soil cultivation

1. V. Sri yagnaeshvar 2016 – 2017
“8”

2. Activities of the People
• The work or activities done by the people can
be classified into 3 Sectors – Primary,
secondary and tertiary.
Primary Activities
• All activities connected with extraction and
production of natural resources can be
classified under Primary Activities.
• Agriculture, fishing, poultry farming and
mining are examples of primary activities.
Secondary Activities
• All activities connected with the
manufacturing of goods with natural
resources can be classified under Secondary
activities.
• Manufacturing of steel, baking of bread and
weaving of cloth are examples of this activity.
Tertiary Activities
• All activities that provide support to the
primary and secondary sectors through
services are classified under Tertiary
activities.
• Transport, trade, Banking, insurance and
advertising are examples of tertiary activities.

3. What is Agriculture ?
Agriculture is one of the most important
economic activity in the world .
About 75 % of Indians total population is still
depend on Agriculture .
Agriculture is the cultivation of Plants and
other life forms for food, fiber, bio-fuel,
medicinal and other products used to sustain
and enhance human life.
Agriculture was the key development in the
rise of sedentary human civilization, where by
farming of domesticated species created food
surpluses that nurtured the development of
civilization.

4. • The word agriculture is the English adaptation of the
Latin word ‘agricultūra’. ‘Ager’ means field and
‘cultūra’ means cultivation; in the strict sense
‘agricultūra’ means "tillage of the soil".
• Agriculture was developed at least 10,000 years ago,
and it has undergone significant developments since
the time of the earliest cultivation.
• The Agriculture falls under the Primary sector activity.
Agricultural Activities include:
• Growing crops,
• fruits, vegetables and
• flowers
• Rearing of livestock
Meaning of Agriculture

5. Paddy fields
Apple Orchard
Brinjal Farm Rearing of livestock
Sunflower Farm
Agricultural Activities

6. • The right type of soil and climate are vital for any
kind of agricultural activity.
• The land on which crops are grown is known as
arable land.
• Geographically, arable land is an agricultural term,
meaning land that can be used for growing crops.
• Of the earth's 57.5 million square miles of land,
approximately 7.65 million square miles are arable.
However, arable land is currently being lost rapidly
due to deforestation.
Arable land

7. Percentage of arable land in countries across the globe
50 per cent of persons in the world are engaged in agricultural
activity.
Two-thirds of India’s population is still dependent on agriculture.

8. Breeding and rearing for fish .
Cultivation of grapes

9. Input Work and Output of Farming System
• Agriculture or farming can be called a system. Now let us look at the input,
work and output of this system.
• Inputs:- Seeds
Fertilizers
Machinery
Labour
• Work:- Ploughing
Sowing
Irrigation
Weeding
Harvesting
Output:- Crops
Wool (Rearing livestock)
Dairy Products (Dairy farm)
Poultry products (Poultry farm)

10. Seeds Fertilizers Machinery Labour
Ploughing Sowing Irrigation Harvesting
Crops Wool Dairy Product Poultry Product

11. Types of Farming
• Farming is practiced in various ways across the
world depending upon:
• The geographical conditions of the area,
• Demand for the product,
• Labour available
• Level of technology
Classification of Farming
• Based on these factors farming can be broadly
classified into 2 categories,
Namely Subsistence Farming and Commercial Farming
It can be further classified as .

13. Subsistence farming
• Subsistence farming is
practiced to meet the
needs of the farmer’s
family.
• Low levels of technology
and household labour are
used to produce a small
output.
Subsistence farming can be
further classified as:
• Intensive subsistence
• Primitive subsistence
farming

14. Intensive subsistence:
• The farmer cultivates a small plot of
land using simple tools and more
labour.
• More than one crop is grown
annually, on the same plot, as
the climate is favourable and the
soil is fertile.
• Rice is the main crop; other crops
include wheat, maize, pulses and
oilseeds.
• Intensive subsistence agriculture is
prevalent in the thickly populated
areas of the monsoon regions of
south, southeast and east Asia.

15. Primitive subsistence farming
Includes:
•Shifting cultivation
•Nomadic herding

16. Shifting cultivation
• Shifting cultivation is practiced in the thickly forested areas of
Amazon basin, tropical Africa, parts of Southeast Asia and
Northeast India.
• It receives heavy rainfall and this helps in the quick regeneration of
vegetation.
How shifting cultivation is done?
• A plot of land is cleared by felling the trees and burning them.
• The ashes are then mixed with the soil and crops like maize, yam,
potatoes and cassava are grown.
• After the soil loses its fertility, the land is abandoned and the
cultivator moves to a new plot.
• Shifting cultivation is also known as ‘slash and burn’ agriculture.
• Shifting cultivation usually starts with cutting trees and a fire
which clears a spot for crop production.
• In these case, shifting cultivation is a cycle where farmers come
back to the original place after a couple of years.

18. Nomadic herding:
• Nomadic herding is practiced in the semi-arid and
arid (dry) regions of Sahara, Central Asia and some
parts of India, like Rajasthan and Jammu and
Kashmir.
• In nomadic farming, herdsmen move from place to
place with their animals for fodder and water, along
a definite route. The nomads move from place to
place due to the restraints of the climate and land.
• Sheep, camel, yak and goats are most commonly
reared by the nomads. These animals provide milk,
meat, wool, hides and other products to the
herders and their families.

19. • In the drier parts of
Asia, especially
Southwest Asia, most
rural people make a
living by raising
livestock. Many are
nomads who move
with their herds of
animals over large
territories, constantly
seeking good supplies
of grass and water. The
people live simply and
carry their tents and
belongings with them.
They rear animals such
as goats, sheep,
camels, and yaks.

20. Commercial Farming
• Crops are grown and
animals are reared for sale
in the market, that is, for
commercial purposes,
while in Subsistence farming
crops are grown mainly for
the farmer’s family needs.
• The area cultivated and the
amount of capital invested is
large
• Most of the work is done
by machines

21. Commercial Grain Farming
• In this crops are grown for commercial purpose.
• Wheat and maize are common commercially grown grains.
• It is mostly practised in the temperate grasslands of North America,
Europe and Asia.
• These areas are sparsely populated with large farms spreading over
hundreds of hectares.
• Severe winters restrict the growing season and only a single crop is
grown.
• This distinctive type of agriculture known as ‘commercial grain
farming’ was developed in US.
• It is a type of agriculture that is largely dependent on
mechanization.
• It started with the invention of farm machinery in the early
twentieth century.
• The use of machineries allows farmers to cultivate grains on a large scale.

22. Mixed Farming
• In mixed farming the land is used for growing food
and fodder crops and rearing livestock.
• It is practised in Europe, eastern USA, Argentina,
southeast Australia, New Zealand and South Africa.
• Mixed farming is the combining of two independent
agricultural enterprises on the same farm.
• A typical case of mixed farming is the combination
of crop enterprise with dairy farming, that is, crop
cultivation with livestock farming.
• Mixed farming may be treated as a special case of
diversified farming.

23. • This particular combination of enterprises, support
each other and add to the farmer’s profitability.
• The cropping system comprises of one or more
crops. Most farmers follow cropping patterns that
involves:
• Sequential cropping
• Mixed-cropping
• Relay cropping.
• Mixed cropping involves the simultaneous growing
of two or more crops intermingled on the same
land.

24. Crop-livestock Integration : Cattle grazing under
coconut trees .
Mixed cropping: pyrethrum and maize
The advantages in mixed cropping
•Greater stability of yield over different seasons
•Better use of growth resources
•Better control of weeds, pests, and diseases
•One crop may provide physical support to another one
•One crop provides shelter to the other crop
•Erosion control through providing continuous leaf cover over the ground
surface
•Benefit to small farmers of limited means.

25. Plantation Agriculture
• Plantations are a type of commercial farming system where
single crop of tea, coffee, sugarcane, cashew, rubber, banana
or cotton are grown.
• Large amount of labour and capital are required.
• The produce may be processed on the farm itself or in nearby
factories.
• The development of a transport network is essential for such
farming.
• Major plantations are found in the tropical regions of the
world - Rubber in Malaysia, coffee in Brazil, tea in India and
Sri Lanka.

26. •
Tea Plantation
Rubber Plantation
Sugarcane Plantation
Coffee Plantation

27. Major Crops
• A large variety of crops are grown to meet
the needs of the growing population.
• Major food crops are wheat, rice, maize and
millets.
• Main fiber crops are Jute and cotton
• Important beverage crops are tea and coffee.
• Many crops supply raw materials for agro
based industries.

28. Rice
• Rice is the major food crop of the
world.
• It is the staple diet of the tropical
and sub-tropical regions.
• Rice needs high temperature,
high humidity and rainfall.
• It grows best in alluvial clay soil,
which can retain water.
• China leads in the production of
rice followed by India, Japan, Sri
Lanka and Egypt.
Rice Crop
Rice Grain

29. Wheat
• Wheat requires moderate
temperature and rainfall during
growing season and bright
sunshine at the time of harvest.
• It thrives best in well drained
loamy soil.
• Wheat is grown extensively in
USA, Canada, Argentina, Russia,
Ukraine, Australia and India. In
India it is grown in winter.
Wheat Crop
Wheat Grain

30. Millets
• Millets are known as coarse
grains and can be grown on
less fertile and sandy soils.
• It is a hardy crop that needs
low rainfall and high to
moderate temperature and
adequate rainfall.
• Jowar, bajra and ragi are
grown in India, Nigeria and
China.

31. Maize
• Maize requires moderate
temperature, rainfall and
lots of sunshine.
• It needs well-drained
fertile soils.
• Maize is grown in North
America, Brazil, China,
Russia, Canada, India,
and Mexico.
Maize Plant
Maize Grain

32. Cotton
• Cotton requires high temperature,
light rainfall, two hundred and ten
frost-free days and bright sunshine
for its growth.
• It grows best on black and alluvial
soils.
• China, USA, India, Pakistan, Brazil
and Egypt are the leading
producers of cotton.
• It is one of the main raw materials
for the cotton textile industry.

33. Jute
• Jute was also known as the
‘Golden Fibre’.
• It grows well on alluvial soil
and requires high
temperature, heavy rainfall
and humid climate.
• This crop is grown in the
tropical areas.
• India and Bangladesh are the
leading producers of jute.

34. Coffee
• Coffee requires warm and
wet climate and well
drained loamy soil.
• Hill slopes are more
suitable for growth of this
crop.
• Brazil is the leading
producer followed by
Columbia and India.
Coffee Berries
Coffee Seeds

35. Tea
• Tea is a beverage crop grown on
plantations.
• This requires cool climate and well
distributed high rainfall throughout the
year for the growth of its tender
leaves.
• It needs well-drained loamy soils and
gentle slopes.
• Labour in large number is required to
pick the leaves.
• Kenya, India, China, Sri Lanka produce
the best quality tea in the world.

36. Agricultural Development
• Efforts are constantly being made to increase farm production in order to meet
the growing demand of increasing population.
Increase agricultural production.
• Increasing area under cultivation
• Increasing the number of crops grown in a year
• Improving irrigational facilities in order to increase yield per acre
• Use of fertilizers to increase yield
• Use high yielding variety of seeds
• Use machinery in cultivation
• The main aim of agricultural development is to provide ‘food security’ for the
growing world population.
• Agriculture has developed world over. The development varies from place to
place.

37. Farming in India
 Landholding are small due to the inheritance of law .
 The production of food is the top priority .
 The area under fodder crops is almost is significant .
 Most of the farm work as Ploughing , irrigation , etc are
done by animals and the member of farmers family .
Farming in U.S.A
 The rolling plain are well – drained and suitable for Extensive
mechanized farming .
 The natural environment have favours the cultivation of a
variety in crop .
 The dark brown soil is few of humus and organic matter .
 The transcontinental railway connects the reign to the
consuming centers and the town parts .
 The size of the farm is about 1000 hectares .

38. Farming in India
Farming in U.S.A

39. Dairy farming
• Dairy farming is a class of agriculture for long-term
production of milk, which is processed (either on
the farm or at a dairy plant, either of which may be
called a dairy) for eventual sale of a dairy product.
• Although any mammal can produce milk, commercial
dairy farms are typically one-species enterprises. In
developed countries, dairy farms typically consist of
high producingdairy cows.
• Other species used in commercial dairy farming
include goats, sheep, and camels.
• In Italy, donkey dairies are growing in popularity to
produce an alternative milk source for human infants.[1]