The document discusses climate change and carbon emissions. It notes that carbon emissions are rising globally, especially in China and India, and that fossil fuels will remain the predominant energy source. It also summarizes some of the key impacts of climate change like increased temperatures, changes to water cycles, rising sea levels and increased health problems. Finally, it discusses some measures to mitigate climate change, like carbon trading markets and the Kyoto Protocol flexibility mechanisms of emissions trading, the clean development mechanism and joint implementation.

1. Carbon Emissions and its mitigation The environmental markets February 2010 ijjkbkjknkl

2. Climate Change – Some observations ijjkbkjknkl

3. The problem… Source: US National Academy of Sciences Source: Climatic Research Unit; University of East Anglia.

4. Climate change ------ is the earth warming up? September 1979 September 2005

6. Carbon emissions ---- as it grows!!! Source: EIA Source: IEA ----Carbon emissions by region (1973), (2004)

7. Carbon Emissions -------- who is doing it? Global primary energy demand is projected to grow by more than 50% between now and 2030, at around 1.6% per year. Fossil fuels remain the predominant source of energy to 2030, accounting for 83% of the overall increase in energy demand between 2004 and 2030. Coal sees the biggest increase in demand in absolute terms, driven by power generation. China and India account for almost four-fifths of the incremental demand for coal.

9. Climate change ------ what measures?

10. Activity Timeline….. Source: World Resource Institute; www.wri.org

11. Activity Timeline….. Source: World Resource Institute; www.wri.org

12. Kyoto Protocol Status

13. Investment Framework for climate change analysis

16. Growing catastrophic risk!! Source: EIA, Swiss Re manuscripts

17. EUA pricing………

18. CDM Model for sustainable future ijjkbkjknkl

20. CDM Project Cycle Reference for up-to-date list of methodologies

21. CDM---- By Sector Source: UNEP, Eco securities Projects by Sector CERs received by sector The projects involving the most potent GHGs such as HFCs, PFCs or N2O (2% by number of projects) nevertheless lead to the issuance of most CERs. Although about 80% of CDM projects are either renewable energy or methane reduction projects, their emission reductions pale in comparison to HFC and N2O, with only 33% of total CERs issued. GWP

22. Project Cycle Source: Eco securities

23. Parties involved….. Source: Eco securities

24. Carbon Finance ijjkbkjknkl

25. Drivers and opportunities Source: World Bank, varied.

26. Where does the buck come from? Carbon Funds Multilateral and private financiers www.carbonexpo.com Source: UNEP, varied sources

27. Where does the buck come from?

28. Cash flow schema for a CDM project -- ---- financial model Source: Eco securities

29. Project Risks and need for sensitivity analysis Source: Eco securities

30. Technology – as we cut out the carbon! Source: IEA, 2004.

31. What are banks doing about it?

32. Europe ------ as in 2005/06 Source: Environmental Finance, May 2005.

33. Carbon finance: driving sustainable investments!!