For the mass adoption of electric vehicle (EV) to become a reality, EV charging infrastructure must be made accessible, quick and reliable. Current signs indicate the sector is moving in the right direction – with China, Europe, US and Japan accelerating their charging infrastructure rollout plans, and notable charging network operators (i.e. ChargePoint, EVgo and Tritium) making billion-dollar exits. Read more: https://bit.ly/3E8u4SL

1. Vertex Perspectives | E-mobility
5-part series on e-mobility
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EV charging &
the next frontier

2. Today, EVs are charged using various methods
These methods provide a universe of easy to use and accessible charging infrastructure with
plug-in EV charging being deployed globally.
BATTERY
SWAPPING
H2 - REFUELING
ELECTRIC
CHARGING
PLUG-IN
PANTOGRAPH
Adapted from: PowerElectronics News
WIRELESS
2 | EV CHARGING & THE NEXT FRONTIER

3. Fast charging
optimizes a
plug-in electric
vehicle's
charging speed
Some benefits includes:
03
01
Enabling electric cables to be made lighter
and increasing the vehicle’s range
Recharging about twice as quickly
Avoiding extremely high charging currents
and limiting resistive heat generation
02
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4. Automakers are
rolling out new
EVs models with
higher voltage
drive systems to
enable fast
charging Other automakers (GM, BYD, Volvo and Stellantis) are following suit to
produce 800V vehicles by 2025.
South Korean automakers (Kia and Hyundai) have launched their first
800V vehicles this year.
Launched in 2019, the Porsche Taycan, a luxury sports saloon, was the
first EV to use an 800V drive system.
Source: The Economist , Techradar
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5. Around 90% of electric vehicle owners have access to private
charge points at home or at work.
Car-sharing fleets currently use an average of 1 fast charger for
every 10 electric vehicles.
Electric fleets need one ultra-fast charge at the beginning and
at the end of every route run.
Each charger can service 3 to 5 vehicles that do not have a
private charging point (assumes they drive 30-40km per day
and charge every 3-5 days for a ~ 140 km driving range).
N/A
CURRENT CHARGING NEEDS
Residential
Home Charging
Car-sharing
Public Transport
43% of car owners do not have a driveway or access to private
charging. Improvements in charging speeds and battery range will
enable quick and frequent charging in a public network.
Ultra-fast chargers can service ~ 125 charging sessions per day.
Kerbside and parking-based infrastructure in public areas is
necessary for those lacking access at home or at work.
EV charge points can be supplied at the same ratio as today’s
ratio of petrol pumps per ICE car (1 per 500 vehicles).
One charge per route run. Inter-urban buses use fast-charging
plazas, or have their own charging depots.
Plug-in charging will be utilized based on varying user needs
Adapted from: Deloitte
Fleets
CHARGING TYPE BY 2030
Around Town
Kerbside, Destination
En route
Urban fast charging
hubs, Motorway
service areas
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6. 0 500 1,000 1,500
2015
2016
2017
2018
2019
2020
China Europe U.S. Japan Rest of the World
USD
767.2M
Charging infrastructure is expected to grow with notable
exits by charging network operators ​
Source: Bloomberg
Charging infrastructure rollout speed will differ by region and countries
Total public charging points installed ('000s)
Charging network operators have exited via SPAC but the path to profitability
hinges on business model and charger deployment effectiveness​
Source: Wall Street Journal (1), (2), (3), (4),(5)
USD
1.29B
USD
430.5M
USD
2.2B
USD
4.3B
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7. 01
The key differentiation lies in their business model and charger deployment effectiveness.
OEMs are partnering oil and gas companies and
corporates to roll out AC and DC charging points
(e.g. ABB, Porsche Japan).
Charging network operators may face
stiff competition and challenges
Various start-ups are offering EV
charging solutions.
As traditional gas stations have a lock on
top locations, there is a race to secure
prime locations.
02 03
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8. Charging could become a value-added service
Some charging operators are differentiating and augmenting their offerings by redefining the customer experience,
making charging points attractive to customers via adjacent businesses.
Tesla's ecosystem includes charging services
where electricity is sold at lower margins to
sell more vehicles at higher margins
Existing Initiatives Other Potential Developments
Establishments could provide free and
high-speed EV charging as an adjacent
service to their core business resulting in
potential traffic and profits
Revival of drive-in movies
where drivers can recharge
while watching a movie
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9. In Apr 2021, Vertex Growth invested in a Finnish-based company Virta, which offers hardware-agnostic SaaS to manage EV
charging points with capabilities in roaming, dynamic load management and vehicle-to-grid.
Smart solutions and cloud-connected technologies will
emerge to monitor and control charge point use and
ensure efficient energy consumption
Grid network expansion may be necessary to prevent
local bottlenecks during peak charging periods
Where do we see the plug-in EV charging market headed? ​
01 02
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10. V2G Gateway
V2G Gateway V2G Gateway
Virtual
Power Plant
Distribution Network
Operator (DNO)
Energy Trading/
Brokerage
Energy Markets
V2G V2G V2G
Fleet managers could potentially benefit from
Vehicle-to-Grid (V2G) services​
V2G technology enables energy to be
pushed back to the grid from an electric
car. Batteries can be charged and
discharged based on signals such as
energy production or consumption nearby.
Currently, not all grids support V2G yet.
As the number of EVs rises, EVs can provide an energy storage option at no extra costs to help load balancing.
Source: EV-elocity, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Virta
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11. Fleet managers can enjoy cost
savings by harvesting energy
during off-peak hours and use it
during peak periods
Setting EV-recharging patterns
and minimizing demand charges
could generate an estimated USD
1.6B in cost savings and
revenues
Fleet managers with predictable utilization
schedules can adopt V2G services
Energy supplier EDF and Nissan have launched commercial
V2G for fleet owners of Nissan’s LEAF and e-NV200 models
Virta has POCs with E.on/Nissan/UK National Grid in UK
Nuvve is one of the market leaders for V2G and works
with various fleets
Notable Energy suppliers and Automakers exploring POCs
FLEET
MANAGERS
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12. Some battery swap proponents have begun touting the
possibility of stored batteries returning power to the grid
Battery swapping could be an alternative charging
method for fleet managers
As compared to plug-in charging, battery swapping takes
less than a minute providing a close-to-zero waiting time
Key Features Challenges
Creating vast networks of swappable battery packs
is expensive and expands carbon footprint
Vehicle or battery standardization is necessary
else each OEM would have to develop a proprietary
network of robotic swapping stations
Source: Seeking Alpha, IEEE Spectrum
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13. Automakers
and startups
are making
headway in
the battery
swapping
space
Ample is working with 5 different OEMs and has validated its
approach with 9 different car models. Its establishment of
charging pods has achieved economics 10 to 20% cheaper
than gas.
Founded in March 2021, the consortium defines replaceable battery system
standards which seek to boost sustainable life-cycle battery management.
Nio has about 300 swapping stations.
Swappable Batteries Consortium
for Motorycles and Light Electric Vehicles
Some startups offering swapping stations include
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14. Wireless
Charging -
The next
big thing?
Complementary to the progression in the
autonomous vehicles (AVs) space, static
and dynamic (on-the-go) wireless
charging could be the future.
Witricity purports the same charge rate as plug-in methods
Plugless has partnered with automakers to offer wireless charging as part of
their charging systems including the Tesla Model S, Chevy Volt and Nissan LEAF
Easelink has automated conductive charging technology, which requires direct
physical contact for the charging process
Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) announced the first global standard
for static wireless charging, developed jointly with IEC/ISO (International);
DKE and Project STILLE (Germany); and CATARC (China)
Momentum Dynamics' chargers cost as much as typical DC plug-in fast
chargers, but purportedly is more efficient as cables generate more heat from
resistance
Regulators are defining the global standard
Companies are commercializing static wireless charging technology
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15. Dynamic Wireless EV charging will follow
Start-ups such as Zonecharge are also developing
their dynamic wireless charging portfolio
Vehicles will be able to drive on roads with buried chargers enabling charging on-the-go.
These services are most useful for trucks and buses on frequently travelled roads.
Renault SA has teamed up with Electricite de France
SA to test dynamic charging in Paris streets
Tests are being done with the installation of charging plates under the
asphalt of a 2-km stretch, for recharging of electric buses on the move
In Jan 2021, ElectReon completed the world’s first test of
dynamic wireless charging in Sweden over a 1.65km stretch
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16. 01
02
03
In a nutshell...
Charging network operators may face stiff competition and challenges. Hence, some operators
are providing value-added services by redefining the customer experience.
EV PLUG-IN CHARGING MARKET
Fleet management and V2G offer complementary technologies that may
potentially become an energy storage source.
FLEET MANAGEMENT
Wireless charging's key proposition lies in its convenience and first movers in the static wireless charging space have
formed partnerships with OEMs and governments. Regulators are joining the bandwagon by defining the global standard.
WIRELESS CHARGING - THE NEXT BIG THING?
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17. In Part V of our five-part series, we explore how AVs and EVs are developing in parallel and
introducing features that are complementary to both vehicle types. Find out how the connected car
future is coming to life.
Going autonomous?
The future: AVs and EVs
C O M I N G U P N E X T . . .
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