3. D N O
EFI ATI N
EVERYTH N AVAI LABLE I N O R EN R N EN W I C
I G U VI O M T H H
C BE U
AN SED TO SATI SFY O R N S,TEC N C
U EED H I ALLY
AC ESSI BLE,EC N M C
C O O I ALLY FEASI BLE AND
C LTU ALLY AC EPTABLE I S TER ED AS N R
U R C M ATU AL
R UC
ESO R E.
4. TH AR C
EY E LASSI FI ED O TH BASI S O
N E F
1.O I G N
R I
2.C EM C
H I AL
3.AVAI LABI LI TY
5. ORIGIN
On the basis of origin they are classified as:
1.Biotic: Resources which are obtained from
biosphere are called as Biotic resources.
Examples: Honey,Plants,Animals,Micro
organisms
2.Abiotic: Resources which are obtained from
non organic material are called as
Abiotic resources
Examples: Minerals,Energy,Water,Land
6. CHEMICAL
On the basis of chemical,they are classified as:
1.Mineral Resources: Natural resources available in
the form of minerals are called as mineral
resources.
Example: Coal,Oil,Natural gas etc.
2.Energy Resources: Any material that provides
energy to do work is called energy resource.
Example: Solar energy,Wind energy etc.
7. AVAILABILITY
On the basis of availabity,they are classified as
1.Renewable: Resources which are replenishable
are called as renewable resources.
Example: Water,Air,Soil
2.Non Renewable: Resources which are non
replenishable or which cannot be reused are called
as non renewable resources.
Example: Petroleum,Coal
9. Resources associated with wildlife,water,timber,flora
and fauna and which are used for human needs are
called as forest resources.
Some of the examples of forest resource are
food,medicines,wood etc.
United Nations Convenment Environmental
Development(UNED) is associated for the
maintainance of forest resources.
Wide range of plants and trees helps and supports
ecosystem.
10. USES
Productive Use: In the productive way,forests
gives us timber products to make furniture and
which supports the sustainability.
Rosewood,Sandalwood,Bamboo etc are some of
the timber products.
In case of non-timber products forests produce
food,energy resources,medicines and commercial
items like rubber,gum paper etc.
11. ECOLOGICAL USE
30% of the oxygen is provided to humans by the
plants.
They are used as bio-geo-chemicals.
They can be used in maintaining the fertility of soil.
They give us the ability to protect earth’s vegetation.
They act as natural cleanser.
They provide us water,rainfall for vegetation.
12. THREATS
Deforestation is the major threat to the forest
resources which later leads to desertification.
Desertification later leads to the decrease in
the rainfall and increase in temperature which
leads to the loss of bio-diversity.
On the basis of origin, threats are classified
as natural disasters which includes forest
fires,over-grazing,floods,landslides and man-
made disasters which include deforestation
and desertification
14. CAUSES
Timber Extraction which include four mechanisms
called Clear Felling, Selective
Logging, Mechanized Logging, Hand Logging.
Dams construction which restricts the flow of flood
water.
Turning forest lands into agricultural lands.
Cultivation.
Mining.
Pollution
16. DRAWBACKS AND REMEDIES
Drawbacks Remedies
Rehabilitation of tribals. Afforestation
Deforestation.
Chipko movement was
started in 17th century
Salinity: Decrease in where people hug trees.It
the ph of soil. came in to exist by
Sunderlal Bharma.
Soil erosion
Join Forest Movement
Loss of wildlife. and Forest Conservation
Act were also
implemented to conserve
forest resources.
18. INTRODUCTION
In total 100% water all over the world,97% is of salt
water and 3% is of fresh water.In the 3% of fresh
water,2% is of ice caps and in the 1%,0.7% is used for
agriculture and irrigation and in left out 0.3% ,0.2% is
used for household and 0.1% is used for drinking.
19. IMPORTANCE
Drinking/Domestic
Used as stabilizer of temperature.
Universal Solvent: Being used in industries for
commercial purpose.
Agriculture: In the form of irrigation.
20. CLASSIFICATION
On the basis of presence they are classified as:
Surface Water: Water present in the superficial layer of the
earth.
Ground Water: Water continually being renewed and
recharged through the hydrological cycle.
On the basis of salinity, surface water is classified into:
Salt water: Oceans and Seas
Fresh water.
On the basis of movement, fresh water is classified into:
Lentic water: Water which are static or fixed at a particular
place. Examples: Ponds and lakes.
Lotic water: Water which flows. Examples: Rivers and
streams.
22. THREATS
Nature Induced: Floods, Tsunamis, Cyclones, Hurricanes.
Man Induced:
Pollution is the main threat to the water resources from
humans.
Use of pesticides which are non-biodegradable in nature is
also a threat to water pollution.
Bio-magnification: Increasing the toxicity.
Organic compounds: Examples: Algae.
Eutrophication: Increase in the algae due to dumping of
organic compounds.
Industries: Release toxic chemicals into water.
Leather industries: To increase the stiffness of leather, they
add heavy metals in which some of them enters into water
and pollute them.
23. Thermal pollution: Water bodies get polluted by
introducing high temperature water into low temperature
water.
Dissolved Oxygen: The atmospheric oxygen which is mixed
up with water and pollute it.
Oil spills: Oil forms a thick layer over water surface which
again forms a barrier between the oxygen providing
atmosphere and marine animals.
Dumping of electronic goods and plastic is also a major
threat to water resources.
Over Exploitation: High utility or using of water resources
without certain acreages.
Construction of water dams.
25. DRAWBACKS of water resources leads to
Drought: Over utilization
drought. It also occurs due to deforestation which is again
caused by humans.
Droughts are classified as:
Meteorological: Occurs when there is a decrease in the
rainfall of 25%.They are also called as temporary droughts.
Hydrological: Occurs when there is a decrease in the
rainfall of 50%.
Agricultural: Occurs when there is water crisis or less water
rainfall and its impact on agriculture.
Socio Economic: Water crisis problem to humans and
industries are called as social economic droughts.
Famine is also drawback of water resources which is due to
shortage of food.
27. CONTROL MEASURES
Water Harvesting.
Sewage treatment: The solid pollutance with liquid coming
from an industry is called as sewage and the treatment of
solid is called sewage treatment.
Effluent: The pollutance without liquid impurities coming
out from industries.
Drought can be avoided by recycling the ground water
which ca be used for future needs also
29. INTRODUCTION
A homogenous chemical substance that has a
definable internal structure is called as mineral
They are commercially available.
30. CLASSIFICATION
On the basis of properties, they are classified as:
Metallic: Metals which are crystalline in nature.
Examples: Al, Copper, Mica, Gold, Pb, Fe, Au, Hg, Zinc.
Non-Metallic: Metals which are non-crystalline or
powdered form. Examples:
Coal, Gypsum, Limestone, Silica.
Based on the economy, they are classified as:
Critical: The one which are economically available:
Examples: Gold, Copper etc.
Strategic: The one which are most available for
nation, defense purpose. Examples:
Mg, Iridium, Uranium.
31. TYPES OF MINERALS
Metallic:
Fe: Used as strengthen purpose. It is available in Andhra
Pradesh, Tamil Nadu, Jharkhand. It is also used for
manufacturing equipments.
Chromium(Cr): Generally used in tannery industries for
strengthen purpose.
Al: Used for utensils, household purposes, domestic purposes
and for a healthy life.
Copper(Cu): Generally used for electrical and electronic
purposes. It is found in Tamil Nadu and Karnataka.
Lead: Used in all the electronic goods.
Gold: Used for commercial purpose and is non toxic for
humans.
32. Non-Metallic:
Gypsum: Used in cement industries.
Lime stone: Used in beverage industries and cement
industries.
Coal: Used as energy metal.
Silica: Used in construction purpose and is a basic
source of glasses.
33. Process of extracting minerals from ore.
Steps:
Exploration: Searching and analyzing on the land that is
used for extraction of minerals.
Prospection: Identifying minerals and sorting.
Extraction: Extracting minerals from ores.
Purification: To purify the extracted minerals.
Mining is classified into:
Surface mining: Extracting minerals from the superficial
layer of earth. Examples: Coal.
Sub surface mining: Extraction minerals from
underground. Examples: Nuclear, Radio-Isotopes.
34. THREATS
Disturbances in the mantle layer: In the mantle, a floating
layer is present which maintains the balance between the
above and below layers. When the disturbance
occurs, the entire balance goes out leads to disasters like
earthquakes, tsunamis etc.
Drowning of land.
Deforestation: Leads to the loss in bio-diversity.
Acid mine drainage: Acid coming from extraction get
mixed up with soil and then water which leads to acid
mine drainage.
35. EFFECTS REMEDIES
Exploration: Which leads to Bio-mining or Bio-leaching
deforestation, loss of bio- Thiobacillus Ferroxidans:
diversity, tribal Bacteria identified in the
rehabilitation. deeper layers where the
Prospection: Which leads volcano erupts. It extracts
to the disturbance to soil minerals by oxidation. They
micro organisms/nutrients. can perform at higher
Extraction: Disturbance to temperatures also.
the mantle layer, decreases Enhanced Oil Recovery:
the ph of soil. Used for oil mining.
EFFECTS AND REMEDIES
37. World Food Problems
Combination of amino acids:
Lipids: Fats or fatty acids that consists of saturated and
unsaturated acids. Acts as energy provides and
insulators for marine animals.
Carbohydrates: Decrease in proteins is called as
kwashiorkor disease.
Improper Agricultural Practices:
Population explosion: Drastic increase in the population
which leads to a major impact on the food resources.
Malnutrition: Deficiency of vitamins and nutrients is
called as malnutrition or under nourishment. Africa is the
most under nourished country.
38. On the basis of agriculture, they are classified as:
Traditional farming.
Modern farming.
On the basis of production, traditional farming is
classified into:
Subsistence farming: Farming on small area.
Intensive farming: Farming on large area.
39. Drawbacks and Remedies
DRAWBACKS REMEDIES
Organic farming:
Soil erosion: Decrease in the Combination of traditional
production which later leads and modern farming.
to the deforestation. Mulching.
Eutrophication: Increase in Composting.
the algae due to dumping of
Green Manure.
organic compounds.
Agricultural Practices:
Non target micro-organisms:
Decreases in soil fertility. Crop rotation: Adding of
nutrients.
Water logging: Leads to
water pollution Terrace/Contour: To avoid
soil erosion and water
problems.
41. INTRODUCTION
Land: Area which consists of biotic and abiotic
components.
Soil: Organic mixture of all minerals which are
deposited as sediments.
Pedology: Study of soil.
Formation: It is formed by weathering process where
the rocks slides down from the mountain.
42. TYPES OF SOIL
Soils are classified on the basis of size, color and
texture:
Alluvial soil: It is also called as agricultural soil since it is
rich in various nutrients.
Black soil: Blackish color consisting large amount of
nutrients which are close proximity. It supports plants.
Red soil: Reddish in color due to the presence of iron.
They are of far proximity. Helps in growing some leafy
vegetables.
Laterite soil: It is called due to the mixture of hydroxides,
K, S.
Desert soil: The proximity between to elements of the
soil is very far.
43. THREATS TO SOIL
Soil erosion: Decrease in the fertility of soil
which leads to deforestation. Wind and Water
also causes soil erosion. Soil erosion is called
due to improper agricultural practices.
Land degradation: The loss of top most layer
of land is called land degradation which is
leads to the decrease in the cultivation.
44. Wind: Wind storm which is a natural calamity decreases
the soil fertility.
Water:
Rill erosion: Formation of ridges in soil due to heavy
rainfall.
Gully erosion: Combination of all ridges is called as gully
erosion.
Rigarian erosion: Erosion of river banks or stream banks
due to the high velocity of water flow because of increase
in the rain.
Sheet erosion: During heavy floods and storms, a sheet
of land is eroded which is called as sheet erosion and it
generally occurs in hilly areas.
Human activities:
Monoculture and introduction of alien species.
45. CONTROL MEASURES
Biological:
Mulching.
Polyculture: Cultivating two different
crops in the same area.
Crop rotation.
Mechanical:
Contour.
Terrace farming.
47. CLASSIFICATION
On the basis of abundance:
Renewable:
1. Solar energy: Provides 1000MW of energy which we
cannot store.
Applications: They can be used as solar heaters, solar
cookers and solar lamps.
Advantages: It is a clean energy without carbon
compounds and it is sufficient in large amount.
Drawbacks: High cost, occupies more space and cannot
be applied in cold countries and nights.
2.Wind energy: When wind flows mechanical energy is
converted into electrical energy. Minimum required rate
of flowing is 8.5m/s. In India, 50% of electricity is
provided by wind energy. Largest area of wind mill in
India is in Kanyakumari.
48. Drawbacks: Costly, required flow rate and
should be present only in elevated or coastal
areas.
3.Water: Generation of electricity by turbines.
Outflow and Inflow is 50%
Drawbacks: Costly and disturbance to aquatic
life.
4.Ocean thermal energy: Volcanoes under
oceans erupt and heat is used to generate
electricity.
5.Biogas.
6.Geo thermal energy.
49. Non Renewable:
1. Coal: Formed from the partial degradation of plants.
Formation:
Peat: The first initial stage of coal.
Lignite: A bit harder material where a large amount of
coal is present.
Bituminous: Formed by the conversion of lignite.
Anthracite: Much amount of coal.
Peat contains 40% of carbon. Lignite and Bituminous are
soft coals and contains 70%-80% of carbon and
Anthracite contains 90% of carbon.
Application: 90% of electricity is produced from coal.
Coal based methane from coal mines generates
electricity.
Drawbacks: Pollution to air and air to global warming.
50. 2. Crude oil: Improper burning forms liquid
substance rich in C, N, S which is called crude oil.
Application: Transportation, electricity.
Drawbacks: Global warming and Acid rains.
3. Natural gas: Gas rich in methane.
Application: Cooking, transportation.
Drawbacks: Large quantity some times leads to
explosion.
51. Need for Conservation:
Use of natural resources is increasing but the amount of these resources by
decreasing.
Deforestation caused the loss of energy resources.
Relational and international capacities conserving the resources are not
properly organized, must have some common conservation strategy.
Objectives of conservation of
natural resources: Methods of conservation:
To maintain the essential For conservation of water.
ecological processes i.e. food Keeping the water taps closed, when not in
chain recycling of mineral use.
resources etc and the life support Using less water-consuming toilets.
system – Watering the plants to be done in the
soil, air, water, pond, plants, anima evening tours.
ls etc. Using drip irrigation and sprinkling irrigation
To ensure the availability and systems water lawns etc.
sustainability of resources which Treating water to be provided for irrigation
assumes the survival of all species purpose.
is a healthy and easy manner. Water to be used carefully and
To preserve the diversity at the economically for domestically for domestic