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New microsoft office power point presentation
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D N O
                  EFI ATI N


 EVERYTH N AVAI LABLE I N O R EN R N EN W I C
         I G                U    VI O M T H H
 C BE U
  AN      SED TO SATI SFY O R N S,TEC N C
                           U EED       H I ALLY
 AC ESSI BLE,EC N M C
   C           O O I ALLY FEASI BLE AND
 C LTU ALLY AC EPTABLE I S TER ED AS N R
  U R          C               M        ATU AL
 R UC
  ESO R E.
TH AR C
  EY E LASSI FI ED O TH BASI S O
                    N E         F
1.O I G N
   R I

2.C EM C
   H I AL

3.AVAI LABI LI TY
ORIGIN
On the basis of origin they are classified as:

1.Biotic: Resources which are obtained from
   biosphere are called as Biotic resources.
  Examples: Honey,Plants,Animals,Micro
   organisms
2.Abiotic: Resources which are obtained from
   non organic material are called as
  Abiotic resources
  Examples: Minerals,Energy,Water,Land
CHEMICAL
 On the basis of chemical,they are classified as:
1.Mineral Resources: Natural resources available in
  the form of minerals are called as mineral
  resources.
   Example: Coal,Oil,Natural gas etc.
2.Energy Resources: Any material that provides
  energy to do work is called energy resource.
   Example: Solar energy,Wind energy etc.
AVAILABILITY
 On  the basis of availabity,they are classified as
1.Renewable: Resources which are replenishable
  are called as renewable resources.
   Example: Water,Air,Soil
2.Non Renewable: Resources which are non
  replenishable or which cannot be reused are called
  as non renewable resources.
   Example: Petroleum,Coal
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 Resources associated with wildlife,water,timber,flora
  and fauna and which are used for human needs are
  called as forest resources.
 Some of the examples of forest resource are
  food,medicines,wood etc.
 United Nations Convenment Environmental
  Development(UNED) is associated for the
  maintainance of forest resources.
 Wide range of plants and trees helps and supports
  ecosystem.
USES
   Productive Use: In the productive way,forests
    gives us timber products to make furniture and
    which supports the sustainability.
    Rosewood,Sandalwood,Bamboo etc are some of
    the timber products.
    In case of non-timber products forests produce
    food,energy resources,medicines and commercial
    items like rubber,gum paper etc.
ECOLOGICAL USE
   30% of the oxygen is provided to humans by the
    plants.
   They are used as bio-geo-chemicals.
   They can be used in maintaining the fertility of soil.
   They give us the ability to protect earth’s vegetation.
   They act as natural cleanser.
   They provide us water,rainfall for vegetation.
THREATS
   Deforestation is the major threat to the forest
    resources which later leads to desertification.
   Desertification later leads to the decrease in
    the rainfall and increase in temperature which
    leads to the loss of bio-diversity.
   On the basis of origin, threats are classified
    as natural disasters which includes forest
    fires,over-grazing,floods,landslides and man-
    made disasters which include deforestation
    and desertification
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CAUSES
   Timber Extraction which include four mechanisms
    called Clear Felling, Selective
    Logging, Mechanized Logging, Hand Logging.
   Dams construction which restricts the flow of flood
    water.
   Turning forest lands into agricultural lands.
   Cultivation.
   Mining.
   Pollution
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DRAWBACKS AND REMEDIES
Drawbacks                      Remedies

 Rehabilitation of tribals.      Afforestation
 Deforestation.
                                  Chipko movement was
                                   started in 17th century
 Salinity: Decrease in            where people hug trees.It
  the ph of soil.                  came in to exist by
                                   Sunderlal Bharma.
 Soil erosion
                                  Join Forest Movement
 Loss of wildlife.                and Forest Conservation
                                   Act were also
                                   implemented to conserve
                                   forest resources.
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INTRODUCTION
 In total 100% water all over the world,97% is of salt
  water and 3% is of fresh water.In the 3% of fresh
  water,2% is of ice caps and in the 1%,0.7% is used for
  agriculture and irrigation and in left out 0.3% ,0.2% is
  used for household and 0.1% is used for drinking.
IMPORTANCE
 Drinking/Domestic
 Used as stabilizer of temperature.
 Universal Solvent: Being used in industries for
  commercial purpose.
 Agriculture: In the form of irrigation.
CLASSIFICATION
 On the basis of presence they are classified as:
  Surface Water: Water present in the superficial layer of the
  earth.
  Ground Water: Water continually being renewed and
  recharged through the hydrological cycle.
 On the basis of salinity, surface water is classified into:
  Salt water: Oceans and Seas
  Fresh water.
 On the basis of movement, fresh water is classified into:
  Lentic water: Water which are static or fixed at a particular
  place. Examples: Ponds and lakes.
  Lotic water: Water which flows. Examples: Rivers and
  streams.
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THREATS
 Nature Induced: Floods, Tsunamis, Cyclones, Hurricanes.
 Man Induced:
  Pollution is the main threat to the water resources from
  humans.
  Use of pesticides which are non-biodegradable in nature is
  also a threat to water pollution.
  Bio-magnification: Increasing the toxicity.
  Organic compounds: Examples: Algae.
  Eutrophication: Increase in the algae due to dumping of
  organic compounds.
  Industries: Release toxic chemicals into water.
  Leather industries: To increase the stiffness of leather, they
  add heavy metals in which some of them enters into water
  and pollute them.
 Thermal pollution: Water bodies get polluted by
    introducing high temperature water into low temperature
    water.
   Dissolved Oxygen: The atmospheric oxygen which is mixed
    up with water and pollute it.
   Oil spills: Oil forms a thick layer over water surface which
    again forms a barrier between the oxygen providing
    atmosphere and marine animals.
   Dumping of electronic goods and plastic is also a major
    threat to water resources.
   Over Exploitation: High utility or using of water resources
    without certain acreages.
   Construction of water dams.
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DRAWBACKS of water resources leads to
 Drought: Over utilization
  drought. It also occurs due to deforestation which is again
  caused by humans.
 Droughts are classified as:
   Meteorological: Occurs when there is a decrease in the
  rainfall of 25%.They are also called as temporary droughts.
  Hydrological: Occurs when there is a decrease in the
  rainfall of 50%.
  Agricultural: Occurs when there is water crisis or less water
  rainfall and its impact on agriculture.
  Socio Economic: Water crisis problem to humans and
  industries are called as social economic droughts.
 Famine is also drawback of water resources which is due to
  shortage of food.
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CONTROL MEASURES
 Water Harvesting.
 Sewage treatment: The solid pollutance with liquid coming
  from an industry is called as sewage and the treatment of
  solid is called sewage treatment.
 Effluent: The pollutance without liquid impurities coming
  out from industries.
 Drought can be avoided by recycling the ground water
  which ca be used for future needs also
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INTRODUCTION
   A homogenous chemical substance that has a
    definable internal structure is called as mineral
   They are commercially available.
CLASSIFICATION

   On the basis of properties, they are classified as:
    Metallic: Metals which are crystalline in nature.
    Examples: Al, Copper, Mica, Gold, Pb, Fe, Au, Hg, Zinc.
    Non-Metallic: Metals which are non-crystalline or
    powdered form. Examples:
    Coal, Gypsum, Limestone, Silica.
   Based on the economy, they are classified as:
    Critical: The one which are economically available:
    Examples: Gold, Copper etc.
    Strategic: The one which are most available for
    nation, defense purpose. Examples:
    Mg, Iridium, Uranium.
TYPES OF MINERALS
   Metallic:
    Fe: Used as strengthen purpose. It is available in Andhra
    Pradesh, Tamil Nadu, Jharkhand. It is also used for
    manufacturing equipments.
    Chromium(Cr): Generally used in tannery industries for
    strengthen purpose.
    Al: Used for utensils, household purposes, domestic purposes
    and for a healthy life.
    Copper(Cu): Generally used for electrical and electronic
    purposes. It is found in Tamil Nadu and Karnataka.
    Lead: Used in all the electronic goods.
    Gold: Used for commercial purpose and is non toxic for
    humans.
   Non-Metallic:
    Gypsum: Used in cement industries.
    Lime stone: Used in beverage industries and cement
    industries.
    Coal: Used as energy metal.
    Silica: Used in construction purpose and is a basic
    source of glasses.
   Process of extracting minerals from ore.
   Steps:
    Exploration: Searching and analyzing on the land that is
    used for extraction of minerals.
    Prospection: Identifying minerals and sorting.
    Extraction: Extracting minerals from ores.
    Purification: To purify the extracted minerals.
   Mining is classified into:
    Surface mining: Extracting minerals from the superficial
    layer of earth. Examples: Coal.
    Sub surface mining: Extraction minerals from
    underground. Examples: Nuclear, Radio-Isotopes.
THREATS
 Disturbances in the mantle layer: In the mantle, a floating
  layer is present which maintains the balance between the
  above and below layers. When the disturbance
  occurs, the entire balance goes out leads to disasters like
  earthquakes, tsunamis etc.
 Drowning of land.
 Deforestation: Leads to the loss in bio-diversity.
 Acid mine drainage: Acid coming from extraction get
  mixed up with soil and then water which leads to acid
  mine drainage.
EFFECTS                           REMEDIES

   Exploration: Which leads to      Bio-mining or Bio-leaching
    deforestation, loss of bio-      Thiobacillus Ferroxidans:
    diversity, tribal                 Bacteria identified in the
    rehabilitation.                   deeper layers where the
   Prospection: Which leads          volcano erupts. It extracts
    to the disturbance to soil        minerals by oxidation. They
    micro organisms/nutrients.        can perform at higher
   Extraction: Disturbance to        temperatures also.
    the mantle layer, decreases      Enhanced Oil Recovery:
    the ph of soil.                   Used for oil mining.


EFFECTS AND REMEDIES
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World Food Problems
 Combination of amino acids:
  Lipids: Fats or fatty acids that consists of saturated and
  unsaturated acids. Acts as energy provides and
  insulators for marine animals.
 Carbohydrates: Decrease in proteins is called as
  kwashiorkor disease.
 Improper Agricultural Practices:
  Population explosion: Drastic increase in the population
  which leads to a major impact on the food resources.
  Malnutrition: Deficiency of vitamins and nutrients is
  called as malnutrition or under nourishment. Africa is the
  most under nourished country.
   On the basis of agriculture, they are classified as:
    Traditional farming.
    Modern farming.
   On the basis of production, traditional farming is
    classified into:
    Subsistence farming: Farming on small area.
    Intensive farming: Farming on large area.
Drawbacks and Remedies

DRAWBACKS                         REMEDIES
                                   Organic farming:
 Soil erosion: Decrease in the     Combination of traditional
  production which later leads      and modern farming.
  to the deforestation.            Mulching.
 Eutrophication: Increase in      Composting.
  the algae due to dumping of
                                   Green Manure.
  organic compounds.
                                   Agricultural Practices:
 Non target micro-organisms:
  Decreases in soil fertility.     Crop rotation: Adding of
                                    nutrients.
 Water logging: Leads to
  water pollution                  Terrace/Contour: To avoid
                                    soil erosion and water
                                    problems.
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INTRODUCTION
 Land: Area which consists of biotic and abiotic
  components.
 Soil: Organic mixture of all minerals which are
  deposited as sediments.
 Pedology: Study of soil.
 Formation: It is formed by weathering process where
  the rocks slides down from the mountain.
TYPES OF SOIL
 Soils are classified on the basis of size, color and
  texture:
 Alluvial soil: It is also called as agricultural soil since it is
  rich in various nutrients.
 Black soil: Blackish color consisting large amount of
  nutrients which are close proximity. It supports plants.
 Red soil: Reddish in color due to the presence of iron.
  They are of far proximity. Helps in growing some leafy
  vegetables.
 Laterite soil: It is called due to the mixture of hydroxides,
  K, S.
 Desert soil: The proximity between to elements of the
  soil is very far.
THREATS TO SOIL
   Soil erosion: Decrease in the fertility of soil
    which leads to deforestation. Wind and Water
    also causes soil erosion. Soil erosion is called
    due to improper agricultural practices.
   Land degradation: The loss of top most layer
    of land is called land degradation which is
    leads to the decrease in the cultivation.
   Wind: Wind storm which is a natural calamity decreases
    the soil fertility.
   Water:
   Rill erosion: Formation of ridges in soil due to heavy
    rainfall.
   Gully erosion: Combination of all ridges is called as gully
    erosion.
   Rigarian erosion: Erosion of river banks or stream banks
    due to the high velocity of water flow because of increase
    in the rain.
   Sheet erosion: During heavy floods and storms, a sheet
    of land is eroded which is called as sheet erosion and it
    generally occurs in hilly areas.
   Human activities:
    Monoculture and introduction of alien species.
CONTROL MEASURES

 Biological:
  Mulching.
  Polyculture: Cultivating two different
  crops in the same area.
  Crop rotation.
 Mechanical:
  Contour.
  Terrace farming.
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CLASSIFICATION
 On the basis of abundance:
 Renewable:
1. Solar energy: Provides 1000MW of energy which we
   cannot store.
   Applications: They can be used as solar heaters, solar
   cookers and solar lamps.
   Advantages: It is a clean energy without carbon
   compounds and it is sufficient in large amount.
   Drawbacks: High cost, occupies more space and cannot
   be applied in cold countries and nights.
2.Wind energy: When wind flows mechanical energy is
   converted into electrical energy. Minimum required rate
   of flowing is 8.5m/s. In India, 50% of electricity is
   provided by wind energy. Largest area of wind mill in
   India is in Kanyakumari.
Drawbacks: Costly, required flow rate and
  should be present only in elevated or coastal
  areas.
3.Water: Generation of electricity by turbines.
  Outflow and Inflow is 50%
  Drawbacks: Costly and disturbance to aquatic
  life.
4.Ocean thermal energy: Volcanoes under
  oceans erupt and heat is used to generate
  electricity.
5.Biogas.
6.Geo thermal energy.
 Non Renewable:
1. Coal: Formed from the partial degradation of plants.
   Formation:
   Peat: The first initial stage of coal.
   Lignite: A bit harder material where a large amount of
   coal is present.
   Bituminous: Formed by the conversion of lignite.
   Anthracite: Much amount of coal.
   Peat contains 40% of carbon. Lignite and Bituminous are
   soft coals and contains 70%-80% of carbon and
   Anthracite contains 90% of carbon.
   Application: 90% of electricity is produced from coal.
   Coal based methane from coal mines generates
   electricity.
   Drawbacks: Pollution to air and air to global warming.
2.    Crude oil: Improper burning forms liquid
  substance rich in C, N, S which is called crude oil.
  Application: Transportation, electricity.
  Drawbacks: Global warming and Acid rains.
3.    Natural gas: Gas rich in methane.
  Application: Cooking, transportation.
  Drawbacks: Large quantity some times leads to
  explosion.
Need for Conservation:
   Use of natural resources is increasing but the amount of these resources by
   decreasing.
   Deforestation caused the loss of energy resources.
   Relational and international capacities conserving the resources are not
   properly organized, must have some common conservation strategy.
Objectives of conservation of
natural resources:                         Methods of conservation:
To maintain the essential                  For conservation of water.
ecological processes i.e. food             Keeping the water taps closed, when not in
chain recycling of mineral                 use.
resources etc and the life support         Using less water-consuming toilets.
system –                                   Watering the plants to be done in the
soil, air, water, pond, plants, anima      evening tours.
ls etc.                                    Using drip irrigation and sprinkling irrigation
To ensure the availability and             systems water lawns etc.
sustainability of resources which          Treating water to be provided for irrigation
assumes the survival of all species        purpose.
is a healthy and easy manner.              Water to be used carefully and
To preserve the diversity at the           economically for domestically for domestic
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  • 3. D N O EFI ATI N  EVERYTH N AVAI LABLE I N O R EN R N EN W I C I G U VI O M T H H C BE U AN SED TO SATI SFY O R N S,TEC N C U EED H I ALLY AC ESSI BLE,EC N M C C O O I ALLY FEASI BLE AND C LTU ALLY AC EPTABLE I S TER ED AS N R U R C M ATU AL R UC ESO R E.
  • 4. TH AR C EY E LASSI FI ED O TH BASI S O N E F 1.O I G N R I 2.C EM C H I AL 3.AVAI LABI LI TY
  • 5. ORIGIN On the basis of origin they are classified as: 1.Biotic: Resources which are obtained from biosphere are called as Biotic resources. Examples: Honey,Plants,Animals,Micro organisms 2.Abiotic: Resources which are obtained from non organic material are called as Abiotic resources Examples: Minerals,Energy,Water,Land
  • 6. CHEMICAL  On the basis of chemical,they are classified as: 1.Mineral Resources: Natural resources available in the form of minerals are called as mineral resources. Example: Coal,Oil,Natural gas etc. 2.Energy Resources: Any material that provides energy to do work is called energy resource. Example: Solar energy,Wind energy etc.
  • 7. AVAILABILITY  On the basis of availabity,they are classified as 1.Renewable: Resources which are replenishable are called as renewable resources. Example: Water,Air,Soil 2.Non Renewable: Resources which are non replenishable or which cannot be reused are called as non renewable resources. Example: Petroleum,Coal
  • 9.  Resources associated with wildlife,water,timber,flora and fauna and which are used for human needs are called as forest resources.  Some of the examples of forest resource are food,medicines,wood etc.  United Nations Convenment Environmental Development(UNED) is associated for the maintainance of forest resources.  Wide range of plants and trees helps and supports ecosystem.
  • 10. USES  Productive Use: In the productive way,forests gives us timber products to make furniture and which supports the sustainability. Rosewood,Sandalwood,Bamboo etc are some of the timber products. In case of non-timber products forests produce food,energy resources,medicines and commercial items like rubber,gum paper etc.
  • 11. ECOLOGICAL USE  30% of the oxygen is provided to humans by the plants.  They are used as bio-geo-chemicals.  They can be used in maintaining the fertility of soil.  They give us the ability to protect earth’s vegetation.  They act as natural cleanser.  They provide us water,rainfall for vegetation.
  • 12. THREATS  Deforestation is the major threat to the forest resources which later leads to desertification.  Desertification later leads to the decrease in the rainfall and increase in temperature which leads to the loss of bio-diversity.  On the basis of origin, threats are classified as natural disasters which includes forest fires,over-grazing,floods,landslides and man- made disasters which include deforestation and desertification
  • 14. CAUSES  Timber Extraction which include four mechanisms called Clear Felling, Selective Logging, Mechanized Logging, Hand Logging.  Dams construction which restricts the flow of flood water.  Turning forest lands into agricultural lands.  Cultivation.  Mining.  Pollution
  • 16. DRAWBACKS AND REMEDIES Drawbacks Remedies  Rehabilitation of tribals.  Afforestation  Deforestation.  Chipko movement was started in 17th century  Salinity: Decrease in where people hug trees.It the ph of soil. came in to exist by Sunderlal Bharma.  Soil erosion  Join Forest Movement  Loss of wildlife. and Forest Conservation Act were also implemented to conserve forest resources.
  • 18. INTRODUCTION  In total 100% water all over the world,97% is of salt water and 3% is of fresh water.In the 3% of fresh water,2% is of ice caps and in the 1%,0.7% is used for agriculture and irrigation and in left out 0.3% ,0.2% is used for household and 0.1% is used for drinking.
  • 19. IMPORTANCE  Drinking/Domestic  Used as stabilizer of temperature.  Universal Solvent: Being used in industries for commercial purpose.  Agriculture: In the form of irrigation.
  • 20. CLASSIFICATION  On the basis of presence they are classified as: Surface Water: Water present in the superficial layer of the earth. Ground Water: Water continually being renewed and recharged through the hydrological cycle.  On the basis of salinity, surface water is classified into: Salt water: Oceans and Seas Fresh water.  On the basis of movement, fresh water is classified into: Lentic water: Water which are static or fixed at a particular place. Examples: Ponds and lakes. Lotic water: Water which flows. Examples: Rivers and streams.
  • 22. THREATS  Nature Induced: Floods, Tsunamis, Cyclones, Hurricanes.  Man Induced: Pollution is the main threat to the water resources from humans. Use of pesticides which are non-biodegradable in nature is also a threat to water pollution. Bio-magnification: Increasing the toxicity. Organic compounds: Examples: Algae. Eutrophication: Increase in the algae due to dumping of organic compounds. Industries: Release toxic chemicals into water. Leather industries: To increase the stiffness of leather, they add heavy metals in which some of them enters into water and pollute them.
  • 23.  Thermal pollution: Water bodies get polluted by introducing high temperature water into low temperature water.  Dissolved Oxygen: The atmospheric oxygen which is mixed up with water and pollute it.  Oil spills: Oil forms a thick layer over water surface which again forms a barrier between the oxygen providing atmosphere and marine animals.  Dumping of electronic goods and plastic is also a major threat to water resources.  Over Exploitation: High utility or using of water resources without certain acreages.  Construction of water dams.
  • 25. DRAWBACKS of water resources leads to  Drought: Over utilization drought. It also occurs due to deforestation which is again caused by humans.  Droughts are classified as: Meteorological: Occurs when there is a decrease in the rainfall of 25%.They are also called as temporary droughts. Hydrological: Occurs when there is a decrease in the rainfall of 50%. Agricultural: Occurs when there is water crisis or less water rainfall and its impact on agriculture. Socio Economic: Water crisis problem to humans and industries are called as social economic droughts.  Famine is also drawback of water resources which is due to shortage of food.
  • 27. CONTROL MEASURES  Water Harvesting.  Sewage treatment: The solid pollutance with liquid coming from an industry is called as sewage and the treatment of solid is called sewage treatment.  Effluent: The pollutance without liquid impurities coming out from industries.  Drought can be avoided by recycling the ground water which ca be used for future needs also
  • 29. INTRODUCTION  A homogenous chemical substance that has a definable internal structure is called as mineral  They are commercially available.
  • 30. CLASSIFICATION  On the basis of properties, they are classified as: Metallic: Metals which are crystalline in nature. Examples: Al, Copper, Mica, Gold, Pb, Fe, Au, Hg, Zinc. Non-Metallic: Metals which are non-crystalline or powdered form. Examples: Coal, Gypsum, Limestone, Silica.  Based on the economy, they are classified as: Critical: The one which are economically available: Examples: Gold, Copper etc. Strategic: The one which are most available for nation, defense purpose. Examples: Mg, Iridium, Uranium.
  • 31. TYPES OF MINERALS  Metallic: Fe: Used as strengthen purpose. It is available in Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu, Jharkhand. It is also used for manufacturing equipments. Chromium(Cr): Generally used in tannery industries for strengthen purpose. Al: Used for utensils, household purposes, domestic purposes and for a healthy life. Copper(Cu): Generally used for electrical and electronic purposes. It is found in Tamil Nadu and Karnataka. Lead: Used in all the electronic goods. Gold: Used for commercial purpose and is non toxic for humans.
  • 32. Non-Metallic: Gypsum: Used in cement industries. Lime stone: Used in beverage industries and cement industries. Coal: Used as energy metal. Silica: Used in construction purpose and is a basic source of glasses.
  • 33. Process of extracting minerals from ore.  Steps: Exploration: Searching and analyzing on the land that is used for extraction of minerals. Prospection: Identifying minerals and sorting. Extraction: Extracting minerals from ores. Purification: To purify the extracted minerals.  Mining is classified into: Surface mining: Extracting minerals from the superficial layer of earth. Examples: Coal. Sub surface mining: Extraction minerals from underground. Examples: Nuclear, Radio-Isotopes.
  • 34. THREATS  Disturbances in the mantle layer: In the mantle, a floating layer is present which maintains the balance between the above and below layers. When the disturbance occurs, the entire balance goes out leads to disasters like earthquakes, tsunamis etc.  Drowning of land.  Deforestation: Leads to the loss in bio-diversity.  Acid mine drainage: Acid coming from extraction get mixed up with soil and then water which leads to acid mine drainage.
  • 35. EFFECTS REMEDIES  Exploration: Which leads to  Bio-mining or Bio-leaching deforestation, loss of bio-  Thiobacillus Ferroxidans: diversity, tribal Bacteria identified in the rehabilitation. deeper layers where the  Prospection: Which leads volcano erupts. It extracts to the disturbance to soil minerals by oxidation. They micro organisms/nutrients. can perform at higher  Extraction: Disturbance to temperatures also. the mantle layer, decreases  Enhanced Oil Recovery: the ph of soil. Used for oil mining. EFFECTS AND REMEDIES
  • 37. World Food Problems  Combination of amino acids: Lipids: Fats or fatty acids that consists of saturated and unsaturated acids. Acts as energy provides and insulators for marine animals.  Carbohydrates: Decrease in proteins is called as kwashiorkor disease.  Improper Agricultural Practices: Population explosion: Drastic increase in the population which leads to a major impact on the food resources. Malnutrition: Deficiency of vitamins and nutrients is called as malnutrition or under nourishment. Africa is the most under nourished country.
  • 38. On the basis of agriculture, they are classified as: Traditional farming. Modern farming.  On the basis of production, traditional farming is classified into: Subsistence farming: Farming on small area. Intensive farming: Farming on large area.
  • 39. Drawbacks and Remedies DRAWBACKS REMEDIES  Organic farming:  Soil erosion: Decrease in the Combination of traditional production which later leads and modern farming. to the deforestation.  Mulching.  Eutrophication: Increase in  Composting. the algae due to dumping of  Green Manure. organic compounds.  Agricultural Practices:  Non target micro-organisms: Decreases in soil fertility.  Crop rotation: Adding of nutrients.  Water logging: Leads to water pollution  Terrace/Contour: To avoid soil erosion and water problems.
  • 41. INTRODUCTION  Land: Area which consists of biotic and abiotic components.  Soil: Organic mixture of all minerals which are deposited as sediments.  Pedology: Study of soil.  Formation: It is formed by weathering process where the rocks slides down from the mountain.
  • 42. TYPES OF SOIL  Soils are classified on the basis of size, color and texture:  Alluvial soil: It is also called as agricultural soil since it is rich in various nutrients.  Black soil: Blackish color consisting large amount of nutrients which are close proximity. It supports plants.  Red soil: Reddish in color due to the presence of iron. They are of far proximity. Helps in growing some leafy vegetables.  Laterite soil: It is called due to the mixture of hydroxides, K, S.  Desert soil: The proximity between to elements of the soil is very far.
  • 43. THREATS TO SOIL  Soil erosion: Decrease in the fertility of soil which leads to deforestation. Wind and Water also causes soil erosion. Soil erosion is called due to improper agricultural practices.  Land degradation: The loss of top most layer of land is called land degradation which is leads to the decrease in the cultivation.
  • 44. Wind: Wind storm which is a natural calamity decreases the soil fertility.  Water:  Rill erosion: Formation of ridges in soil due to heavy rainfall.  Gully erosion: Combination of all ridges is called as gully erosion.  Rigarian erosion: Erosion of river banks or stream banks due to the high velocity of water flow because of increase in the rain.  Sheet erosion: During heavy floods and storms, a sheet of land is eroded which is called as sheet erosion and it generally occurs in hilly areas.  Human activities: Monoculture and introduction of alien species.
  • 45. CONTROL MEASURES  Biological: Mulching. Polyculture: Cultivating two different crops in the same area. Crop rotation.  Mechanical: Contour. Terrace farming.
  • 47. CLASSIFICATION  On the basis of abundance:  Renewable: 1. Solar energy: Provides 1000MW of energy which we cannot store. Applications: They can be used as solar heaters, solar cookers and solar lamps. Advantages: It is a clean energy without carbon compounds and it is sufficient in large amount. Drawbacks: High cost, occupies more space and cannot be applied in cold countries and nights. 2.Wind energy: When wind flows mechanical energy is converted into electrical energy. Minimum required rate of flowing is 8.5m/s. In India, 50% of electricity is provided by wind energy. Largest area of wind mill in India is in Kanyakumari.
  • 48. Drawbacks: Costly, required flow rate and should be present only in elevated or coastal areas. 3.Water: Generation of electricity by turbines. Outflow and Inflow is 50% Drawbacks: Costly and disturbance to aquatic life. 4.Ocean thermal energy: Volcanoes under oceans erupt and heat is used to generate electricity. 5.Biogas. 6.Geo thermal energy.
  • 49.  Non Renewable: 1. Coal: Formed from the partial degradation of plants. Formation: Peat: The first initial stage of coal. Lignite: A bit harder material where a large amount of coal is present. Bituminous: Formed by the conversion of lignite. Anthracite: Much amount of coal. Peat contains 40% of carbon. Lignite and Bituminous are soft coals and contains 70%-80% of carbon and Anthracite contains 90% of carbon. Application: 90% of electricity is produced from coal. Coal based methane from coal mines generates electricity. Drawbacks: Pollution to air and air to global warming.
  • 50. 2. Crude oil: Improper burning forms liquid substance rich in C, N, S which is called crude oil. Application: Transportation, electricity. Drawbacks: Global warming and Acid rains. 3. Natural gas: Gas rich in methane. Application: Cooking, transportation. Drawbacks: Large quantity some times leads to explosion.
  • 51. Need for Conservation: Use of natural resources is increasing but the amount of these resources by decreasing. Deforestation caused the loss of energy resources. Relational and international capacities conserving the resources are not properly organized, must have some common conservation strategy. Objectives of conservation of natural resources: Methods of conservation: To maintain the essential For conservation of water. ecological processes i.e. food Keeping the water taps closed, when not in chain recycling of mineral use. resources etc and the life support Using less water-consuming toilets. system – Watering the plants to be done in the soil, air, water, pond, plants, anima evening tours. ls etc. Using drip irrigation and sprinkling irrigation To ensure the availability and systems water lawns etc. sustainability of resources which Treating water to be provided for irrigation assumes the survival of all species purpose. is a healthy and easy manner. Water to be used carefully and To preserve the diversity at the economically for domestically for domestic