Which helps to save people..........

1. ADVANCES IN EARTHQUAKE
MONITORING SYSTEM
By,
VINAY
USN:2SR06CV036

2. CONTENTS
 INTRODUCTION
 REASONS FOR EARTHQUAKE
 TERMINOLOGY
 ADVANCES IN EARTHQUAKE MONITORING TECHNIQUES
 THE 3-D FULL-SCALE EARTHQUAKE TESTING FACILITY
 TSUNAMI WARNING CENTRE
 IMPORTANCE OF ADVANCED EARTHQUAKE MONITORING SYSTEM
 CONCLUSION
 REFERENCES

3. INTRODUCTION
Earth quake means:
 An earthquake is a natural phenomenon like rain. An
earthquake is the vibration of the Earth, produced by the rapid
release of energy.
 Energy radiates out from the focus. The focus is the place
within the Earth where the rock breaks, producing an
earthquake. Energy moving outward from the focus of an
earthquake travels in the form of seismic waves. The
epicenter of an earthquake is the point on the ground's surface
directly above the focus.

4. REASONS FOR EARTHQUAKE
Earthquakes occur along faults, which are fractures or
fracture zones in the earth across which there may be
relative motion. If the rocks across a fault are forced to
slide past one another, they do so in a stick-slip
fashion. that is, they accumulate strain energy for
centuries or focus, as a series of waves.
Ground motion that occurs during an earthquake is
due to the arrival of the various seismic waves
produced during movement along the fault plane.
Sensitive instruments (seismometers) detect wave
motions and the resulting signals are recorded on
seismographs.

5. FAULT
Figure .Three primary
types of fault motion.
Arrows indicate
stresses that cause
fault motion.

6. SEISMIC WAVES
P WAVE (PRIMARY WAVE) S WAVE (SECONDARY WAVE)

7. TERMINOLOGY
 Seismoscope: A device which indicates the occurrence of an
earthquake but does not write a record.
 Seismograph: An instrument which writes a permanent
continuous record of earth motion, a seismogram.
 Seismometer: A seismograph whose physical constants are
known sufficiently for calibration, so that actual ground motion
may be calculated from the seismogram.

8. CONVENTIONAL EARTHQUAKE MONITORING TECHNIQUESCONVENTIONAL EARTHQUAKE MONITORING TECHNIQUES
Model of earliest seismoscope invented in
132 A. D. From U.S. Geological Survey
web site.

9. Model of earliest seismoscope
 Historians of science credit the Chinese astronomer Zhang
Heng with the invention of the first seismoscope.
 The device was a six-foot vase with eight dragons arranged
around the neck of the vase. Each dragon had a ball in his
mouth. Frogs sat around the vase, ready to intercept a ball that
would drop from a dragon's mouth. The noise made by the
fallen ball would alert the emperor's household that an
earthquake had occurred. One only had to check which frog
caught the ball to deduce the direction of the earthquake.
 The story goes that several days after what was thought to
have been a false alarm, visitors to the imperial court
brought news of an earthquake400 miles away.

10. ADVANCES IN EARTHQUAKE MONITORING TECHNIQUES
Industrial safety systems
The Kinder Morgan Pipeline system pumps
millions of gallons of vital gasoline from
major refineries to a number of terminals
throughout the greater Los Angeles basin
on a 24 / 7 Schedule
Earthquake Safety Systems Inc. was selected to
provide a number of Emergency Shutdown
Systems for critical pumping stations. These
stations are now seismically protected by the ESS
Master Seismic Controller (MSC-T), which
instantly signals the pumps to shut down when
safe levels of earth shaking are exceeded. This
technology has been field tested for over 30
years and is widely recognized as the most
reliable available. The sensors respond only to
specific earthquake frequencies (not industrial
vibrations), and cannot ‘false signal’.

11. ADVANCES IN EARTHQUAKE MONITORING TECHNIQUES
Inspired by recent destructive earthquakes in
a number of industrialized countries, many
industries are seeking reduce exposure to
such loss by the installation of cost effective,
off-the-shelf, monitoring and control
equipment.

12. ADVANCED EARTHQUAKE MONITORING
STATION
 Over 600 new earthquake
sensors installed; National and
Regional Network Upgrades
begun.
 ShakeMap capability
implemented in Los Angeles,
San Francisco, Seattle, Salt Lake
and Anchorage
 Real-time products and
integrated communications, data
analysis, and reporting under
development
 Management and technical plans
completed; National and
regional structures in place and
working.

13. Fault
Earthquake
Strong motion sensor
with communications
Data Center
Combination strong motion/
weak motion sensor
with communications
Modern networks can give detailed picture of seismic shaking in urban areasModern networks can give detailed picture of seismic shaking in urban areas
and possibly give tens seconds warning of imminent ground shakingand possibly give tens seconds warning of imminent ground shaking

14. THE 3-D FULL-SCALE EARTHQUAKE TESTING
FACILITY
 National research Institute for Earth science and Disaster prevention in Japan
(NIED) is constructing the so-called E-Defense or the world’s largest three-
dimensional (3-D) full-scale shake table in Miki city near Kobe.
 OBJECTIVE: This facility will be used to reproduce dynamic behavior of full-scale
structure models subjected to actual huge earthquakes. Consequently, it will greatly
contribute in improving the seismic performance and design of structures.
Photo 1 General view of E-Defense

15. TEST AND ANALYSIS OF REINFORCED CONCRETE STRUCTURES
(Figure)
Preliminary
shake table test
for RC wall-
frame structure
– March 2003

16. TEST AND ANALYSIS OF REINFORCED CONCRETE
STRUCTURES
 This type of analysis can directly lead to the developments of
an advanced method for evaluation of the earthquake-
resisting capacity of RC structure, an advanced earthquake-
resistant design of a structure. which aim at improvement of
seismic performance and the proposal of specific methods for
seismic examination and anti-earthquake reinforcement of the
existing structures.
 This research topic contains the following two general themes
for carrying out the above purpose. (1)Experimental study on 3-
D earthquake response and earthquake failure mechanisms of
structures. (2)Development of a 3-D numerical simulation
system.
 Photo 2 Preliminary shake table test for RC wall-frame structure
– March 2003.

17. INSTRUMENTED BUILDINGS PROVIDE CRUCIAL DATA

18. INSTRUMENTED BUILDINGS PROVIDE CRUCIAL DATA
 To design safer buildings and to provide vital information for strengthening
older ones, U.S. Geological Survey earthquake engineers have installed
arrays of seismic instruments in several buildings, such as San Francisco’s
Transamerica tower (right), in order to capture their motion during earthquakes.
The resulting records reveal how structural systems perform in
quakes and how shaking is amplified on upper floors.
 A major objective of the Advanced National Seismic System (ANSS) is to
instrument many representative building types and key structures across
the country to acquire the data that engineers need to help prevent loss of
life in future quakes.

19. Australian Tsunami Detection Network
Instrumentation

20. TSUNAMI WARNING SYSTEM

21. IMPORTANCE OF ADVANCED EARTHQUAKE MONITORING SYSTEM
 Advances in new instruments for geoscience and engineering
purposes will be important in the continuing goal of making buildings,
bridges, and other construction capable of withstanding large
earthquakes with only a reasonable amount of damage and disruption.
 It may be so light that only sensitive instruments will perceive its
motion; it may shake houses, rattle windows, and displace small objects; or
it may be sufficiently strong to cause property damage, death, and injury.
 Earthquake prediction is a future possibility, though. Just as the Weather
Bureau now predicts hurricanes, tornadoes, and other severe storms, the
NEIC may one day issue forecasts on earthquakes
 The examples provided here support the conclusion that instruments have
been very important in the development of earthquake engineering.

22. CONCLUSION
1. 70% of the Earth is covered by oceans, and many disastrous
earthquakes and related natural disasters (i.e. tsunamis)
originate under water. Monitoring of earthquake phenomena
requires a multi-disciplinary approach.
2. Countries should evaluate with their national seismological
agencies the present international structure of seismology, and
initiate a discussion on possible future structural changes within
their own country.
3. The goal of the initiative is to create a global earthquake
risk analysis information resource, using internationally
agreed standards.
4. A cost-benefit approach to earthquake protection should be
encouraged.

23. REFERENCES
1. www.discoverychannel.com
2. Towards a Tsunami Warning System in the Indian
Ocean (2005);http://ioc.unesco.org/indotsunami/index.htm
3. Ocean bottom pressure measurements in the northeast Pacific; M.C. Eble
and F.I.
Gonzalez(1991);
http://www.pmel.noaa.gov/tsunami/Dart/Pdf/Eble_J_atmo_91.pdf
4. U.S. Geological Survey Internet web site:
http://www.neic.cr.usgs.gov/neis/eqlists.
5. http://pubs.usgs.gov/gip/earthq1/measure.html US site with good basic easy
to read information plus an excellent diagram.
6. NIED. http://www.bosai.go.jp/sougou/sanjigen/3D/jindex.htm, (in English and
Japanese). NIED. http://www.bosai.go.jp/sougou/eduse-pj/usepro-
index.htm, (in Japanese).