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RADIOPHARMACEUTICALS
DEFINITION
COMPOSITION
     USES
ADVANTAGES &
DISADVANTAGES
                      Is a radioactive
 PROCUREMENT      pharmaceutical agent
                       that is used for
COMPOUNDING

    QUALITY
  ASSURANCE       diagnostic or therapy in
 DISPENSING &
 DISTRIBUTION
HEALTH & SAFETY
                     a tracer quantity.
AVAILABILITY IN
THE PHILIPPINES
  MONITORING
PATIENT OUTCOME
How is nuclear medicine different from an x-ray,
a CT scan, an ultrasound, or an MRI?
  DEFINITION
COMPOSITION
                       Nuclear medicine can detect
     USES         the radiation coming from inside a
ADVANTAGES &      patient’s body. All of these other
DISADVANTAGES
                  procedures expose the patient to
 PROCUREMENT
                  radiation from outside the body using
COMPOUNDING
                  machines that send radiation through
    QUALITY       the body. As a result, nuclear
  ASSURANCE       medicine determines the cause of a
 DISPENSING &     medical problem based on organ
 DISTRIBUTION
HEALTH & SAFETY
                  function in contrast to the other
                  diagnostic tests, that determine the
AVAILABILITY IN   presence of disease based on
THE PHILIPPINES
                  anatomy or structural appearance.
  MONITORING
PATIENT OUTCOME
DEFINITION
COMPOSITION
     USES
                  •Radioisotope
ADVANTAGES &
DISADVANTAGES
 PROCUREMENT
COMPOUNDING       •a   carrier molecule
    QUALITY
  ASSURANCE
 DISPENSING &
 DISTRIBUTION
HEALTH & SAFETY
AVAILABILITY IN
THE PHILIPPINES
  MONITORING
PATIENT OUTCOME
DEFINITION
COMPOSITION
     USES
ADVANTAGES &
DISADVANTAGES
 PROCUREMENT
COMPOUNDING

    QUALITY
  ASSURANCE
 DISPENSING &
 DISTRIBUTION
HEALTH & SAFETY
AVAILABILITY IN
THE PHILIPPINES
  MONITORING
PATIENT OUTCOME
DEFINITION
COMPOSITION       •     A version of a chemical
     USES
ADVANTAGES &
                      element that has an
DISADVANTAGES         unstable nucleus and emits
 PROCUREMENT
COMPOUNDING           radiation during its decay
    QUALITY           to a stable form.
  ASSURANCE
 DISPENSING &
 DISTRIBUTION
HEALTH & SAFETY   •     All isotopes   are   not
AVAILABILITY IN
THE PHILIPPINES       radioisotopes.
  MONITORING
PATIENT OUTCOME
DEFINITION
COMPOSITION
     USES
ADVANTAGES &
DISADVANTAGES
 PROCUREMENT
COMPOUNDING

    QUALITY
  ASSURANCE
 DISPENSING &
 DISTRIBUTION
HEALTH & SAFETY
AVAILABILITY IN
THE PHILIPPINES
  MONITORING
PATIENT OUTCOME
DEFINITION
COMPOSITION
     USES
ADVANTAGES &
DISADVANTAGES
                  • therapeutic
 PROCUREMENT
COMPOUNDING       • diagnosing
    QUALITY
  ASSURANCE
 DISPENSING &
 DISTRIBUTION
HEALTH & SAFETY
AVAILABILITY IN
THE PHILIPPINES
  MONITORING
PATIENT OUTCOME
THERAPEUTIC
  DEFINITION
                  Designed to deliver therapeutic
COMPOSITION
                  dose of ionizing radiation to
     USES
                  specific disease site, such as
ADVANTAGES &
DISADVANTAGES
                  cancerous tumors, with high
 PROCUREMENT      specificity in the body.
COMPOUNDING

    QUALITY
  ASSURANCE       Historically, used to treat Thyroid
 DISPENSING &     cancer,                    Graves’
 DISTRIBUTION     disease, hyperthyroidism, and
HEALTH & SAFETY   bone pain pallitation associated
AVAILABILITY IN   with skeletal metastasis.
THE PHILIPPINES
  MONITORING
PATIENT OUTCOME
DIAGNOSING
  DEFINITION
COMPOSITION       used to derive detailed
                  description of the
     USES
ADVANTAGES &
DISADVANTAGES
 PROCUREMENT      morphology and
COMPOUNDING
                  dynamic functioning of
    QUALITY
  ASSURANCE       the various internal
 DISPENSING &
 DISTRIBUTION     organs of the body.
HEALTH & SAFETY
AVAILABILITY IN
THE PHILIPPINES
  MONITORING
PATIENT OUTCOME
DEFINITION      •   It can be used as diagnosis and
COMPOSITION           treatment of patients
     USES
ADVANTAGES &      •   It is common cure to cancers
DISADVANTAGES
 PROCUREMENT
COMPOUNDING       •   Can treat multiple disease sites.
    QUALITY
  ASSURANCE       •   Widely available mode of treatment
 DISPENSING &
 DISTRIBUTION     •   Directly treats tumor, especially
HEALTH & SAFETY
                      useful for bone metastasis
AVAILABILITY IN
THE PHILIPPINES
  MONITORING
PATIENT OUTCOME
DEFINITION      •   Can provide fast onset of pain relief
COMPOSITION
     USES         •   Single dose is effective for some
ADVANTAGES &          patients
DISADVANTAGES
 PROCUREMENT      •   Nuclear medicine tests can be
COMPOUNDING           performed on children
    QUALITY
  ASSURANCE       •   Nuclear medicine procedures are
 DISPENSING &         cost effective and painless
 DISTRIBUTION
HEALTH & SAFETY
                  •   Nuclear medicine procedures have
AVAILABILITY IN
THE PHILIPPINES
                      no side effects and are completely
  MONITORING          safe
PATIENT OUTCOME
DEFINITION
COMPOSITION       •   Can produce some allergic reactions
     USES
ADVANTAGES &
                  •   It has a radiation risk
DISADVANTAGES
 PROCUREMENT      •   Myelosuppression may
COMPOUNDING           occur, especially with prior
    QUALITY           chemotherapy
  ASSURANCE
 DISPENSING &     •   When multiple fractions are given, it
 DISTRIBUTION
                      may produce prolonged
HEALTH & SAFETY
                      inconvenience and discomfort for
AVAILABILITY IN
THE PHILIPPINES       patients
  MONITORING
PATIENT OUTCOME
DEFINITION
COMPOSITION       •   Nuclear medicine tests are not
     USES             recommended for pregnant women
ADVANTAGES &          because unborn babies have a
DISADVANTAGES
 PROCUREMENT
                      greater sensitivity to radiation than
COMPOUNDING           children or adults
    QUALITY
  ASSURANCE       •   Filling in patients' teeth, dental
 DISPENSING &         braces and permanent bridges may
 DISTRIBUTION
HEALTH & SAFETY       cause some distortion around the
AVAILABILITY IN
                      mouth area
THE PHILIPPINES
  MONITORING
PATIENT OUTCOME
DEFINITION
                         Purchasing radiopharmaceutical involves
COMPOSITION       determining product specifications, initiating
     USES         purchase orders, receiving shipments, maintaining
                  inventory and storing materials under proper
ADVANTAGES &
                  conditions.
DISADVANTAGES
 PROCUREMENT
                         Since, some radiopharmaceutical poses a
COMPOUNDING
                  short half-life. Typically, the nuclear pharmacist
    QUALITY
                  would order the drug directly from the
  ASSURANCE       manufacturer primarily by overnight delivery
 DISPENSING &
 DISTRIBUTION              Storage of radioactive materials    must
HEALTH & SAFETY   incorporate appropriate radiation shielding in
AVAILABILITY IN   addition      to  traditional   requirements  for
THE PHILIPPINES   light, temperature, and humidity.
  MONITORING
PATIENT OUTCOME
DEFINITION      Compounding of radiopharmceuticals
COMPOSITION       requires receipt (or anticipation) of:
     USES
                  • a valid prescription/drug order
ADVANTAGES &
DISADVANTAGES     • appropriate components, supplies, and equipment
 PROCUREMENT      • a suitable environment, especially for sterile dosage
COMPOUNDING         forms
    QUALITY       • appropriate recordkeeping, including witten
  ASSURANCE         procedures and lot-specific in formation to ensure
 DISPENSING &       traceability;
 DISTRIBUTION     • Validation/verification of the compounding
HEALTH & SAFETY     procedure, storage conditions, and expiration
AVAILABILITY IN
THE PHILIPPINES
  MONITORING
PATIENT OUTCOME
DEFINITION      Involves reconstituting reagent kits, radiolabelling,
                  and strict aseptic technique must be followed
COMPOSITION       during compounding.
     USES
ADVANTAGES &      A kit involves pre-packed set of sterile ingredients.
DISADVANTAGES
 PROCUREMENT
                  The freeze-dried kit is reconstituted by aseptically
COMPOUNDING       transferring the necessary activity of sodium
                  pertechnetate using a sterile syringe and needle.
    QUALITY
  ASSURANCE
 DISPENSING &     The reconstituted kit is aseptically subdivided to
                  provide each patient dose with a sufficient activity
 DISTRIBUTION
                  after administration.
HEALTH & SAFETY
AVAILABILITY IN   A diluent may be added to the final dose to give
THE PHILIPPINES   the desired radioactive concentration.
  MONITORING
PATIENT OUTCOME
DEFINITION
COMPOSITION
     USES
ADVANTAGES &
DISADVANTAGES
 PROCUREMENT
COMPOUNDING

    QUALITY
  ASSURANCE
 DISPENSING &
 DISTRIBUTION
HEALTH & SAFETY
AVAILABILITY IN
THE PHILIPPINES
  MONITORING
PATIENT OUTCOME
DEFINITION
  DEFINITION      Radiopharmaceuticals are generally
COMPOSITION
COMPOSITION       expected to conform to specifications
     USES
     USES         under the following heading:
ADVANTAGES &
 ADVANTAGES &
DISADVANTAGES
DISADVANTAGES      a. Radionuclide    f. Absence of foreign
 PROCUREMENT
 PROCUREMENT
                      concentration      particulate matter
COMPOUNDING
COMPOUNDING
                   b. Radiochemical   g. Particle size (if
    QUALITY
    QUALITY           purity             appropriate)
  ASSURANCE
  ASSURANCE
 DISPENSING &
 DISPENSING &      c. Chemical        h. pH
 DISTRIBUTION
  DISTRIBUTION        purity          i. Biological
HEALTH & SAFETY
HEALTH & SAFETY
                   d. Sterility       distribution
AVAILABILITY IN
AVAILABILITY IN
THE PHILIPPINES
THE PHILIPPINES
                   e. Apyrogenicity
  MONITORING
  MONITORING
PATIENT OUTCOME
PATIENT OUTCOME
DEFINITION      Dispensing
COMPOSITION
     USES
ADVANTAGES &
                     Recommends dosage levels based
DISADVANTAGES       on patient history, age, weight,
 PROCUREMENT        surface area, and/or other factors
COMPOUNDING

    QUALITY
  ASSURANCE         Dispenses prescriptions in
 DISPENSING &       conjunction with applicable
 DISTRIBUTION
HEALTH & SAFETY     pharmacy law and keeps
AVAILABILITY IN
                    appropriate records
THE PHILIPPINES
  MONITORING
PATIENT OUTCOME
DEFINITION      Dispensing
COMPOSITION
     USES            Develops policies and procedures to
ADVANTAGES &        ensure that the correct drug in the correct
DISADVANTAGES
                    dosage and dosage form is received by
 PROCUREMENT
                    the correct patient at the correct time via
COMPOUNDING
                    the correct route of administration
    QUALITY
  ASSURANCE
 DISPENSING &        Develops policies and procedures,
 DISTRIBUTION       supervises, and reviews the activities of
HEALTH & SAFETY     non-pharmacist personnel under the
AVAILABILITY IN     pharmacist's supervision
THE PHILIPPINES
  MONITORING
PATIENT OUTCOME
DEFINITION      Distribution
COMPOSITION
     USES               Complies with all applicable regulations
ADVANTAGES &             concerning packaging, labeling, and
DISADVANTAGES            transportation of radioactive and other
 PROCUREMENT             materials (e.g., biohazards),
COMPOUNDING              demonstrating knowledge of:

    QUALITY
  ASSURANCE             DOT regulations concerning packaging,
 DISPENSING &            labeling, and transportation of
 DISTRIBUTION            radioactive and other materials.
HEALTH & SAFETY
AVAILABILITY IN         Proper procedures and use of
THE PHILIPPINES          equipment necessary to verify that
  MONITORING             package meet DOT requirements.
PATIENT OUTCOME
DEFINITION
  DEFINITION         Allergies
COMPOSITION
COMPOSITION
     USES
     USES               If you will be receiving albumin in the
ADVANTAGES &
 ADVANTAGES &     form of radioiodinated albumin, technetium
DISADVANTAGES
DISADVANTAGES
                  Tc 99m albumin aggregated, technetium Tc
 PROCUREMENT
 PROCUREMENT
                  99m albumin colloid, or technetium Tc 99m
COMPOUNDING
COMPOUNDING
                  albumin for your test, tell your doctor if you
    QUALITY
    QUALITY       have ever had any unusual or allergic
  ASSURANCE
  ASSURANCE
                  reaction to products containing
 DISPENSING &
 DISPENSING &
 DISTRIBUTION
  DISTRIBUTION    human serum albumin.
HEALTH & SAFETY
HEALTH & SAFETY
AVAILABILITY IN
AVAILABILITY IN
THE PHILIPPINES
THE PHILIPPINES
  MONITORING
  MONITORING
PATIENT OUTCOME
PATIENT OUTCOME
DEFINITION         Pregnancy
COMPOSITION              Radiopharmaceuticals usually are not
     USES
                  recommended for use during pregnancy. This
ADVANTAGES &      is to avoid exposing the fetus to radiation.
DISADVANTAGES
 PROCUREMENT
COMPOUNDING             This is especially important with
    QUALITY
                  radiopharmaceuticals      that    contain
  ASSURANCE       radioactive iodine, which can go to the
 DISPENSING &     baby's thyroid gland and, in high enough
 DISTRIBUTION     amounts, may cause thyroid damage.
HEALTH & SAFETY
AVAILABILITY IN
THE PHILIPPINES
  MONITORING
PATIENT OUTCOME
DEFINITION
  DEFINITION         Breast-feeding
COMPOSITION
COMPOSITION
     USES
     USES               Some radiopharmaceuticals pass
ADVANTAGES &
 ADVANTAGES &
DISADVANTAGES
DISADVANTAGES
                  into the breast milk and may expose
 PROCUREMENT
 PROCUREMENT      the baby to radiation. If you must
COMPOUNDING
COMPOUNDING       receive a radiopharmaceutical, it may
    QUALITY
    QUALITY       be necessary for you to stop breast-
  ASSURANCE
  ASSURANCE       feeding for some time after receiving it.
 DISPENSING &
 DISPENSING &
 DISTRIBUTION
  DISTRIBUTION
HEALTH & SAFETY
HEALTH & SAFETY
AVAILABILITY IN
AVAILABILITY IN
THE PHILIPPINES
THE PHILIPPINES
  MONITORING
  MONITORING
PATIENT OUTCOME
PATIENT OUTCOME
DEFINITION
  DEFINITION         Children
COMPOSITION
COMPOSITION
   USES
   USES
ADVANTAGES &
 ADVANTAGES &
                       For most radiopharmaceuticals,
DISADVANTAGES
DISADVANTAGES     the amount of radiation used for a
 PROCUREMENT
 PROCUREMENT      diagnostic test is very low and
COMPOUNDING
COMPOUNDING
                  considered safe.
    QUALITY
    QUALITY
  ASSURANCE
  ASSURANCE
 DISPENSING &
 DISPENSING &
 DISTRIBUTION
  DISTRIBUTION
HEALTH & SAFETY
HEALTH & SAFETY
AVAILABILITY IN
AVAILABILITY IN
THE PHILIPPINES
THE PHILIPPINES
  MONITORING
  MONITORING
PATIENT OUTCOME
PATIENT OUTCOME
DEFINITION
  DEFINITION
COMPOSITION
COMPOSITION
   USES
   USES
ADVANTAGES &
 ADVANTAGES &
DISADVANTAGES
DISADVANTAGES
 PROCUREMENT
 PROCUREMENT
COMPOUNDING
COMPOUNDING

    QUALITY
    QUALITY
  ASSURANCE
  ASSURANCE
 DISPENSING &
 DISPENSING &
 DISTRIBUTION
  DISTRIBUTION
HEALTH & SAFETY
HEALTH & SAFETY
AVAILABILITY IN
AVAILABILITY IN
THE PHILIPPINES
THE PHILIPPINES
  MONITORING
  MONITORING
PATIENT OUTCOME
PATIENT OUTCOME
DEFINITION      Side effects
COMPOSITION
     USES
ADVANTAGES &
                        When radiopharmaceuticals are
DISADVANTAGES     used in very small doses to study an
 PROCUREMENT      organ of the body, side effects are rare
COMPOUNDING
                  and usually involve an allergic
    QUALITY       reaction. These effects may occur
  ASSURANCE
 DISPENSING &
                  almost immediately or a few minutes
 DISTRIBUTION     after the radiopharmaceutical is given.
HEALTH & SAFETY
AVAILABILITY IN
THE PHILIPPINES
  MONITORING
PATIENT OUTCOME
DEFINITION       Are radiopharmaceuticals safe?
COMPOSITION
     USES               Absolutely. Like any medicine, with
ADVANTAGES &       great care. Before they or tested carefully.
DISADVANTAGES
 PROCUREMENT             The quantity of the pharmaceutical
COMPOUNDING        part of the radiopharmaceutical is very
                   small, generally 1/10th of a millionth of
    QUALITY
  ASSURANCE
                   an ounce. The risk of a reaction is 2-3
 DISPENSING &      incidents per 100,000 injections, over 50%
  DISTRIBUTION     of which are rashes, as compared to
HEALTH &SAFETY
 HEALTH SAFETY     2000-3000 per 100,000 injections of x-ray
AVAIILABILITY IN
AVAILABILITY IN    contrast media.
THE PHILIPPINES
  MONITORING
PATIENT OUTCOME
DEFINITION
  DEFINITION
COMPOSITION
COMPOSITION        Is the radioactivity harmful?
     USES
     USES
ADVANTAGES &
 ADVANTAGES &      Although exposure to radioactivity in
DISADVANTAGES
DISADVANTAGES      very large doses can be harmful, the
 PROCUREMENT
 PROCUREMENT       radioactivity in radiopharmaceuticals
COMPOUNDING
COMPOUNDING        is carefully selected by the nuclear
    QUALITY
    QUALITY        medicine physician to be safe   .




  ASSURANCE
  ASSURANCE
 DISPENSING &
 DISPENSING &
 DISTRIBUTION
 DISTRIBUTION
HEALTH SAFETY
HEALTH & SAFETY
AVAIILABILITY IN
AVAILABILITY
THE PHILIPPINES
 THE PHILIPPINES
  MONITORING
  MONITORING
PATIENT OUTCOME
PATIENT OUTCOME
DEFINITION      Radioimmunoassay
COMPOSITION       (RIA)/Immunoradiometricassay (IRMA)
     USES
ADVANTAGES &      THYROID
DISADVANTAGES
                  1. TSH IRMA
 PROCUREMENT
COMPOUNDING       2. FTA RIA
                  3. Thyroglobulin
    QUALITY
  ASSURANCE       4. Anti-thyroglobulin
 DISPENSING &     5. Anti-TPO (Perioxidase)
 DISTRIBUTION
HEALTH & SAFETY
AVAILABILITY IN
THE PHILIPPINES
  MONITORING
PATIENT OUTCOME
DEFINITION
  DEFINITION
COMPOSITION
   USES
ADVANTAGES &
DISADVANTAGES
 PROCUREMENT
COMPOUNDING

    QUALITY
  ASSURANCE
 DISPENSING &
 DISTRIBUTION
HEALTH & SAFETY
AVAILABILITY IN
AVAILABILITY IN
THE PHILIPPINES
THE PHILIPPINES
  MONITORING
  MONITORING
PATIENT OUTCOME
PATIENT OUTCOME
DEFINITION
  DEFINITION      Radioactive Iodine Therapy
COMPOSITION
COMPOSITION
     USES
     USES
 ADVANTAGES &
ADVANTAGES &      1.   Hyperthyroidism (Grave’s Disease,
DISADVANTAGES
DISADVANTAGES          solitary autonomous nodule)
 PROCUREMENT
 PROCUREMENT
COMPOUNDING
COMPOUNDING       2.   Ablation of thyroid remnants after
    QUALITY
    QUALITY            thyroidectomy
  ASSURANCE
  ASSURANCE
 DISPENSING &
 DISPENSING &     3.   Treatment of metastatic Thyroid
  DISTRIBUTION
 DISTRIBUTION
HEALTH & SAFETY
HEALTH & SAFETY
                       Carcinoma
AVAILABILITY IN
AVAILABILITY IN
THE PHILIPPINES
THE PHILIPPINES
  MONITORING
  MONITORING
PATIENT OUTCOME
PATIENT OUTCOME
DEFINITION      Imaging
COMPOSITION       1. Detection of G.I Bleeding
     USES
                  2. Hepatobiliary Imaging
ADVANTAGES &
DISADVANTAGES     3. I-131 Whole Body Scintigraphy
 PROCUREMENT      4. Kidney Investigation
COMPOUNDING       5. Liver and Spleen Scintigraphy
    QUALITY       6. Lung Perfusion Scintigraphy
  ASSURANCE
                  7. Lung Ventilation Scintigraphy
 DISPENSING &
  DISTRIBUTION    8. Meckel’s Diverticulum Scintigraphy
HEALTH &SAFETY
 HEALTH SAFETY    9. Myocardial Perfusion Imaging- Tc99m
AVAILABILITY IN   Sestamibi, Thelium201
THE PHILIPPINES
  MONITORING
                  10. Parathyroid Imaging
PATIENT OUTCOME
DEFINITION
COMPOSITION
     USES
ADVANTAGES &
DISADVANTAGES
 PROCUREMENT
COMPOUNDING

    QUALITY
  ASSURANCE
 DISPENSING &
  DISTRIBUTION
HEALTH &SAFETY
 HEALTH SAFETY

AVAILABILITY IN
THE PHILIPPINES
  MONITORING
PATIENT OUTCOME
DEFINITION      Urea Breath Test
COMPOSITION              UBT is currently considered to be the gold
     USES         standard for non-invasive diagnosis of H.pylori. It is
ADVANTAGES &
                  highly reliable- 95% sensitivity and 100% specificity,
DISADVANTAGES     for pre- and post-
 PROCUREMENT      treatment follow up of infection.
COMPOUNDING       Clinical Applications:
                  Cardiology
    QUALITY
  ASSURANCE
                  Endocrinology
 DISPENSING &     Gastroenterology
  DISTRIBUTION    Infection
HEALTH &SAFETY
 HEALTH SAFETY    Nephrology
AVAILABILITY IN   Oncology
THE PHILIPPINES   Pulmonary
  MONITORING
PATIENT OUTCOME
DEFINITION
  DEFINITION
COMPOSITION
COMPOSITION
     USES
     USES
ADVANTAGES &
 ADVANTAGES &
DISADVANTAGES
DISADVANTAGES
 PROCUREMENT
 PROCUREMENT
COMPOUNDING
COMPOUNDING

    QUALITY
     QUALITY
  ASSURANCE
   ASSURANCE
 DISPENSING &
 DISPENSING &
  DISTRIBUTION
  DISTRIBUTION
 HEALTH SAFETY
HEALTH & SAFETY
AVAILABILITY IN
AVAILABILITY IN
THE PHILIPPINES
THE PHILIPPINES
  MONITORING
  MONITORING
PATIENT OUTCOME
PATIENT OUTCOME
DEFINITION
  DEFINITION       Develop institutional standards for the rational and
                   appropriate use of radiopharmaceuticals.
COMPOSITION
COMPOSITION
     USES
     USES          Prospectively screens and review patients data to assure
                   appropriate use of radiopharmaceuticals and ancillary
 ADVANTAGES &
ADVANTAGES &       medicines used to enhanced their effect.
DISADVANTAGES
DISADVANTAGES
 PROCUREMENT       Ensure the patients are selected appropriately for
 PROCUREMENT
                   radionuclied therapy and monitored after therapy to prevent
COMPOUNDING
COMPOUNDING        compilation and/or intervene with necessary therapy.

    QUALITY
    QUALITY        Evaluate the safety and effectiveness of
  ASSURANCE
  ASSURANCE        radiopharmaceuticals and ancillary medications.
 DISPENSING &
 DISPENSING &
 DISTRIBUTION
 DISTRIBUTION      Ensure proper preparation of patients prior to the
                   administration of radiopharmaceuticals and ancillary
HEALTH & SAFETY
HEALTH SAFETY      medication.
AVAIILABILITY IN
AVAILABILITY
 THE PHILIPPINES
THE PHILIPPINES    Prevent minimize and or rectify clinical problems associated
  MONITORING
  MONITORING       with the use of radiopharmaceuticals or interventional
PATIENT OUTCOME
PATIENT OUTCOME    medications.
Do I need to do anything special after I have
a nuclear medicine procedure?
  DEFINITION
  DEFINITION
COMPOSITION
COMPOSITION              After most nuclear medicine
     USES
     USES
                   procedures it is generally best to drink
 ADVANTAGES &
ADVANTAGES &
DISADVANTAGES
DISADVANTAGES      a lot of fluids and urinate as frequently
 PROCUREMENT
 PROCUREMENT       as you can. This helps to flush the
COMPOUNDING
COMPOUNDING        remaining radioactivity out of your
    QUALITY
    QUALITY        body. The length of time you need to
  ASSURANCE
  ASSURANCE
 DISPENSING &
                   do this will depend on the kind of study
 DISPENSING &
 DISTRIBUTION
 DISTRIBUTION      you     had      and    the    type   of
HEALTH & SAFETY
HEALTH SAFETY      radiopharmaceutical that was used.
AVAIILABILITY IN
AVAILABILITY
 THE PHILIPPINES
THE PHILIPPINES
  MONITORING
  MONITORING
PATIENT OUTCOME
PATIENT OUTCOME
Group 3
  Bautista, Christine Hazel A.
    Carait, Marielle jean R.




                                   BSP 2L 2011-2012
       Esmaeli, Fereshteh
       Gaviola, Lester T
      Lopez, Janmaru M.
     Mendoza, Liberty M.
      Prestoza, Angelee P.
 Rubio, Patricia Elace Ann M.
       Rustila, Richel C.
Serafico, Marie Cellcatherine A.
    Tambaoan, Glorialyn C.
  Valencia, Ma. Antonette C.
       Yu, Ken Adonis S.


     Mr. Bryan de Padua
          Instructor

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Radiopharmaceuticals

  • 2. DEFINITION COMPOSITION USES ADVANTAGES & DISADVANTAGES Is a radioactive PROCUREMENT pharmaceutical agent that is used for COMPOUNDING QUALITY ASSURANCE diagnostic or therapy in DISPENSING & DISTRIBUTION HEALTH & SAFETY a tracer quantity. AVAILABILITY IN THE PHILIPPINES MONITORING PATIENT OUTCOME
  • 3. How is nuclear medicine different from an x-ray, a CT scan, an ultrasound, or an MRI? DEFINITION COMPOSITION Nuclear medicine can detect USES the radiation coming from inside a ADVANTAGES & patient’s body. All of these other DISADVANTAGES procedures expose the patient to PROCUREMENT radiation from outside the body using COMPOUNDING machines that send radiation through QUALITY the body. As a result, nuclear ASSURANCE medicine determines the cause of a DISPENSING & medical problem based on organ DISTRIBUTION HEALTH & SAFETY function in contrast to the other diagnostic tests, that determine the AVAILABILITY IN presence of disease based on THE PHILIPPINES anatomy or structural appearance. MONITORING PATIENT OUTCOME
  • 4. DEFINITION COMPOSITION USES •Radioisotope ADVANTAGES & DISADVANTAGES PROCUREMENT COMPOUNDING •a carrier molecule QUALITY ASSURANCE DISPENSING & DISTRIBUTION HEALTH & SAFETY AVAILABILITY IN THE PHILIPPINES MONITORING PATIENT OUTCOME
  • 5. DEFINITION COMPOSITION USES ADVANTAGES & DISADVANTAGES PROCUREMENT COMPOUNDING QUALITY ASSURANCE DISPENSING & DISTRIBUTION HEALTH & SAFETY AVAILABILITY IN THE PHILIPPINES MONITORING PATIENT OUTCOME
  • 6. DEFINITION COMPOSITION • A version of a chemical USES ADVANTAGES & element that has an DISADVANTAGES unstable nucleus and emits PROCUREMENT COMPOUNDING radiation during its decay QUALITY to a stable form. ASSURANCE DISPENSING & DISTRIBUTION HEALTH & SAFETY • All isotopes are not AVAILABILITY IN THE PHILIPPINES radioisotopes. MONITORING PATIENT OUTCOME
  • 7. DEFINITION COMPOSITION USES ADVANTAGES & DISADVANTAGES PROCUREMENT COMPOUNDING QUALITY ASSURANCE DISPENSING & DISTRIBUTION HEALTH & SAFETY AVAILABILITY IN THE PHILIPPINES MONITORING PATIENT OUTCOME
  • 8. DEFINITION COMPOSITION USES ADVANTAGES & DISADVANTAGES • therapeutic PROCUREMENT COMPOUNDING • diagnosing QUALITY ASSURANCE DISPENSING & DISTRIBUTION HEALTH & SAFETY AVAILABILITY IN THE PHILIPPINES MONITORING PATIENT OUTCOME
  • 9. THERAPEUTIC DEFINITION Designed to deliver therapeutic COMPOSITION dose of ionizing radiation to USES specific disease site, such as ADVANTAGES & DISADVANTAGES cancerous tumors, with high PROCUREMENT specificity in the body. COMPOUNDING QUALITY ASSURANCE Historically, used to treat Thyroid DISPENSING & cancer, Graves’ DISTRIBUTION disease, hyperthyroidism, and HEALTH & SAFETY bone pain pallitation associated AVAILABILITY IN with skeletal metastasis. THE PHILIPPINES MONITORING PATIENT OUTCOME
  • 10. DIAGNOSING DEFINITION COMPOSITION used to derive detailed description of the USES ADVANTAGES & DISADVANTAGES PROCUREMENT morphology and COMPOUNDING dynamic functioning of QUALITY ASSURANCE the various internal DISPENSING & DISTRIBUTION organs of the body. HEALTH & SAFETY AVAILABILITY IN THE PHILIPPINES MONITORING PATIENT OUTCOME
  • 11. DEFINITION • It can be used as diagnosis and COMPOSITION treatment of patients USES ADVANTAGES & • It is common cure to cancers DISADVANTAGES PROCUREMENT COMPOUNDING • Can treat multiple disease sites. QUALITY ASSURANCE • Widely available mode of treatment DISPENSING & DISTRIBUTION • Directly treats tumor, especially HEALTH & SAFETY useful for bone metastasis AVAILABILITY IN THE PHILIPPINES MONITORING PATIENT OUTCOME
  • 12. DEFINITION • Can provide fast onset of pain relief COMPOSITION USES • Single dose is effective for some ADVANTAGES & patients DISADVANTAGES PROCUREMENT • Nuclear medicine tests can be COMPOUNDING performed on children QUALITY ASSURANCE • Nuclear medicine procedures are DISPENSING & cost effective and painless DISTRIBUTION HEALTH & SAFETY • Nuclear medicine procedures have AVAILABILITY IN THE PHILIPPINES no side effects and are completely MONITORING safe PATIENT OUTCOME
  • 13. DEFINITION COMPOSITION • Can produce some allergic reactions USES ADVANTAGES & • It has a radiation risk DISADVANTAGES PROCUREMENT • Myelosuppression may COMPOUNDING occur, especially with prior QUALITY chemotherapy ASSURANCE DISPENSING & • When multiple fractions are given, it DISTRIBUTION may produce prolonged HEALTH & SAFETY inconvenience and discomfort for AVAILABILITY IN THE PHILIPPINES patients MONITORING PATIENT OUTCOME
  • 14. DEFINITION COMPOSITION • Nuclear medicine tests are not USES recommended for pregnant women ADVANTAGES & because unborn babies have a DISADVANTAGES PROCUREMENT greater sensitivity to radiation than COMPOUNDING children or adults QUALITY ASSURANCE • Filling in patients' teeth, dental DISPENSING & braces and permanent bridges may DISTRIBUTION HEALTH & SAFETY cause some distortion around the AVAILABILITY IN mouth area THE PHILIPPINES MONITORING PATIENT OUTCOME
  • 15. DEFINITION Purchasing radiopharmaceutical involves COMPOSITION determining product specifications, initiating USES purchase orders, receiving shipments, maintaining inventory and storing materials under proper ADVANTAGES & conditions. DISADVANTAGES PROCUREMENT Since, some radiopharmaceutical poses a COMPOUNDING short half-life. Typically, the nuclear pharmacist QUALITY would order the drug directly from the ASSURANCE manufacturer primarily by overnight delivery DISPENSING & DISTRIBUTION Storage of radioactive materials must HEALTH & SAFETY incorporate appropriate radiation shielding in AVAILABILITY IN addition to traditional requirements for THE PHILIPPINES light, temperature, and humidity. MONITORING PATIENT OUTCOME
  • 16. DEFINITION Compounding of radiopharmceuticals COMPOSITION requires receipt (or anticipation) of: USES • a valid prescription/drug order ADVANTAGES & DISADVANTAGES • appropriate components, supplies, and equipment PROCUREMENT • a suitable environment, especially for sterile dosage COMPOUNDING forms QUALITY • appropriate recordkeeping, including witten ASSURANCE procedures and lot-specific in formation to ensure DISPENSING & traceability; DISTRIBUTION • Validation/verification of the compounding HEALTH & SAFETY procedure, storage conditions, and expiration AVAILABILITY IN THE PHILIPPINES MONITORING PATIENT OUTCOME
  • 17. DEFINITION Involves reconstituting reagent kits, radiolabelling, and strict aseptic technique must be followed COMPOSITION during compounding. USES ADVANTAGES & A kit involves pre-packed set of sterile ingredients. DISADVANTAGES PROCUREMENT The freeze-dried kit is reconstituted by aseptically COMPOUNDING transferring the necessary activity of sodium pertechnetate using a sterile syringe and needle. QUALITY ASSURANCE DISPENSING & The reconstituted kit is aseptically subdivided to provide each patient dose with a sufficient activity DISTRIBUTION after administration. HEALTH & SAFETY AVAILABILITY IN A diluent may be added to the final dose to give THE PHILIPPINES the desired radioactive concentration. MONITORING PATIENT OUTCOME
  • 18. DEFINITION COMPOSITION USES ADVANTAGES & DISADVANTAGES PROCUREMENT COMPOUNDING QUALITY ASSURANCE DISPENSING & DISTRIBUTION HEALTH & SAFETY AVAILABILITY IN THE PHILIPPINES MONITORING PATIENT OUTCOME
  • 19. DEFINITION DEFINITION Radiopharmaceuticals are generally COMPOSITION COMPOSITION expected to conform to specifications USES USES under the following heading: ADVANTAGES & ADVANTAGES & DISADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES a. Radionuclide f. Absence of foreign PROCUREMENT PROCUREMENT concentration particulate matter COMPOUNDING COMPOUNDING b. Radiochemical g. Particle size (if QUALITY QUALITY purity appropriate) ASSURANCE ASSURANCE DISPENSING & DISPENSING & c. Chemical h. pH DISTRIBUTION DISTRIBUTION purity i. Biological HEALTH & SAFETY HEALTH & SAFETY d. Sterility distribution AVAILABILITY IN AVAILABILITY IN THE PHILIPPINES THE PHILIPPINES e. Apyrogenicity MONITORING MONITORING PATIENT OUTCOME PATIENT OUTCOME
  • 20. DEFINITION Dispensing COMPOSITION USES ADVANTAGES &  Recommends dosage levels based DISADVANTAGES on patient history, age, weight, PROCUREMENT surface area, and/or other factors COMPOUNDING QUALITY ASSURANCE Dispenses prescriptions in DISPENSING & conjunction with applicable DISTRIBUTION HEALTH & SAFETY pharmacy law and keeps AVAILABILITY IN appropriate records THE PHILIPPINES MONITORING PATIENT OUTCOME
  • 21. DEFINITION Dispensing COMPOSITION USES  Develops policies and procedures to ADVANTAGES & ensure that the correct drug in the correct DISADVANTAGES dosage and dosage form is received by PROCUREMENT the correct patient at the correct time via COMPOUNDING the correct route of administration QUALITY ASSURANCE DISPENSING &  Develops policies and procedures, DISTRIBUTION supervises, and reviews the activities of HEALTH & SAFETY non-pharmacist personnel under the AVAILABILITY IN pharmacist's supervision THE PHILIPPINES MONITORING PATIENT OUTCOME
  • 22. DEFINITION Distribution COMPOSITION USES  Complies with all applicable regulations ADVANTAGES & concerning packaging, labeling, and DISADVANTAGES transportation of radioactive and other PROCUREMENT materials (e.g., biohazards), COMPOUNDING demonstrating knowledge of: QUALITY ASSURANCE  DOT regulations concerning packaging, DISPENSING & labeling, and transportation of DISTRIBUTION radioactive and other materials. HEALTH & SAFETY AVAILABILITY IN  Proper procedures and use of THE PHILIPPINES equipment necessary to verify that MONITORING package meet DOT requirements. PATIENT OUTCOME
  • 23. DEFINITION DEFINITION  Allergies COMPOSITION COMPOSITION USES USES If you will be receiving albumin in the ADVANTAGES & ADVANTAGES & form of radioiodinated albumin, technetium DISADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES Tc 99m albumin aggregated, technetium Tc PROCUREMENT PROCUREMENT 99m albumin colloid, or technetium Tc 99m COMPOUNDING COMPOUNDING albumin for your test, tell your doctor if you QUALITY QUALITY have ever had any unusual or allergic ASSURANCE ASSURANCE reaction to products containing DISPENSING & DISPENSING & DISTRIBUTION DISTRIBUTION human serum albumin. HEALTH & SAFETY HEALTH & SAFETY AVAILABILITY IN AVAILABILITY IN THE PHILIPPINES THE PHILIPPINES MONITORING MONITORING PATIENT OUTCOME PATIENT OUTCOME
  • 24. DEFINITION  Pregnancy COMPOSITION Radiopharmaceuticals usually are not USES recommended for use during pregnancy. This ADVANTAGES & is to avoid exposing the fetus to radiation. DISADVANTAGES PROCUREMENT COMPOUNDING This is especially important with QUALITY radiopharmaceuticals that contain ASSURANCE radioactive iodine, which can go to the DISPENSING & baby's thyroid gland and, in high enough DISTRIBUTION amounts, may cause thyroid damage. HEALTH & SAFETY AVAILABILITY IN THE PHILIPPINES MONITORING PATIENT OUTCOME
  • 25. DEFINITION DEFINITION  Breast-feeding COMPOSITION COMPOSITION USES USES Some radiopharmaceuticals pass ADVANTAGES & ADVANTAGES & DISADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES into the breast milk and may expose PROCUREMENT PROCUREMENT the baby to radiation. If you must COMPOUNDING COMPOUNDING receive a radiopharmaceutical, it may QUALITY QUALITY be necessary for you to stop breast- ASSURANCE ASSURANCE feeding for some time after receiving it. DISPENSING & DISPENSING & DISTRIBUTION DISTRIBUTION HEALTH & SAFETY HEALTH & SAFETY AVAILABILITY IN AVAILABILITY IN THE PHILIPPINES THE PHILIPPINES MONITORING MONITORING PATIENT OUTCOME PATIENT OUTCOME
  • 26. DEFINITION DEFINITION  Children COMPOSITION COMPOSITION USES USES ADVANTAGES & ADVANTAGES & For most radiopharmaceuticals, DISADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES the amount of radiation used for a PROCUREMENT PROCUREMENT diagnostic test is very low and COMPOUNDING COMPOUNDING considered safe. QUALITY QUALITY ASSURANCE ASSURANCE DISPENSING & DISPENSING & DISTRIBUTION DISTRIBUTION HEALTH & SAFETY HEALTH & SAFETY AVAILABILITY IN AVAILABILITY IN THE PHILIPPINES THE PHILIPPINES MONITORING MONITORING PATIENT OUTCOME PATIENT OUTCOME
  • 27. DEFINITION DEFINITION COMPOSITION COMPOSITION USES USES ADVANTAGES & ADVANTAGES & DISADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES PROCUREMENT PROCUREMENT COMPOUNDING COMPOUNDING QUALITY QUALITY ASSURANCE ASSURANCE DISPENSING & DISPENSING & DISTRIBUTION DISTRIBUTION HEALTH & SAFETY HEALTH & SAFETY AVAILABILITY IN AVAILABILITY IN THE PHILIPPINES THE PHILIPPINES MONITORING MONITORING PATIENT OUTCOME PATIENT OUTCOME
  • 28. DEFINITION Side effects COMPOSITION USES ADVANTAGES & When radiopharmaceuticals are DISADVANTAGES used in very small doses to study an PROCUREMENT organ of the body, side effects are rare COMPOUNDING and usually involve an allergic QUALITY reaction. These effects may occur ASSURANCE DISPENSING & almost immediately or a few minutes DISTRIBUTION after the radiopharmaceutical is given. HEALTH & SAFETY AVAILABILITY IN THE PHILIPPINES MONITORING PATIENT OUTCOME
  • 29. DEFINITION Are radiopharmaceuticals safe? COMPOSITION USES Absolutely. Like any medicine, with ADVANTAGES & great care. Before they or tested carefully. DISADVANTAGES PROCUREMENT The quantity of the pharmaceutical COMPOUNDING part of the radiopharmaceutical is very small, generally 1/10th of a millionth of QUALITY ASSURANCE an ounce. The risk of a reaction is 2-3 DISPENSING & incidents per 100,000 injections, over 50% DISTRIBUTION of which are rashes, as compared to HEALTH &SAFETY HEALTH SAFETY 2000-3000 per 100,000 injections of x-ray AVAIILABILITY IN AVAILABILITY IN contrast media. THE PHILIPPINES MONITORING PATIENT OUTCOME
  • 30. DEFINITION DEFINITION COMPOSITION COMPOSITION Is the radioactivity harmful? USES USES ADVANTAGES & ADVANTAGES & Although exposure to radioactivity in DISADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES very large doses can be harmful, the PROCUREMENT PROCUREMENT radioactivity in radiopharmaceuticals COMPOUNDING COMPOUNDING is carefully selected by the nuclear QUALITY QUALITY medicine physician to be safe . ASSURANCE ASSURANCE DISPENSING & DISPENSING & DISTRIBUTION DISTRIBUTION HEALTH SAFETY HEALTH & SAFETY AVAIILABILITY IN AVAILABILITY THE PHILIPPINES THE PHILIPPINES MONITORING MONITORING PATIENT OUTCOME PATIENT OUTCOME
  • 31. DEFINITION Radioimmunoassay COMPOSITION (RIA)/Immunoradiometricassay (IRMA) USES ADVANTAGES & THYROID DISADVANTAGES 1. TSH IRMA PROCUREMENT COMPOUNDING 2. FTA RIA 3. Thyroglobulin QUALITY ASSURANCE 4. Anti-thyroglobulin DISPENSING & 5. Anti-TPO (Perioxidase) DISTRIBUTION HEALTH & SAFETY AVAILABILITY IN THE PHILIPPINES MONITORING PATIENT OUTCOME
  • 32. DEFINITION DEFINITION COMPOSITION USES ADVANTAGES & DISADVANTAGES PROCUREMENT COMPOUNDING QUALITY ASSURANCE DISPENSING & DISTRIBUTION HEALTH & SAFETY AVAILABILITY IN AVAILABILITY IN THE PHILIPPINES THE PHILIPPINES MONITORING MONITORING PATIENT OUTCOME PATIENT OUTCOME
  • 33. DEFINITION DEFINITION Radioactive Iodine Therapy COMPOSITION COMPOSITION USES USES ADVANTAGES & ADVANTAGES & 1. Hyperthyroidism (Grave’s Disease, DISADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES solitary autonomous nodule) PROCUREMENT PROCUREMENT COMPOUNDING COMPOUNDING 2. Ablation of thyroid remnants after QUALITY QUALITY thyroidectomy ASSURANCE ASSURANCE DISPENSING & DISPENSING & 3. Treatment of metastatic Thyroid DISTRIBUTION DISTRIBUTION HEALTH & SAFETY HEALTH & SAFETY Carcinoma AVAILABILITY IN AVAILABILITY IN THE PHILIPPINES THE PHILIPPINES MONITORING MONITORING PATIENT OUTCOME PATIENT OUTCOME
  • 34. DEFINITION Imaging COMPOSITION 1. Detection of G.I Bleeding USES 2. Hepatobiliary Imaging ADVANTAGES & DISADVANTAGES 3. I-131 Whole Body Scintigraphy PROCUREMENT 4. Kidney Investigation COMPOUNDING 5. Liver and Spleen Scintigraphy QUALITY 6. Lung Perfusion Scintigraphy ASSURANCE 7. Lung Ventilation Scintigraphy DISPENSING & DISTRIBUTION 8. Meckel’s Diverticulum Scintigraphy HEALTH &SAFETY HEALTH SAFETY 9. Myocardial Perfusion Imaging- Tc99m AVAILABILITY IN Sestamibi, Thelium201 THE PHILIPPINES MONITORING 10. Parathyroid Imaging PATIENT OUTCOME
  • 35. DEFINITION COMPOSITION USES ADVANTAGES & DISADVANTAGES PROCUREMENT COMPOUNDING QUALITY ASSURANCE DISPENSING & DISTRIBUTION HEALTH &SAFETY HEALTH SAFETY AVAILABILITY IN THE PHILIPPINES MONITORING PATIENT OUTCOME
  • 36. DEFINITION Urea Breath Test COMPOSITION UBT is currently considered to be the gold USES standard for non-invasive diagnosis of H.pylori. It is ADVANTAGES & highly reliable- 95% sensitivity and 100% specificity, DISADVANTAGES for pre- and post- PROCUREMENT treatment follow up of infection. COMPOUNDING Clinical Applications: Cardiology QUALITY ASSURANCE Endocrinology DISPENSING & Gastroenterology DISTRIBUTION Infection HEALTH &SAFETY HEALTH SAFETY Nephrology AVAILABILITY IN Oncology THE PHILIPPINES Pulmonary MONITORING PATIENT OUTCOME
  • 37. DEFINITION DEFINITION COMPOSITION COMPOSITION USES USES ADVANTAGES & ADVANTAGES & DISADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES PROCUREMENT PROCUREMENT COMPOUNDING COMPOUNDING QUALITY QUALITY ASSURANCE ASSURANCE DISPENSING & DISPENSING & DISTRIBUTION DISTRIBUTION HEALTH SAFETY HEALTH & SAFETY AVAILABILITY IN AVAILABILITY IN THE PHILIPPINES THE PHILIPPINES MONITORING MONITORING PATIENT OUTCOME PATIENT OUTCOME
  • 38. DEFINITION DEFINITION Develop institutional standards for the rational and appropriate use of radiopharmaceuticals. COMPOSITION COMPOSITION USES USES Prospectively screens and review patients data to assure appropriate use of radiopharmaceuticals and ancillary ADVANTAGES & ADVANTAGES & medicines used to enhanced their effect. DISADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES PROCUREMENT Ensure the patients are selected appropriately for PROCUREMENT radionuclied therapy and monitored after therapy to prevent COMPOUNDING COMPOUNDING compilation and/or intervene with necessary therapy. QUALITY QUALITY Evaluate the safety and effectiveness of ASSURANCE ASSURANCE radiopharmaceuticals and ancillary medications. DISPENSING & DISPENSING & DISTRIBUTION DISTRIBUTION Ensure proper preparation of patients prior to the administration of radiopharmaceuticals and ancillary HEALTH & SAFETY HEALTH SAFETY medication. AVAIILABILITY IN AVAILABILITY THE PHILIPPINES THE PHILIPPINES Prevent minimize and or rectify clinical problems associated MONITORING MONITORING with the use of radiopharmaceuticals or interventional PATIENT OUTCOME PATIENT OUTCOME medications.
  • 39. Do I need to do anything special after I have a nuclear medicine procedure? DEFINITION DEFINITION COMPOSITION COMPOSITION After most nuclear medicine USES USES procedures it is generally best to drink ADVANTAGES & ADVANTAGES & DISADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES a lot of fluids and urinate as frequently PROCUREMENT PROCUREMENT as you can. This helps to flush the COMPOUNDING COMPOUNDING remaining radioactivity out of your QUALITY QUALITY body. The length of time you need to ASSURANCE ASSURANCE DISPENSING & do this will depend on the kind of study DISPENSING & DISTRIBUTION DISTRIBUTION you had and the type of HEALTH & SAFETY HEALTH SAFETY radiopharmaceutical that was used. AVAIILABILITY IN AVAILABILITY THE PHILIPPINES THE PHILIPPINES MONITORING MONITORING PATIENT OUTCOME PATIENT OUTCOME
  • 40. Group 3 Bautista, Christine Hazel A. Carait, Marielle jean R. BSP 2L 2011-2012 Esmaeli, Fereshteh Gaviola, Lester T Lopez, Janmaru M. Mendoza, Liberty M. Prestoza, Angelee P. Rubio, Patricia Elace Ann M. Rustila, Richel C. Serafico, Marie Cellcatherine A. Tambaoan, Glorialyn C. Valencia, Ma. Antonette C. Yu, Ken Adonis S. Mr. Bryan de Padua Instructor

Notes de l'éditeur

  1. Nuclear medicine is a branch of medical imaging that uses small amounts of radioactive material to diagnose and determine the severity of or treat a variety of diseases,
  2. One nuclear medicine procedure, called a PET (positron emission tomography) scan, precisely localizes many types of diseases in the body just by determining how the disease uses sugar. No other imaging method has the ability to use our body’sown functions to determine disease status.The main difference between nuclear imaging and other imaging systems is that, in nuclear imaging, the source of the emitted radiation is within the body. Nuclear imaging shows the position and concentration of the radioisotope. If very little of the radioisotope has been taken up a ‘cold spot’ will show on the screen indicating, perhaps, that blood is not getting through. A ‘hot spot’ on the other hand may indicate excess radioactivity uptake in the tissue or organ that may be due to a diseased state, such as an infection or cancer. Both bone and soft tissue can be imaged successfully with this system.
  3. a radioactive isotope that can be injected safely into the body, and a carrier molecule which delivers the isotope to the area to be treated or examined.
  4. Radiopharmaceuticalsareintroducedintothepatient’sbodybyinjection,swallowing,or inhalation.Theamountgivenisverysmall.The pharmaceuticalpartoftheradiopharmaceutical isdesignedtogotoaspecificplaceinthebody wheretherecouldbediseaseoranabnormality. Theradioactivepartoftheradiopharmaceuticalthatemitsradiation,knownasgammarays(similar tox-rays),isthendetectedusingaspecialcamera calledagammacamera.Thistypeofcameraallows thenuclearmedicinephysiciantoseewhatis happeninginsideyourbody.Duringthisimagingprocedure,thepatientisaskedtoliedownonabedandthenthegammacameraisplacedafewinchesoverthepatient’sbody.Picturesaretakenoverthenextfewminutes.These imagesallowexpertnuclearmedicinephysicianstodiagnosethepatient’sdisease.
  5. Widely available mode of treatmentThey can be given by injection, inhalation or orally.)
  6. The Gamma Counter LG-4 is designed for radioimmunoassay (RIA) and immunoradiometric assay (IRMA) in medium size laboratories employing isotope 125I. The counter is an easy to operate instrument with no moving mechanical components enlarging his operation reliability.