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Presenter  Name:    Rachel  Vacek  
  
Session  Title:  Impact  the  UX  of  Your  Website  
with  Contextual  Inquiry  
  
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Thank You to Our Sponsors & Supporters!
Impact the UX of Your Website
with Contextual Inquiry
Rachel Vacek, Head of Web Services
University of Houston Libraries
Library 2.015 Worldwide Virtual Conference
October 20, 2015
@vacekrae
What is user experience (UX)?
User experience encompasses all aspects of
the end-user's interaction with the company,
its services, and its products.
- Jakob Nielsen and
Don Norman
hHp://www.nngroup.com/ar@cles/defini@on-­‐user-­‐experience/  
hHp://jjg.net/elements/pdf/elements.pdf  
hHp://seman@cstudios.com/user_experience_design/  
hHp://seman@cstudios.com/user_experience_design/  
What is contextual inquiry?
!  It’s a user-centered design (UCD) ethnographic
research method
!  It’s a series of structured, in-depth user
interviews
!  The interviewer asks the user to perform
common tasks that he/she would normally do
!  Human computer interaction
engineers created the
methodology in the late
1980s.
!  It’s based on theories from
several disciplines, including
anthropology, psychology
and design.
!  Contextual inquiries have
rarely been documented
through formal scholarly
communication.
hHp://www.lib.ncsu.edu/userstudies/studies/2010personainterviewsredesign  
How is contextual inquiry different
from other research methods?
Unlike web analytics, we can understand the
intent behind their actions. If it’s unclear, we
can ask them why they did something a
certain way.
Unlike surveys, we can interact with the users
and observe what they are doing. This is
much more accurate than self-reporting.
While surveys can be excellent tools for many questions,
and are attractive for LIS professionals because they can
reach many people economically, effective surveys
require knowledge of survey design and validation,
sampling methods, quantitative (and often qualitative)
data analysis, and other skills that require formal training
many LIS professionals do not possess. … Without
rigorous survey design and validation, data can lead to
results that are invalid, misleading, or simply not
meaningful to answer the question at hand.
- From “#DitchTheSurvey: Expanding
Methodological Diversity in LIS Research”
hHp://www.inthelibrarywiththeleadpipe.org/2015/ditchthesurvey-­‐expanding-­‐methodological-­‐diversity-­‐in-­‐lis-­‐research/  
Unlike usability testing, it’s not under
contrived conditions in a laboratory-like
setting. It’s what they would really do in real
life, not tasks we designed to test specific
parts of the system.
Unlike focus groups, an individual user is able
to talk about and show us in detail the way
he/she does things without the influence of
others.
…relying strictly on what students tell us in
focus groups is potentially incomplete … focus
group participants may share only what they
think we want to hear or they may fail to
accurately describe their library use. Listening is
important, but observation can yield
unexpected revelations.
- Stephen Bell, From the Bell Tower
column, Library Journal
hHp://lj.libraryjournal.com/2015/06/opinion/steven-­‐bell/not-­‐liking-­‐what-­‐users-­‐have-­‐to-­‐say-­‐listen-­‐anyway-­‐from-­‐the-­‐bell-­‐tower/#_  
What are the advantages of
contextual inquiry?
!  The open-ended nature of the interaction
makes it possible to reveal tacit knowledge.
!  The information produced by contextual
inquiry is highly reliable and highly detailed.
!  The technique is very flexible as you can
conduct interviews anywhere your users
are.
hHps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contextual_inquiry  
Users can show us what
they do rather than tell us,
and we can better
understand why they do it.
hHp://www.nngroup.com/ar@cles/which-­‐ux-­‐research-­‐methods/  
Once you invite [ethnographic] practices into the the everyday
way of doing things, it can be institutionally transformative. It
takes time. It is inexact at times. It requires reflection, the
backing away from assumptions, it involves being
uncomfortable with what is revealed. Institutions willing to take
on those complications can thrive … Institutions who want the
publicity that comes from ethnography but not the work, not the
ambiguity, and not the full-time commitment, will fall short.
- Dr. Donna Lanclos , Anthropologist
at UNC Charlotte
hHp://www.donnalanclos.com/?p=305  
What’s involved in
contextual design?
Contextual  Inquiry  
Interpreta@on  Sessions  
Sequence  Modeling  
Affinity  Diagramming  
Visioning  
Storyboarding  
User  Environment  Design  
Persona  Development  
Interac@on  and  Visual  Design  
Paper  Prototypes  and  Interviews  
Product  and  System  Requirements  
Talk with users, capture key issues,
understand as a team what is
important to users, and consolidate
the data
Set a direction based on what you
know about your users
Inspired  by  hHps://www.interac@on-­‐design.org/literature/book/the-­‐encyclopedia-­‐of-­‐human-­‐computer-­‐interac@on-­‐2nd-­‐ed/contextual-­‐design  
Design a system to support all the
research
Iterate designs and systems with users
Contextual  Inquiry  
Interpreta@on  Sessions  
Sequence  Modeling  
Affinity  Diagramming  
Visioning  
Persona  Development  
Set a direction based on what you
know about your users
Inspired  by  hHps://www.interac@on-­‐design.org/literature/book/the-­‐encyclopedia-­‐of-­‐human-­‐computer-­‐interac@on-­‐2nd-­‐ed/contextual-­‐design  
Talk with users, capture key issues,
understand as a team what is
important to users, and consolidate
the data
We are only going to review this first
half of the contextual design process.
Why did the Web Services
department decide to do this?
What we had done already
!  Reviewed web analytics
!  Observed web design and develop trends
!  Performed a literature review
!  Held focus groups with stakeholders
!  Conducted competitive analysis on
aspirational websites
!  Ran usability benchmark tests
We needed to talk
with the users of the site.
!  Surveys, focus groups, and analytics have not proven
that useful for us for getting actual data on how users
do research.
!  To many UCD practitioners, contextual inquiry is the
best way to understand user needs. It is the
foundational user research method at many UX firms.
!  Only one other academic library has done it formally
and published the study.
!  It’s the only method that can answer some of our
questions about how users do research.
  
We thought that going through
the data together
to get a shared understanding of
the users’ contexts would
be valuable.
It was.
Impact the UX of Your Website with Contextual Inquiry
What was the timeline?
November  
2014  
! Did  lots  of  
research  
  
! Defined  the  goal  
of  contextual  
inquiry  
  
! Planned  the  
interview  
ques@ons  
  
! Prepared  IRB  
applica@on  
  
December  
2014  
! Applied  for  IRB  
approval  
  
! Obtained  money  
for  par@cipa@on  
  
February  
2015  
January  
2015  
! Prepared  
materials  and  
gave  training  
about  contextual  
inquiry  to  Web  
Services  dept.  
  
! Study  was  
awarded  Exempt  
status  by  IRB  
  
! Refined  interview  
ques@ons  
  
! Recruited  and  
trained  library  
stakeholders  
  
March    
2015  
! Ran  pilot  
interviews  
  
! Recruited  and  
interviewed  users  
! Conducted  
interpreta@on  
sessions  
  
  
April    
2015  
! Con@nued  to  
interview  users  
! Conducted  
interpreta@on  
sessions  
  
! Created  sequence  
models  
  
! Created  personas  
May  
2015  
! Consolidated  
sequence  models  
  
! Did  affinity  
diagramming  
  
! Did  visioning  
  
! Prepared  final  
report  
  
So what is contextual inquiry?
What are interpretation sessions?
The interview process
!  Interviews were scheduled in advance at location
where user typically did research
!  Interviewer and note taker conducted
1-hour interviews with each user
!  Utilized master/apprentice model
!  Each participant received a gift card
!  Captured audio as well as hand-written notes
!  2-hour interpretation session followed each interview
within 24 hours
Impact the UX of Your Website with Contextual Inquiry
Livescribe 2GB Echo Smartpen (~$120)
hHp://@nyurl.com/pr96xmg  
Impact the UX of Your Website with Contextual Inquiry
Impact the UX of Your Website with Contextual Inquiry
Impact the UX of Your Website with Contextual Inquiry
Who did we interview?
Undergraduates (8)*
•  Geology and
Geophysics
•  Civil and Environmental
Engineering
•  Biochemistry
•  Business Finance
•  Graphic Design
•  Chemical Engineering
•  History
•  English Literature
Graduate Students (3)
•  Construction
Management
•  Social Work
•  Library & Information
Science
Faculty (1)
•  Classical Rhetoric
*  Three  of  the  undergrads  were  also  students  in  the  Honors  College  
Where did we interview them?
We observed how
they did research
in the context
of their daily lives.
!  M.D. Anderson Library – Quiet zones
!  M.D. Anderson Library – Business zones
!  M.D. Anderson Library – Learning Commons
!  M.D. Anderson Library – Instruction Room 106-R
!  M.D. Anderson Library – Academic Research
Center
!  Department of Earth & Atmospheric Science
Computer Lab
!  Student Center – Legacy Lounge
!  The Nook coffee shop
!  Faculty member’s office
What are the team roles for
the interpretation sessions?
!  Interviewer tells the story of the interview
!  Interview note taker helps tell the story
!  Interpretation session note taker records
thoughts and observations of the team as
notes for an affinity diagram
!  Moderator keeps the meeting focused on the
session objectives and makes sure everyone is
involved
!  Designer generates sequence models as the
interview story is told
!  Additional team members / stakeholders
contribute thoughts and observations
Our interpretation team*
!  Interviewer - Rachel/Robert
!  Interview note taker - Rachel/Robert
!  Interpretation session note taker - Sean/Keith
!  Moderator - Sean/Keith
!  Designer - J
!  Stakeholders** - Kelsey, Frederick, Lisa, Ashley,
Cherie
*  Everyone  in  Web  Services  (Rachel,  Robert,  Sean,  Keith,  J)  par@cipated  in  some  way    
**  Librarians  from  Liaison  Services  and  Resource  Discovery  Systems  departments  to  help  analyze  the  data  
Impact the UX of Your Website with Contextual Inquiry
What are the goals of an
interpretation session?
1.  To make sense of data
2.  To understand intent
3.  To move towards insights
So what does this whole
process look like?
Interview:  
Par@cipant  1  
Interpreta@on  
Session:  
Par@cipant  1  
Interview:  
Par@cipant  2  
Interpreta@on  
Session:  
Par@cipant  2  
Interview:  
Par@cipant  10  
Interpreta@on  
Session:  
Par@cipant  10  
Affinity  
Diagraming  
Sessions  
Consolidate  
Sequence  
Models  
Sessions  
Persona  
Development  
Sessions  
Visioning  
Sessions  
Gather  
research  into  
report  
Share  work  
with  others  
What is captured in an
interpretation session?
!  Interpretations of events, use of tools,
problems, and opportunities
!  Important characteristics of the work
!  Breakdowns in the work
!  Cultural influences
!  Design ideas (flagged with DI:)
!  Questions or uncertainty about something
from the interview (flagged with a Q:)
!  Insightful user quotes
Thoughts were captured in a Word document
template so we could easily print them out onto
sticky notes.
We also
captured
insights from
discussing the
data.
At the end of the interviews and interpretation
sessions, we had:
!  User profile data that helped us build
personas
!  Captured notes that were combined to build
an affinity diagram
•  We generated ~75 notes per interpretation
session
!  A list of insights from discussing the data
!  A series of sequence models for an individual
participant
What’s a sequence model?
A sequence model is a diagram
that show the order in which each
participant completed each of
their tasks.
A consolidated sequence model is
a diagram that displays all the
participants’ diagrams together.
A model provides a shared
understanding of the user data, a shared
language for the design team, and an
easily understandable deliverable for
communication outside the design team.
- Jon Kolko, Founder
& Director of The Austin
Center for Design
hHp://www.jonkolko.com/projectFiles/scad/IDUS215_03_Ethnography_AnalyzingData1_ContextualDesign.pdf  
What are the components of
a sequence model?
!  The step: The actual thing the user did at the
appropriate level of detail.
!  The trigger: The situation(s) that prompts a user
to start a new task or a particular step. A trigger
always starts a sequence.
!  The intent:  The reason, known or unconscious,
the user is doing the task or the step. The more
intents you can identify, the better for your
future design.
!  A breakdown: A point in the sequence where
the direct path to fulfilling the intent breaks
down, and the user must devise a workaround
or quit.
What do they look like?
•  Interpreta@ons  of  events,  use  of  ar@facts,  problems,  
and  opportuni@es  
•  Important  characteris@cs  of  the  work  
•  Breakdowns  in  the  work  
•  Cultural  influences  
•  Design  ideas  (flag  with  DI:)  
•  Ques@ons  for  future  interviews  (flag  with  a  Q:)  
•  Insighoul  customer  quotes  
hHps://www.interac@on-­‐design.org/literature/book/the-­‐encyclopedia-­‐of-­‐human-­‐computer-­‐interac@on-­‐2nd-­‐ed/contextual-­‐design  
hHps://interac@oncultureclass.files.wordpress.com/2008/11/seq_model.jpg  
hHp://sta@c.squarespace.com/sta@c  510417dbe4b0554384f78c51/51ca85bde4b03f5551914111/51ca85c8e4b07cb3e84e986d/
1372227055762/01_sequence_model.jpg  
Impact the UX of Your Website with Contextual Inquiry
Impact the UX of Your Website with Contextual Inquiry
TITLE: Find Specific Book By Title
INTENT: find a specific book by title
TRIGGER: need a specific book to complete a task
learns from BlackBoard he needs a specific book
Sequence #4
U01 2/27/2015
opens new tab
types in U of H Library
clicks on top link (info.lib.uh.edu)
clicks on catalog tab in search box
clicks on “title” link
goes to desktoptypes in “Tipping Point”
goes to desktopfirst selects by publication date
goes to desktopBD: book not available locally (MD Anderson)
goes to desktopRequests book to be places on hold
goes to desktopBD: realizes book won’t be available for 2 days
PAGE 1/2
writes call number down on paper
The sequence models help
direct design decisions
on what to do as well as
what not to do.
We learned what breakdowns exist
and can make design decisions
to help users more easily recover
from the inevitable breakdowns.
What are affinity diagrams?
!  They are hierarchical representations of the
issues for your user population built from
interpretation session affinity notes.
!  They group the data into key issues under labels
that reveal users’ needs.
!  They show in one place the common issues,
themes, and scope across all users.
!  The issues and themes translate well into user
requirements and user stories.
Affinity diagrams synthesize
major themes and issues for each
of three different types of users.
!  The objective of an affinity diagram in a
contextual inquiry is to identify user needs.
!  As low-level insights and ideas are
grouped, labels are assigned that
articulate a consolidated user need.
!  These needs are then grouped into a
higher level need, which themselves are
grouped under a theme.
Top Level: Theme
Second Level: Consolidated
user needs, often
articulated in the voice of
the user
Third level: Individual user
needs, always in the voice
of the user
Fourth Level: Ideas, insights,
and observations from the
user interview interpretation
sessions
Impact the UX of Your Website with Contextual Inquiry
Impact the UX of Your Website with Contextual Inquiry
Impact the UX of Your Website with Contextual Inquiry
Major themes of our affinities
!  Discoverability of resources
!  Valuing physical space and their
resources
!  Information overload
!  Organization and efficiency
!  Collaboration and exploration
!  Lack of confidence and trust
!  Resource medium is important to me
(These  are  from  the  green s-cky  notes.)  
What are personas?
!  Personas are fictional characters created to
represent the different user types that might
use a site, brand, or product.
!  They embody the characteristics,
behaviors, and needs observed through
user interviews.
!  They help project team members and
stakeholders develop a shared
understanding of what the users might
need in a variety of scenarios.
Impact the UX of Your Website with Contextual Inquiry
Impact the UX of Your Website with Contextual Inquiry
What is visioning?
!  Visioning is where the team uses the
consolidated data to drive conversations
about how to improve users' work.
!  A vision includes the system, its delivery,
and support structures to make the new
work practice successful.
!  It sets a possible design direction, without
fleshing out every detail. This enables the
team to see the overall structure of the
solution and ensure its coherence.
hHps://www.interac@on-­‐design.org/literature/book/the-­‐encyclopedia-­‐of-­‐human-­‐computer-­‐interac@on-­‐2nd-­‐ed/contextual-­‐design  
Impact the UX of Your Website with Contextual Inquiry
What happens next?
Contextual  Inquiry  
Interpreta@on  Sessions  
Sequence  Modeling  
Affinity  Diagramming  
Visioning  
Storyboarding  
User  Environment  Design  
Persona  Development  
Interac@on  and  Visual  Design  
Paper  Prototypes  and  Interviews  
Product  and  System  Requirements  
Talk with users, capture key issues,
understand as a team what is
important to users, and consolidate
the data
Set a direction based on what you
know about your users
Inspired  by  hHps://www.interac@on-­‐design.org/literature/book/the-­‐encyclopedia-­‐of-­‐human-­‐computer-­‐interac@on-­‐2nd-­‐ed/contextual-­‐design  
Design a system to support all the
research
Iterate designs and systems with users
What were the challenges of
doing contextual inquiry?
!  It’s time-intensive. It took us 7 months from writing
the IRB to finishing the final report.
!  It’s resource-intensive. Although a lot of the work
was done by 1 or 2 people, there were 10 people
involved in interpretation sessions and affinity
diagramming sessions.
!  Lead investigators need training and familiarity
with overall process and especially with analyzing
large amounts of data.
!  You need incentives for 10+ users to participate in
hour long interviews.
!  You need space for affinity diagramming.
What were the advantages of
doing contextual inquiry?
!  It produced an incredible amount of in-depth,
rich qualitative data that can be used by multiple
departments within the library.
!  We better understand our users and their
research process.
!  We developed robust personas that can be used
for spaces and services throughout the library,
not just the website.
!  We have a final report to share with colleagues
at UH and other libraries about our methodology,
findings, and future directions.
!  We have a better understanding of where
breakdowns exist.
!  We will be able to create a website that is more
responsive to our users’ needs.
References
Beyer, H., & Holtzblatt, K. (1997). Contextual design: defining customer-centered systems.
Elsevier.
Dempsey, L. (2014, November). Thinking about Technology . . . Differently. Speech
presented at LITA Forum 2014, Albuquerque, NM.
Holtzblatt, K., & Jones, S. (1993). Contextual inquiry: a participatory technique for system
design. Participatory design: principles and practice. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
Holtzblatt, K., Wendell, J. B., & Wood, S. (2004). Rapid contextual design: a how-to guide to
key techniques for user-centered design. Elsevier.
Kolko, J. (2015, February). How to Use Empathy to Create Products People Love. Speech
presented at the Designing for Digital Conference, Austin, TX.
Makri, S., Blandford, A., & Cox, A. L. (2006). Studying Law students’ information seeking
behaviour to inform the design of digital law libraries. Presented at: 10th European
Conference on Research and Advanced Technology for Digital Libraries 2006 (ECDL2006),
Alicante, Spain.
Notess, M. (2004). Three looks at users: a comparison of methods for studying digital library
use. Information Research, 9(3), 9-3.
Raven, M. E., & Flanders, A. (1996). Using contextual inquiry to learn about your audiences.
ACM SIGDOC Asterisk Journal of Computer Documentation, 20(1), 1-13.
Thank you!
Rachel Vacek
Head of Web Services
University of Houston Libraries
rachelvacek.com
vacekrae@gmail.com
@vacekrae
All our user research is publically available at:
sites.lib.uh.edu/wp/website-redesign/

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Impact the UX of Your Website with Contextual Inquiry

  • 1.   Presenter  Name:    Rachel  Vacek     Session  Title:  Impact  the  UX  of  Your  Website   with  Contextual  Inquiry     ParDcipants,  while  you  are  waiDng…     •  Configure  your  audio:    Tools  >  Audio  >  Audio  Setup  Wizard   •  Share  your  profile:    Edit  >  Preferences  >  Profile   •  To  view  profiles  of  par@cipants:  Hover  cursor  over  par@cipant’s  name   •  Connect  with  other  par@cipants  using  the  chat,  to  the  leE  of  this  slide.   •  Tweet  using  hashtag  #Lib2015 Presenter:  start  the  recording  when  you  begin  your  session  
  • 2. Thank You to Our Sponsors & Supporters!
  • 3. Impact the UX of Your Website with Contextual Inquiry Rachel Vacek, Head of Web Services University of Houston Libraries Library 2.015 Worldwide Virtual Conference October 20, 2015 @vacekrae
  • 4. What is user experience (UX)?
  • 5. User experience encompasses all aspects of the end-user's interaction with the company, its services, and its products. - Jakob Nielsen and Don Norman hHp://www.nngroup.com/ar@cles/defini@on-­‐user-­‐experience/  
  • 10. !  It’s a user-centered design (UCD) ethnographic research method !  It’s a series of structured, in-depth user interviews !  The interviewer asks the user to perform common tasks that he/she would normally do
  • 11. !  Human computer interaction engineers created the methodology in the late 1980s. !  It’s based on theories from several disciplines, including anthropology, psychology and design. !  Contextual inquiries have rarely been documented through formal scholarly communication.
  • 13. How is contextual inquiry different from other research methods?
  • 14. Unlike web analytics, we can understand the intent behind their actions. If it’s unclear, we can ask them why they did something a certain way.
  • 15. Unlike surveys, we can interact with the users and observe what they are doing. This is much more accurate than self-reporting.
  • 16. While surveys can be excellent tools for many questions, and are attractive for LIS professionals because they can reach many people economically, effective surveys require knowledge of survey design and validation, sampling methods, quantitative (and often qualitative) data analysis, and other skills that require formal training many LIS professionals do not possess. … Without rigorous survey design and validation, data can lead to results that are invalid, misleading, or simply not meaningful to answer the question at hand. - From “#DitchTheSurvey: Expanding Methodological Diversity in LIS Research” hHp://www.inthelibrarywiththeleadpipe.org/2015/ditchthesurvey-­‐expanding-­‐methodological-­‐diversity-­‐in-­‐lis-­‐research/  
  • 17. Unlike usability testing, it’s not under contrived conditions in a laboratory-like setting. It’s what they would really do in real life, not tasks we designed to test specific parts of the system.
  • 18. Unlike focus groups, an individual user is able to talk about and show us in detail the way he/she does things without the influence of others.
  • 19. …relying strictly on what students tell us in focus groups is potentially incomplete … focus group participants may share only what they think we want to hear or they may fail to accurately describe their library use. Listening is important, but observation can yield unexpected revelations. - Stephen Bell, From the Bell Tower column, Library Journal hHp://lj.libraryjournal.com/2015/06/opinion/steven-­‐bell/not-­‐liking-­‐what-­‐users-­‐have-­‐to-­‐say-­‐listen-­‐anyway-­‐from-­‐the-­‐bell-­‐tower/#_  
  • 20. What are the advantages of contextual inquiry?
  • 21. !  The open-ended nature of the interaction makes it possible to reveal tacit knowledge. !  The information produced by contextual inquiry is highly reliable and highly detailed. !  The technique is very flexible as you can conduct interviews anywhere your users are. hHps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contextual_inquiry  
  • 22. Users can show us what they do rather than tell us, and we can better understand why they do it.
  • 24. Once you invite [ethnographic] practices into the the everyday way of doing things, it can be institutionally transformative. It takes time. It is inexact at times. It requires reflection, the backing away from assumptions, it involves being uncomfortable with what is revealed. Institutions willing to take on those complications can thrive … Institutions who want the publicity that comes from ethnography but not the work, not the ambiguity, and not the full-time commitment, will fall short. - Dr. Donna Lanclos , Anthropologist at UNC Charlotte hHp://www.donnalanclos.com/?p=305  
  • 26. Contextual  Inquiry   Interpreta@on  Sessions   Sequence  Modeling   Affinity  Diagramming   Visioning   Storyboarding   User  Environment  Design   Persona  Development   Interac@on  and  Visual  Design   Paper  Prototypes  and  Interviews   Product  and  System  Requirements   Talk with users, capture key issues, understand as a team what is important to users, and consolidate the data Set a direction based on what you know about your users Inspired  by  hHps://www.interac@on-­‐design.org/literature/book/the-­‐encyclopedia-­‐of-­‐human-­‐computer-­‐interac@on-­‐2nd-­‐ed/contextual-­‐design   Design a system to support all the research Iterate designs and systems with users
  • 27. Contextual  Inquiry   Interpreta@on  Sessions   Sequence  Modeling   Affinity  Diagramming   Visioning   Persona  Development   Set a direction based on what you know about your users Inspired  by  hHps://www.interac@on-­‐design.org/literature/book/the-­‐encyclopedia-­‐of-­‐human-­‐computer-­‐interac@on-­‐2nd-­‐ed/contextual-­‐design   Talk with users, capture key issues, understand as a team what is important to users, and consolidate the data We are only going to review this first half of the contextual design process.
  • 28. Why did the Web Services department decide to do this?
  • 29. What we had done already !  Reviewed web analytics !  Observed web design and develop trends !  Performed a literature review !  Held focus groups with stakeholders !  Conducted competitive analysis on aspirational websites !  Ran usability benchmark tests
  • 30. We needed to talk with the users of the site.
  • 31. !  Surveys, focus groups, and analytics have not proven that useful for us for getting actual data on how users do research. !  To many UCD practitioners, contextual inquiry is the best way to understand user needs. It is the foundational user research method at many UX firms. !  Only one other academic library has done it formally and published the study. !  It’s the only method that can answer some of our questions about how users do research.  
  • 32. We thought that going through the data together to get a shared understanding of the users’ contexts would be valuable.
  • 35. What was the timeline?
  • 36. November   2014   ! Did  lots  of   research     ! Defined  the  goal   of  contextual   inquiry     ! Planned  the   interview   ques@ons     ! Prepared  IRB   applica@on     December   2014   ! Applied  for  IRB   approval     ! Obtained  money   for  par@cipa@on     February   2015   January   2015   ! Prepared   materials  and   gave  training   about  contextual   inquiry  to  Web   Services  dept.     ! Study  was   awarded  Exempt   status  by  IRB     ! Refined  interview   ques@ons     ! Recruited  and   trained  library   stakeholders    
  • 37. March     2015   ! Ran  pilot   interviews     ! Recruited  and   interviewed  users   ! Conducted   interpreta@on   sessions       April     2015   ! Con@nued  to   interview  users   ! Conducted   interpreta@on   sessions     ! Created  sequence   models     ! Created  personas   May   2015   ! Consolidated   sequence  models     ! Did  affinity   diagramming     ! Did  visioning     ! Prepared  final   report    
  • 38. So what is contextual inquiry? What are interpretation sessions?
  • 39. The interview process !  Interviews were scheduled in advance at location where user typically did research !  Interviewer and note taker conducted 1-hour interviews with each user !  Utilized master/apprentice model !  Each participant received a gift card !  Captured audio as well as hand-written notes !  2-hour interpretation session followed each interview within 24 hours
  • 41. Livescribe 2GB Echo Smartpen (~$120) hHp://@nyurl.com/pr96xmg  
  • 45. Who did we interview?
  • 46. Undergraduates (8)* •  Geology and Geophysics •  Civil and Environmental Engineering •  Biochemistry •  Business Finance •  Graphic Design •  Chemical Engineering •  History •  English Literature Graduate Students (3) •  Construction Management •  Social Work •  Library & Information Science Faculty (1) •  Classical Rhetoric *  Three  of  the  undergrads  were  also  students  in  the  Honors  College  
  • 47. Where did we interview them?
  • 48. We observed how they did research in the context of their daily lives.
  • 49. !  M.D. Anderson Library – Quiet zones !  M.D. Anderson Library – Business zones !  M.D. Anderson Library – Learning Commons !  M.D. Anderson Library – Instruction Room 106-R !  M.D. Anderson Library – Academic Research Center !  Department of Earth & Atmospheric Science Computer Lab !  Student Center – Legacy Lounge !  The Nook coffee shop !  Faculty member’s office
  • 50. What are the team roles for the interpretation sessions?
  • 51. !  Interviewer tells the story of the interview !  Interview note taker helps tell the story !  Interpretation session note taker records thoughts and observations of the team as notes for an affinity diagram !  Moderator keeps the meeting focused on the session objectives and makes sure everyone is involved !  Designer generates sequence models as the interview story is told !  Additional team members / stakeholders contribute thoughts and observations
  • 52. Our interpretation team* !  Interviewer - Rachel/Robert !  Interview note taker - Rachel/Robert !  Interpretation session note taker - Sean/Keith !  Moderator - Sean/Keith !  Designer - J !  Stakeholders** - Kelsey, Frederick, Lisa, Ashley, Cherie *  Everyone  in  Web  Services  (Rachel,  Robert,  Sean,  Keith,  J)  par@cipated  in  some  way     **  Librarians  from  Liaison  Services  and  Resource  Discovery  Systems  departments  to  help  analyze  the  data  
  • 54. What are the goals of an interpretation session?
  • 55. 1.  To make sense of data 2.  To understand intent 3.  To move towards insights
  • 56. So what does this whole process look like?
  • 57. Interview:   Par@cipant  1   Interpreta@on   Session:   Par@cipant  1   Interview:   Par@cipant  2   Interpreta@on   Session:   Par@cipant  2  
  • 58. Interview:   Par@cipant  10   Interpreta@on   Session:   Par@cipant  10   Affinity   Diagraming   Sessions   Consolidate   Sequence   Models   Sessions  
  • 59. Persona   Development   Sessions   Visioning   Sessions   Gather   research  into   report   Share  work   with  others  
  • 60. What is captured in an interpretation session?
  • 61. !  Interpretations of events, use of tools, problems, and opportunities !  Important characteristics of the work !  Breakdowns in the work !  Cultural influences !  Design ideas (flagged with DI:) !  Questions or uncertainty about something from the interview (flagged with a Q:) !  Insightful user quotes
  • 62. Thoughts were captured in a Word document template so we could easily print them out onto sticky notes.
  • 64. At the end of the interviews and interpretation sessions, we had: !  User profile data that helped us build personas !  Captured notes that were combined to build an affinity diagram •  We generated ~75 notes per interpretation session !  A list of insights from discussing the data !  A series of sequence models for an individual participant
  • 66. A sequence model is a diagram that show the order in which each participant completed each of their tasks. A consolidated sequence model is a diagram that displays all the participants’ diagrams together.
  • 67. A model provides a shared understanding of the user data, a shared language for the design team, and an easily understandable deliverable for communication outside the design team. - Jon Kolko, Founder & Director of The Austin Center for Design hHp://www.jonkolko.com/projectFiles/scad/IDUS215_03_Ethnography_AnalyzingData1_ContextualDesign.pdf  
  • 68. What are the components of a sequence model?
  • 69. !  The step: The actual thing the user did at the appropriate level of detail. !  The trigger: The situation(s) that prompts a user to start a new task or a particular step. A trigger always starts a sequence. !  The intent:  The reason, known or unconscious, the user is doing the task or the step. The more intents you can identify, the better for your future design. !  A breakdown: A point in the sequence where the direct path to fulfilling the intent breaks down, and the user must devise a workaround or quit.
  • 70. What do they look like?
  • 71. •  Interpreta@ons  of  events,  use  of  ar@facts,  problems,   and  opportuni@es   •  Important  characteris@cs  of  the  work   •  Breakdowns  in  the  work   •  Cultural  influences   •  Design  ideas  (flag  with  DI:)   •  Ques@ons  for  future  interviews  (flag  with  a  Q:)   •  Insighoul  customer  quotes   hHps://www.interac@on-­‐design.org/literature/book/the-­‐encyclopedia-­‐of-­‐human-­‐computer-­‐interac@on-­‐2nd-­‐ed/contextual-­‐design  
  • 76. TITLE: Find Specific Book By Title INTENT: find a specific book by title TRIGGER: need a specific book to complete a task learns from BlackBoard he needs a specific book Sequence #4 U01 2/27/2015 opens new tab types in U of H Library clicks on top link (info.lib.uh.edu) clicks on catalog tab in search box clicks on “title” link goes to desktoptypes in “Tipping Point” goes to desktopfirst selects by publication date goes to desktopBD: book not available locally (MD Anderson) goes to desktopRequests book to be places on hold goes to desktopBD: realizes book won’t be available for 2 days PAGE 1/2 writes call number down on paper
  • 77. The sequence models help direct design decisions on what to do as well as what not to do. We learned what breakdowns exist and can make design decisions to help users more easily recover from the inevitable breakdowns.
  • 78. What are affinity diagrams?
  • 79. !  They are hierarchical representations of the issues for your user population built from interpretation session affinity notes. !  They group the data into key issues under labels that reveal users’ needs. !  They show in one place the common issues, themes, and scope across all users. !  The issues and themes translate well into user requirements and user stories.
  • 80. Affinity diagrams synthesize major themes and issues for each of three different types of users.
  • 81. !  The objective of an affinity diagram in a contextual inquiry is to identify user needs. !  As low-level insights and ideas are grouped, labels are assigned that articulate a consolidated user need. !  These needs are then grouped into a higher level need, which themselves are grouped under a theme.
  • 82. Top Level: Theme Second Level: Consolidated user needs, often articulated in the voice of the user Third level: Individual user needs, always in the voice of the user Fourth Level: Ideas, insights, and observations from the user interview interpretation sessions
  • 86. Major themes of our affinities !  Discoverability of resources !  Valuing physical space and their resources !  Information overload !  Organization and efficiency !  Collaboration and exploration !  Lack of confidence and trust !  Resource medium is important to me (These  are  from  the  green s-cky  notes.)  
  • 88. !  Personas are fictional characters created to represent the different user types that might use a site, brand, or product. !  They embody the characteristics, behaviors, and needs observed through user interviews. !  They help project team members and stakeholders develop a shared understanding of what the users might need in a variety of scenarios.
  • 92. !  Visioning is where the team uses the consolidated data to drive conversations about how to improve users' work. !  A vision includes the system, its delivery, and support structures to make the new work practice successful. !  It sets a possible design direction, without fleshing out every detail. This enables the team to see the overall structure of the solution and ensure its coherence. hHps://www.interac@on-­‐design.org/literature/book/the-­‐encyclopedia-­‐of-­‐human-­‐computer-­‐interac@on-­‐2nd-­‐ed/contextual-­‐design  
  • 95. Contextual  Inquiry   Interpreta@on  Sessions   Sequence  Modeling   Affinity  Diagramming   Visioning   Storyboarding   User  Environment  Design   Persona  Development   Interac@on  and  Visual  Design   Paper  Prototypes  and  Interviews   Product  and  System  Requirements   Talk with users, capture key issues, understand as a team what is important to users, and consolidate the data Set a direction based on what you know about your users Inspired  by  hHps://www.interac@on-­‐design.org/literature/book/the-­‐encyclopedia-­‐of-­‐human-­‐computer-­‐interac@on-­‐2nd-­‐ed/contextual-­‐design   Design a system to support all the research Iterate designs and systems with users
  • 96. What were the challenges of doing contextual inquiry?
  • 97. !  It’s time-intensive. It took us 7 months from writing the IRB to finishing the final report. !  It’s resource-intensive. Although a lot of the work was done by 1 or 2 people, there were 10 people involved in interpretation sessions and affinity diagramming sessions.
  • 98. !  Lead investigators need training and familiarity with overall process and especially with analyzing large amounts of data. !  You need incentives for 10+ users to participate in hour long interviews. !  You need space for affinity diagramming.
  • 99. What were the advantages of doing contextual inquiry?
  • 100. !  It produced an incredible amount of in-depth, rich qualitative data that can be used by multiple departments within the library. !  We better understand our users and their research process. !  We developed robust personas that can be used for spaces and services throughout the library, not just the website.
  • 101. !  We have a final report to share with colleagues at UH and other libraries about our methodology, findings, and future directions. !  We have a better understanding of where breakdowns exist. !  We will be able to create a website that is more responsive to our users’ needs.
  • 103. Beyer, H., & Holtzblatt, K. (1997). Contextual design: defining customer-centered systems. Elsevier. Dempsey, L. (2014, November). Thinking about Technology . . . Differently. Speech presented at LITA Forum 2014, Albuquerque, NM. Holtzblatt, K., & Jones, S. (1993). Contextual inquiry: a participatory technique for system design. Participatory design: principles and practice. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum. Holtzblatt, K., Wendell, J. B., & Wood, S. (2004). Rapid contextual design: a how-to guide to key techniques for user-centered design. Elsevier. Kolko, J. (2015, February). How to Use Empathy to Create Products People Love. Speech presented at the Designing for Digital Conference, Austin, TX. Makri, S., Blandford, A., & Cox, A. L. (2006). Studying Law students’ information seeking behaviour to inform the design of digital law libraries. Presented at: 10th European Conference on Research and Advanced Technology for Digital Libraries 2006 (ECDL2006), Alicante, Spain. Notess, M. (2004). Three looks at users: a comparison of methods for studying digital library use. Information Research, 9(3), 9-3. Raven, M. E., & Flanders, A. (1996). Using contextual inquiry to learn about your audiences. ACM SIGDOC Asterisk Journal of Computer Documentation, 20(1), 1-13.
  • 104. Thank you! Rachel Vacek Head of Web Services University of Houston Libraries rachelvacek.com vacekrae@gmail.com @vacekrae All our user research is publically available at: sites.lib.uh.edu/wp/website-redesign/