud and the guests he hosted at home. She learnt and became fluent in many
languages including German, Hebrew and French by serving them as a host. Born as the sixth
and last child to Sigmund Freud and Martha Barneys she worked extensively on psychoanalysis
with his father. She spent an unhappy childhood which instigated a yearning in her to study child
psychology.
Anna was more focused on studying about children and adolescents, unlike, her father who was
more into adult psychoanalysis. She made a profound impact on development of ego psychology;
she always followed her father’s theories and proposition regarding the subject. She described
the mechanism of defense system of the human psyche as well as that of adolescents. The
Freudian concept of psychology well known as ego psychology represents today the social and
developmental issues that are surrounded by Freudian concept. Anna Freud was not particularly
a theoretician. Her interests and inclinations were more devoted towards development of children
and adolescents whereas his father was more into adult psychology. Dealing with children as a
therapist is a different matter altogether as their defense mechanisms are not built and they
cannot express their emotions more clearly so Anna Freud designed and developed a different
methodology to deal with adolescents.

10. She contributed a lot to the study of personality and her contributions mainly came through the
studies conducted when she was working at Hampstead Child Therapy Clinic in London. She
found out, that the major problem lied among the communication between therapists as well as
there was a different method of dealing with children than with adults. She studied that a child’s
problem should be dealt and solved on an immediate basis after studying his behavior in
different aspects of his life, if there was major difference in his eating pattern, his relationships,
attitudes and his lifestyle from other children of his age then it was to be assumed by a clinician
that there is a shortcoming that should be addressed promptly. A child is in his developmental
stages of life and so his problems should be resolved on immediate basis to strengthen healthy
mind and body.
John Dewey was a well-known American psychologist, western philosopher as well as an
education reformer whose ideology is of exceptional significance in the social and educational
reforms. He was one who laid down the foundation for the development of functional
psychology. Also, he was a significant representative of the liberalism and progressive
educational philosophy. Born on October 20th, 1859 in Burlington, Vermont he attended and
graduated from the University of Vermont in 1879. After that, he served as a teacher at a high
school in oil city in Pennsylvania. He completed PhD. from the School of Arts & Sciences at
Johns Hopkins University and later accepted a position as faculty at the University of Michigan

11. with the assistance of George Sylvester Morris. His unpublished and missing dissertation was
entitled as “The Psychology of Kant.” After serving there for ten years, Dewey joined University
of Chicago. He served at the university till 1904.
John Dewey was a reflective thinker. The major locus of Dewey’s philosophical pursuits
throughout his research career was epistemology. This subject of philosophy is alternatively
known as theory of knowledge. John Dewey was the foremost proponent of the American school
of thought known as pragmatism. It is an ideology that dismisses the theory of dualistic
epistemology as well as metaphysics concerning modern philosophy in approval of a naturalistic
approach. The naturalistic approach viewed knowledge as coming from an active transformation
of the human species to their environment. According to this view, a person should inquire about
his environment and observe the world actively to drawing ideas and check if their ideas
correspond to reality or not. The naturalistic approach is a process which starts off with a check
or an impediment to fruitful human action, proceeds to active manipulation of the environment to
test hypotheses. After the hypothesis is tested a re-adaptation of organism is issued to actively
participate in the environment that permits once again for the beginning of human action. John
Dewey designed and developed a wide body of work that encompasses virtually all of the major
areas of philosophical concern of his time, with this ideology as his beginning point. He also
wrote extensively on social issues in popular publications such as the New Republic, eventually
gaining a distinction of being a top-notch social commentator.

12. Burrhus Frederick Skinner(B. F. Skinner), the man well known as a behaviorist, psychologist,
author, inventor and social philosopher was born on March 20th 1904, the man proved himself to
be an accomplished psychologist by writing a whole new chapter in behavioral psychology. He
was born and raised in Pennsylvania where he received his early education, after which he
graduated from Hamilton college in New York where he decided to become a writer. His
theories on behaviorism have made a profound impact on developing a revolutionary school of
thought known as Radical Behaviorism.
One of his ground-breaking inventions was the operant conditioning chamber, which is also
called Skinner box. The skinner box consisted of a lever, a food tray and a rat which can feed
itself by pressing the lever. Each time a rat was put into that box it would run and sniff around
for the food eventually identifying the correct spot, pressing the lever and getting the food pellet.
After the first successful attempt, the rat got used to the box and hit many successful attempts
resulting in getting food as a reward until it satiated its hunger. BF Skinner formulated the
principle of reinforcement through this experiment. The studies indicated and confirmed his
belief that human free will is not a phenomenal reality but an indicator of results produced by the
actions performed. Reinforcement processes indicated that a positive action beget a positive
consequence and a negative action beget a negative consequence, so positive and negative
consequences of actions reinforces a person to perform what brings about a positive outcome or

13. reward and avoid the negative actions to stay clear of punishments. He redefined the meaning of
free will by proposing the revolutionary concept of behaviorism. The therapy technique of
behavior modification resulted from his theories on reinforcement and behaviorism. The
significant concept identified by proposition of this theory is reinforcement which can be
controlled by shaping. Shaping and controlling are the fundamental concepts underlying theory
of reinforcement. B. F. Skinner also conducted his experiments on a device called verbal
summator to analyze the theories of verbal behavior and he also conducted an analysis about
superstitious phenomena on pigeons.