This document provides information about the Narmada Bachao Andolan movement in India. It began as a social movement opposing large dams being built across the Narmada River in the states of Gujarat and Madhya Pradesh. The movement, led by Medha Patkar and Baba Amte, campaigns through hunger strikes and garnering support from celebrities. It was formed to give voice to the concerns of adivasis, farmers and environmentalists about the negative impacts of the dams, especially the Sardar Sarovar Dam, on local communities without proper rehabilitation efforts. The movement received the Right Livelihood Award in 1991 for its activism on the issue.

1. NAME: DIPTY AGARWAL
CLASS: 10
SECTION: B
ROLL NUMBER:11
REGISTRATION NUMBER: B114084140067
SUBJECT: SCIENCE

2. WATER
RECYCLING

3. INTRODUCTION
Reclaimed water or recycled water is former
wastewater that is treated to remove solids and
certain impurities, and used is sustainable
landscaping irrigation or to recharge groundwater
aquifers. The purpose of these processes is
sustainability and water conservation, rather than
discharging the treated water to surface water such
as rivers and oceans. In some cases, recycled water
can be used for streamflow augmentation to
benefit ecosystems and improve aesthetics

4. How Can Water Recycling Benefit
Us?
Water recycling provides enormous environmental benefits. It also
provides an additional source of water for various purposes. This a list of
some benefits that water recycling can present.
•Water recycling decreases the extraction of water form sources that may
be dwindling and may stop being viable as habitats for valuable and
endangered wildlife.
•Recycling wastewater can decrease the discharge of effluents that may
damage and pollute the ecosystems of the sensitive bodies of water.
•Recycled water can be used to create new wetlands or to enhance and
improve the quality of existing ones.
•Water recycling can reduce and prevent pollution by leaving damaging
pollutants at the treatment plant.

5. LIMITATIONS
With mounting water issues, municipalities
are under stress to provide water (potable
and non-potable) to industrial, commercial,
and residential segments. Though
wastewater recycling and reuse is an
option to meet water requirements, some
factors are limiting its use, such as:
• High price sensitivity towards advanced
wastewater treatment systems
• Negative perception about wastewater
recycling
• Lack of technological awareness and
skilled manpower
• Fragmented nature of the market
• Weak enforcement of regulations and
policies

6. Why recycle water?
Increasing population means that the demand for
water is increasing. To ensure that we have
enough water to meet our present and future
needs, we need to conserve water and expand
the use of recycled water.

7. NAME: DIPTY AGARWAL
CLASS: 10
SECTION: B
ROLL NUMBER:11
REGISTRATION NUMBER: B114084140067
SUBJECT: SCIENCE

8. HARDNESS OF WATER

9. INTRODUCTION
Hard water is any water containing an
appreciable quantity of dissolved
minerals. Soft water is treated water
in which the only cation (positively
charged ion) is sodium. The minerals
in water give it a characteristic taste.
Some natural mineral waters are
highly sought for their flavor and the
health benefits they may confer. Soft
water, on the other hand, may taste
salty and may not be suitable for
drinking.

10. Water's
hardness
is
determined
by
the concentration of multivalent cations in the water.
Multivalent cations are cations (positively charged metal
complexes) with a charge greater than 1+. Usually, the
cations have the charge of 2+. Common cations found in
hard water include Ca2+ and Mg2+. These ions enter a
water supply by leaching from minerals within an aquifer.
Commoncalcium-containing
minerals
are calcite and gypsum. A common magnesium mineral
is
dolomite
(which
also
contains
calcium). Rainwater and distilled water are soft, because
they contain fewions.[2]
The
following
equilibrium
reaction
describes
the dissolving/formation of calcium carbonate scale:
CaCO3 + CO2 + H2O ⇋ Ca2+ + 2HCO3−
Calcium carbonate scale formed in water-heating systems
is called limescale.

11. SOFTENING
It is often desirable to soften hard water. Most detergents contain
ingredients that counteract the effects of hard water on the
surfactants. For this reason, water softening is often unnecessary.
Where softening is practiced, it is often recommended to soften only
the water sent to domestic hot water systems so as to prevent or delay
inefficiencies and damage due to scale formation in water heaters. A
common method for water softening involves the use of ion exchange
resins, which replace ions like Ca2+ by twice the number of
monocations such as sodium or potassiumions.

12. NAME: DIPTY AGARWAL
CLASS: 10
SECTION: B
ROLL NUMBER:11
REGISTRATION NUMBER: B114084140067
SUBJECT: SCIENCE

13. WATER AS AN ENERGY
RESOURCE

14. WATER AS AN ENERGY RESOURCE

15. TIDAL ENERGY
Tidal power is the only form of energy which derives directly from the relative
motions of the Earth–Moon system, and to a lesser extent from the Earth–
Sun system. The tidal forces produced by the Moon and Sun, in combination
with Earth’s rotation, are responsible for the generation of the tides..
Tidal power, also called tidal energy, is a form of hydropower that
converts the energy of tides into electricity or other useful forms of
power.
Although not yet widely used, tidal power has potential for future electricity
generation. Tides are more predictable than wind energy and solar power. Among
sources of renewable energy, tidal power has traditionally suffered from relatively high
cost and limited availability of sites with sufficiently high tidal ranges or flow velocities,
thus constricting its total availability. However, many recent technological
developments and improvements, both in design (e.g. dynamic tidal power, tidal
lagoons) and turbine technology (e.g. new axial turbines, crossflow turbines), indicate
that the total availability of tidal power may be much higher than previously assumed,
and that economic and environmental costs may be brought down to competitive
levels.
Because the Earth’s tides are caused by the tidal forces due to
gravitational interaction with the Moon and Sun, and the Earth’s rotation, tidal
power is practically inexhaustible and classified as a renewable energy source.

16. HOW TIDE GENERATES:
Tidal energy is generated by the relative motion of the water which interact
via gravity. Periodic changes of
water levels, and associated tidal currents, are due to the gravitational attrac
tion by the Sun and Moon.
The magnitude of the tide at a location is the result of the changing positio
ns of the Moon and Sun relative to the Earth, the effects of Earth rotation, and
the local shape of the sea floor and coastlines. Because the Earth’s tides are
caused by the tidal
forces due to gravitational interaction with the Moon and Sun, and the Earth’s
rotation, tidal power is practically inexhaustible and classified as a renewable energy
source. A tidal generator uses this phenomenon to generate electricity.
The stronger the tide, either in water level
height or tidal current velocities, the greater the potential for tidal electricity
generation..
Location
Historically, tidal mills were usually built on inlets branching off tidal estuaries. An
estuary is a wide part of a river where it meets the sea. It creates a unique
environment because both freshwater and saltwater are present. Tidal estuaries are
characterized by narrow, shallow channels with a relatively constant width and depth.
Tides are greatly amplified in these areas of smaller volume, which causes the tide to
travel up the river.

17. WAVE ENERGY
Wave energy is produced when electricity generators are placed on the
surface of the ocean. The energy provided is most often used in desalination
plants, power plants and water pumps. Energy output is determined by wave
height, wave speed, wavelength, and water density. To date there are only a
handful of experimental wave generator plants in operation around the world.
Wave energy is a renewable energy resource created by large storms hundreds of
kilometres offshore that generate and transmit huge amounts of energy which
travels great distances (via swell) and mixes with local influences (seas) to arrive at
our shores. It is a genuinely renewable energy source and distinct from tidal energy.
Wave energy is generally considered to be the most concentrated and least
variable form of renewable energy. It is the high power density of wave energy
that suggests it has the capacity to become the lowest cost renewable energy
source.
The World Energy Council has estimated that approximately 2 terawatts (2 million
megawatts), about double current world electricity production, could be produced
from the oceans via wave power. It is estimated that 1 million gigawatt hours of
wave energy hits Australian shores annually and that 25% of the UK's current
power usage could be supplied by harvesting its wave resource.

18. HYDROELECTRIC POWER
Hydroelectricity is the term referring to electricity generated by hydropower; the
production of electrical power through the use of the gravitational force of falling or
flowing water. It is the most widely used form of renewable energy, accounting for 16
percent of global electricity generation – 3,427 terawatt-hours of electricity
production in 2010,[1] and is expected to increase about 3.1% each year for the next 25
years.
Hydropower is produced in 150 countries, with the Asia-Pacific region generating 32
percent of global hydropower in 2010. China is the largest hydroelectricity producer,
with 721 terawatt-hours of production in 2010, representing around 17 percent of
domestic electricity use. There are now three hydroelectricity plants larger than 10
GW: the Three Gorges Dam in China, Itaipu Dam across the Brazil/Paraguay border,
and Guri Dam in Venezuela.[1]
The cost of hydroelectricity is relatively low, making it a competitive source of
renewable electricity. The average cost of electricity from a hydro plant larger than 10
megawatts is 3 to 5 U.S. cents per kilowatt-hour.[1] However, damming interrupts the
flow of rivers and can harm local ecosystems, and building large dams and reservoirs
often involves displacing people and wildlife.[1] Once a hydroelectric complex is
constructed, the project produces no direct waste, and has a considerably lower
output level of the greenhouse gas carbon dioxide (CO2) than fossil fuel powered
energy plants.

19. NAME: DIPTY AGARWAL
CLASS: 10
SECTION: B
ROLL NUMBER:11
REGISTRATION NUMBER: B114084140067
SUBJECT: SOCIAL SCIENCE

20. SUSTAINABILITY OF GROUND
WATER.

21. SUSTAINABILITY OF GROUND WATER.

22. INTRODUCTION
Groundwater
The importance of groundwater for the existence of human society cannot
be overemphasized. Groundwater is the major source of drinking water in
both urban and rural India. Besides, it is an important source of water for the
agricultural and the industrial sector. Water utilization projections for 2000
put the groundwater usage at about 50%. Being an important and integral
part of the hydrological cycle, its availability depends on the rainfall and
recharge conditions. Till recently it had been considered a dependable
source of uncontaminated water.
The demand for water has increased over the years and this has
led to water scarcity in many parts of the world. The situation is
aggravated by the problem of water pollution or contamination.
India is heading towards a freshwater crisis mainly due to improper
management of water resources and environmental degradation, which
has lead to a lack of access to safe water supply to millions of people.
This freshwater crisis is already evident in many parts of India, varying
in scale and intensity depending mainly on the time of the year

23. The National Water Policy (1987)
states that water is a prime natural
resource, basic human need, and
precious national asset. It gives
special attention to drinking water for
both humans and animals over its
other uses. The policy calls for
controls on the exploitation of
groundwater through regulation and
an integrated and coordinated
development of surface- and groundwater. The central government has
identified strategies for meeting
drinking water needs and microwatershed
management
and
conducted pilot projects in different
regions in the country. Even so, India
is facing a freshwater crisis.
•Groundwater crisis is not the result of natural
factors; it has been caused by human actions.
During the past two decades, the water level in
several parts of the country has been falling rapidly
due to an increase in extraction.
•The number of wells drilled for irrigation of both
food and cash crops have rapidly and
indiscriminately increased.
•India's rapidly rising population and changing
lifestyles has also increased the domestic need for
water. The water requirement for the industry also
shows an overall increase.
•Intense competition among users — agriculture,
industry, and domestic sectors — is driving the
groundwater table lower.

24. NAME: DIPTY AGARWAL
CLASS: 10
SECTION: B
ROLL NUMBER:11
REGISTRATION NUMBER: B114084140067
SUBJECT: SOCIAL SCIENCE

25. CONSERVATION OF WATER

26. WHAT IS WATER CONSERVATION?
Water conservation encompasses the policies, strategies and activities
to manage fresh water as a sustainable resource to protect the water
environment and to meet current and future human demand.
AIMS OF CONSERVATION
- Revive traditional structures as well as create new infrastructure for
water conservation
- Increase the groundwater recharge in the watershed area
- Increase water use efficiency in agriculture and domestic sectors by
ensuring the adoption of water management techniques
- Conserve fertile soil through soil and moisture conservation

27. RAINWATER HARVESTING
In urban areas, the construction of houses, footpaths and roads has left little
exposed earth for water to soak in. In parts of the rural areas of India,
floodwater quickly flows to the rivers, which then dry up soon after the rains
stop. If this water can be held back, it can seep into the ground and recharge
the groundwater supply.
This has become a very popular method of conserving water especially in
the urban areas. Rainwater harvesting essentially means collecting
rainwater on the roofs of building and storing it underground for later use.
Not only does this recharging arrest groundwater depletion, it also raises
the declining water table and can help augment water supply. Rainwater
harvesting and artificial recharging are becoming very important issues. It
is essential to stop the decline in groundwater levels, arrest sea-water
ingress, i.e. prevent sea-water from moving landward, and conserve
surface water run-off during the rainy season.

28. WATER CONSERVATION
The most important step in the direction of finding solutions to issues
of water and environmental conservation is to change people's
attitudes and habits¾this includes each one of us. Conserve water
because it is the right thing to do. We can follow some of the simple
things that have been listed below and contribute to water
conservation.
•Try to do one thing each day that will result in saving water. Don't
worry if the savings are minimal¾every drop counts! You can make a
difference.
•Remember to use only the amount you actually need.
•Form a group of water-conscious people and encourage your friends
and neighbours to be part of this group. Promote water conservation
in community newsletters and on bulletin boards. Encourage your
friends, neighbours and co-workers to also contribute.
•Encourage your family to keep looking for new ways to conserve
water in and around your home.

31. POLITICAL DEVELOPMENT
NARMADA BACHAO MOVEMENT

32. NARMADA BACHAO
MOVEMENT
Narmada Bachao Andolan (NBA) is a social movement
consisting of adivasis, farmers , environmentalists,and
human rights activists against a number of large dams
being built across the Narmada river. The river flows
through the states of Gujarat, and Madhya Pradesh in
India. Sardar Sarovar Dam in Gujarat is one of the
biggest dams on the river and was one of the first focal
points of the movement. Friends of River Narmada is the
unofficial website of the NBA.

33. CAMPAIGNS..
Their mode of campaign includes hunger strikes and
garnering support from film and art personalities(notably
Bollywood actor Amir Khan). Narmada Bachao Andolan,
with its leading spokespersons Medha Patkar and Baba Amte,
received the Right Livelihood Award in 1991. History of the
dam project post-1947,investigations were carried out to
evaluate mechanisms for using water from the Narmada
River, which flows into the Arabian Sea after passing through
the states of Madhya Pradesh and Gujarat. Due to inter-state
difference in implementing schemes and sharing of water,the
Narmada Water Disputes Tribunal was constituted by the
Government of India on 6 October 1969 to adjudicate over
the disputes.

34. REASONS FOR THE
ANDOLAN
In 1985, after hearing about the Sardar Sarovar Dam, Medha
Patkar and her colleagues visited project site and noticed that
the project work being shelved due to an order by the Ministry
of Environment and Forests, Government of India.
The reasons for this was citedas “non-fulfillment of basic
environmental conditions and lack of completion of crucial
studies and plans.”What she noticed was thata the people who
were going to be affected given no information but for the offer
of rehabilitation. Due to this, the villagers had many questions
from why their permission was not taken to whether a good
assessment on ensuring destruction was taken. The World
Bank, the financing agency for this project, came into the
picture, Patkar approached the Ministry of Environment to
seek clarifications. She realized, after seeking answers from the
ministry, that the project was not sanctioned ata ll and
wondered as to how funds were even sanctioned by the World
Bank. After several studies, they realized that the officials had
overlooked the post-project problems.

35. NARMADA BACHAO ANDOLAN