Piping Training course-How to be an Expert in Pipe & Fittings for Oil & Gas career

Welcome!
How to be an Expert in Process
Pipe & Pipe Fittings
By: Varun Patel, B.E- Mechanical, PMP®
1

I am Varun Patel…
• Mechanical Engineering
• Certified Project
Management
Professional- PMP®
2

My Experience…
• More than 10 years in Oil &
Gas Industry- Mainly Refinery
and Offshore Platforms
• Work from Project initiation
to Project Closed out of mega
projects
3

You will learn…
• What is Process piping & important
• What is Code, Standard & Specification
• Piping Components use in process
piping such as Pipe, Pipe Fittings,
Branch connection, Flanges, Gasket
and Bolting.
4

You will learn…
• Materials (Metal, Non-Metal)
• Manufacturing methods
• Inspection and Testing requirements
• Dimensions & Markings requirements
• Code & Standard used
• Common terminology used in industry
• And much more….
5

Best way to move forward….
• Watch Video tutorial
• Solve quizzed at the end of lecture
• If available
− Check applicable Code & Standard
− Check QA/QC & Inspection documents
− Go and visit site and experience real materials
6

Ideal for….
• Student who want career in Oil & Gas
or other process Industry
• Career changer in Oil & Gas or other
process Industry
• Construction professional working such
as Pipe fitter, welder, fabricator,
piping supervisor etc.
7

Ideal for….
• Professional working in different
discipline such as operation,
maintenance, instrument, electrical,
administrative or any other field
• This course does not covering Piping
System Design, fabrication and site
installation activities.
8

What we have learned?
• About your tutor
• Overview of course & What is
ahead in course
• Why this course is ideal choices
for you
• How you will maximize you
learning
9

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1

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How to be an Expert in Pipe & Fittings for Oil & Gas
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2

Process
Piping
Source: Piping Component G_FORDHAM
1

Process Industries
Source: Pixabay.com
2

What is Process Piping ?
• Piping:
− Assembly of piping components used to
convey, distribute, mix, separate,
discharge, meter, control, or stop fluid
flows.
• Piping Systems:
− Interconnected piping subject to the
same sets of design conditions.
5

• Process:
− A series of activities performed in
particular ordered to convert raw
material into an useful product
• Process Piping is interconnected
piping used in process industries to
convert raw material in to useful
products.
6

• A Piping under the purview
of ASME Code - B31.3 is
Process Piping
• A Process Piping Systems
are design as per the
guidelines given in ASME
B31.3
7

ASME B31.3 Process Fluid Service
• Category D Fluid Service
− The fluid is nonflammable, nontoxic, and not damaging to
human tissue.
− The design pressure does not exceed 150 psig (1035 kPa).
− The design temperature is between -29°C and 186°C.
• Category M Fluid Service
− a fluid service in which the potential for personnel
exposure is judged to be significant and in which a single
exposure to a very small quantity of a toxic fluid, caused
by leakage, can produce serious irreversible harm to
persons on breathing or bodily contact, even when prompt
restorative measures are taken
10

Types of ASME B31.3 Process Fluid
• High Pressure Fluid Service
− High pressure fluids are those in which the Owner has
specified that the pressures will be in excess of that
allowed by the ASME B16.5 PN420 (Class 2500) rating for
the specified design temperature and material group.
• Normal Fluid Service
− Everything else that does not cover under Category D,
Category M and High Pressure fluid service.
− ASME B31.3 covers most of the process fluid in this
Category
− Gauge
11

Types of Process Fluid in Oil & Gas
• Process fluid are mainly
classified as following;
− Mainly Hydrocarbons services,
starting from Crude oil to final
distilled products
− Gas such as Hydrogen, Nitrogen,
Oxygen and Instrument air etc..
− Chemicals for dosing such as
chlorine, anti corrosion liquid
etc..
12

Property of Process fluid use in Oil & Gas
•Flammable
•Corrosive
•Explosives
•Volatile
•Reactive
•Hazardous to
human health
13

Material for process fluids
• To handle different kind of process fluids in
different physical and chemical environments we
need different kind of piping materials.
• Material that are able to withstand under various
design condition are chosen from based on many
process parameters.
• Lets learn about these types of material in next
lecture
14

• Pipe
• Pipe fittings / components
• Piping / Piping System
• Process Piping
8

Code,
Standard &
Specification
1

What is Code, Standard & Specification ?
•Standard
−A standard can be defined as a set of
technical definitions and guidelines-“how
to" instructions for designers and
manufacturers.
−They serve as a common language to
defining quality and establishing safety
criteria.
−Examples- ASTM standard, ISO standard.
2

•Why Standard is required ?
−Standards are documents that establish
engineering or technical requirements
for products, practices, methods or
operations.
−Build confidence about quality in users
−Lower the cost of production as
requirements are standardize
3

•Code: A code is a standard that has
been adopted by one or more
governmental bodies and has the
force of law, or when it has been
incorporated into a business
contract
4

•Specification
−Must meet requirements
−Examples- Company Provided
specification, Product
specification
8

Piping Code & Standard
• Provide a set of requirements for a safe,
reliable and economical installation and
operation throughout the life of process
plant
• Provide consistent dimensions and ratings
so that components will fit together
• Improve system reliability
• Cost saving
9

ASME B31.3 Process Piping Code
•ASME B31.3 Code Covers
−Requirements for materials
−Components,
−Design,
−Fabrication, assembly, erection,
−Examination, inspection, and
testing of piping.
10

Dimension standard
•Dimension Standard cover
−Different standard for different components gives
product specific requirements
• Pipe
−Pipe sizes, inside and outside diameters, wall thickness,
schedules, end types, permissible variance, markings and
weight of pipe
•ASME B36.10 - Welded & Seamless wrought iron pipes
•ASME B36.19 - Stainless steel pipes
15

Dimension standard
• Pipe Fittings
− sizes, inside and outside diameters, wall thickness,
ratings, end preparation, various tolerances and marking
requirements
−Butt welded fittings;
•ASME B16.9 - Factory-Made Wrought Butt welding Fittings
•ASME B16.28 - Wrought Steel Butt Welding Short Radius Elbows
and Returns
−Socket & Threaded fittings
•ASME B16.11- Forged Steel Fittings, Socket-Welding and Threaded
16

Dimension standard
• Flange:
− Pressure-temperature ratings, materials, various flange
dimensions, tolerances, marking. Flange bolting dimension and
gasket requirements are also included
−NPS ½ through NPS 24
•ASME B16.5 - Pipe Flanges and Flanged Fittings
−NPS 26 through NPS 60
−ASME B16.47 - Large Diameter Steel Flanges
17

Dimension standard
• Branch connection
−Pressure-temperature ratings, size and types, materials,
dimensions, tolerances, marking and testing
•MSS SP-97
• Bolting
−Included in Flange dimension standard
−ASME B16.5 /B16.47
18

Dimension standard
• Gasket:
−Materials, dimensions, tolerances, and markings for metal
ring-joint gaskets, spiral-wound metal gaskets, and metal
jacketed gaskets and type of filler material used
−ASME B16.20 - Metallic Gaskets for Pipe Flanges-Ring-
Joint, Spiral-Would, and Jacketed
−ASME B16.21- Nonmetallic Flat Gaskets for Pipe Flanges
19

•Code, Standard &
Specification and why they
are required
•Design standard
•Material standard
•Dimension standard
20

End of Lecture
Good Luck!
See you
in next lecture…
21

Piping
Materials
Selection
Wiki Common user: Alexander AlUS
1

Piping Material Selection Criteria
• Process condition will impact selection of material
− Service Fluids
•Corrosive - Sea Water, H2S, Ammonia, Acids etc..
•Non-Corrosive – Lube oil, Air, Nitrogen etc.
− Temperature
•Cryogenic
•Low temperature
•Medium temperature
•High temperature
2

• Process condition will impact selection of material
− High or Low Pressure
• Others factor that also considered
−Cost
−Availability
−Weldability
−Manufacturability
3

• Material property that considered before selection
− Ultimate Tensile Strength
− Yield Strength
− Elasticity
− % Elongation
− Hardness
− Toughness
− Creep resistance
− Fatigue Resistance
4

Classification of Piping Material
Piping Material
Metal
Ferrous
Cast Iron
Carbon Steel
Alloy Steel
Stainless Steel
Non-Ferrous
Copper Alloy
Nickel Alloy
Aluminum
Alloy
Other Alloy
Non-Metal
PVC / CPVC
HDPE
GRP/GRE
Cement
Lined /Clad
Rubber Lined
PTFE Lined
FRP Lined
Glass Lined
Cement Lined
5

• Pipe material selection
criteria
• Design condition
• Property of material
• Classification of piping
material
6

End of Lecture
Good Luck!
See you
in next lecture…
7

Ferrous
Metal
1

Ferrous Metal
• Metal which contains more iron than any other
single element falls under ferrous metal.
• They are divided in following categories
− Cast iron / Cast Steel
− Carbon Steel
− Stainless Steel
− Alloy Steel
FeIron
2

Carbon Steel
• It can further classified as under
− Law carbon steel: Carbon - 0.05% to 0.25%
− Medium Carbon Steel: Carbon - 0.25% to 0.5%
− High Carbon Steel: Carbon - 0.5% to less than 2%
7

Carbon Steel
• Commonly use carbon steel grade in Process piping
• Pipe: ASTM A53 Gr A/B, A106 Gr A/B/C, API 5L Gr B
• Wrought Fittings: ASTM A234 Gr.WPA/B, A420
Gr.WPL6
• Forged Fittings: ASTM A105, A350 Gr LF1/LF2, A181
8

What you have learned?
• Cast iron and Cast Steel
• Carbon Steel & its Alloying
elements
• Classification of carbon Steel
• Common material grade for
carbon steel
9

End of Lecture
Good Luck!
See you
in next lecture…
10

Alloy
Steel
1

Alloy Steel
• Adding of alloying elements to improve the
characteristics of the material is termed as Alloy
Steel
• Low alloy steel :Alloying elements < 5%
• High alloy steel :Alloying elements > 5%
2

• Alloy Steel
• Alloying elements
• Purpose of Alloying elements
• Use of Alloy Steel & common
grades
6

Stainless
Steel
1

Stainless Steel
• A steel with a minimum chromium content of 10.5 %
or more, and a maximum carbon content of less than
1.20%
2

• What is Stainless Steel
• Properties of Stainless Steel
• Types of Stainless steel
5

End of Lecture
Good Luck!
See you
in next lecture…
6

Stainless Steel Types
• Duplex stainless steel
− Contain both Austenite & Ferrite in microstructure
− Offer benefits of both Austenite & Ferrite stainless steel
− Good resistance to pitting and crevice corrosion
− high strength and high resistance to stress corrosion
cracking
− EX- UNS S32205, S31803, S32760
− Used in sea water system, heat exchanger, structural
application etc.
11

Non-ferrous
Metal
1

Non-ferrous Metal
• Contains no iron or insignificant amount
• Metal such as Aluminum, Copper, Nickel, Titanium etc.
• Material used in Process Ind.
− Copper and Copper Alloys
− Nickel and Nickel Alloys
− Aluminum and Aluminum Alloys
− Titanium and Titanium Alloys
− Zirconium and Zirconium Alloys
2

• Non-ferrous Metal
• Types of metal used in
Process Piping
• Properties of these materials
8

End of Lecture
Good Luck!
See you
in next lecture…
9

Non- Metallic
Material
1

Non Metallic Material
• Commonly used non-metallic piping materials
− PVC / CPVC
− HDPE
− GRE/GRP
− Cement
• These non metallic material offer some great
advantage over metallic piping but also have
some limitation.
2

PVC / CPVC
• PVC / CPVC
− PVC – Polyvinyl Chloride
− CPVC - Chlorinated Polyvinyl Chloride (higher strength at
elevated temperatures than PVC)
• Tough and exceptionally resistant to chemical
attack
3

PVC / CPVC
• PVC , CPVC required protection form ultraviolet
exposure if installed outdoor.
• Start softening when subjected to high temperature.
4

PVC / CPVC
• Pipe are manufactured by Extrusion process
• Fittings, flanges and valves are manufactured by
injection moulding
• Has many application in industries and in home
water piping.
5

• Types of Non Metallic Material
and their uses
• Overview of properties and
Manufacturing methods
11

End of Lecture
Good Luck!
See you
in next lecture…
12

Lined / Clad
Material
1

Lined Pipe
• Mechanical bonding between pipe and line material
• To get the benefit of anti-corrosion property of lined
material and strength of carbon steel
• Commonly used lined material are
− PTFE
− Rubber
− Glass
− FRP (Fiber reinforced plastic)
2

• What is lined pipe
• What is clad pipe
• Types of lining / cladding
material
• Advantage and limitation
6

Pipe
Varun Patel, B.E- Mechanical, PMP®
1

Pipe
•A straight pressure tight cylindrical hallow,
used in piping system
•Different types of pipes used in different design
conditions, considering technical and
commercial parameters
•Pipes are mainly classified as follow ;
2

Pipe
• Pipes are mainly classified as below;
Pipe
Seamless
Welded
SAW
Straight
SAW
Single
Seam
Double
Seam
Helical/Spiral
SAW
ERW/EFW
3

Pipe Size
•Pipe size are mentioned as nominal pipe size
(NPS),also mentioned as Diameter nominal (DN)
•It is in-between of outer and inner diameter of
pipe
•For NPS 14” and above NPS is same as outer
diameter
4

ID will changed
with changed in
Pipe Schedule
number
Pipe Size
5

Pipe length
•Pipe are available in following lengths
−Single random
•4.8 m to 6.7 m with 5% of lengths 3.7 to 4.8 m
−Double random
•minimum average of 10.7 m and a minimum length
of 4.8 m with 5 % 4.8 m to 10.7 m
−Fixed length as per purchase order
6

Pipe Thickness
•Thickness are expressed in Schedule number
(5, 10, 20, 30, 40, 60, 80, 100, 120, 140, 160)
•Also in STD, extra strong-XS, double extra
strong-XXS
•Higher the schedule higher the thickness
7

Pipe Thickness
•What is Schedule No?
•A schedule number is the approximate value
of the equation = 1000 P/S
−P is the service pressure in (psi)
−S is the allowable stress in (psi)
8

Pipe Thickness
•The outside diameter of each pipe size is
standardized. Therefore, inside diameter
depends upon the schedule number of pipe
•ASME B36.10 provides standard dimension
requirements for Welded & Seamless wrought
iron pipes.
9

Pipe Thickness for Stainless Steel
•Thickness are expressed in Schedule number
(5S, 10S, 40S, 80S)
•Schedule no with S suffix are per ASME
B36.19M, and it is use with stainless steel pipe
only.
10

Pipe ends
•Pipe can be
−Plain end
−Beveled end
−Threaded end
−Special end such as socket & spigot
with o-ring type gaskets
11

•Basic of Pipe
•NPS & Schedule No.
•Types of Pipe End
12

End of Lecture
Good Luck!
See you
in next lecture…
13

Pipe
Material
1

•Commonly used ASTM
material Grade of pipe
6

Seamless Pipe
•Strongest amongst all pipes.
•Homogenous structure throughout pipe length.
•Available in wide range of size.
•Restriction on large size
•Used in manufacturing of bends, elbow, tee.
2

Manufacturing of Seamless Pipe
• Seamless pipe are manufacture by following methods
• Mandrel
• Plug mill
• Extrusion
• Forging
Piercing Method
3

Manufacturing of Seamless Pipe
•Piercing Method
Billet
Heating in Furness Piercing
4

Extrusion
Force Pull
Hot Extrusion Hot / Cold Extrusion
8

Welded Pipe
•Pipe are manufactured from Plate or Coil
•Plate or coil rolled in circular section to weld
•Can be welded with or without filler material
•No restriction on large size
•Used in manufacturing of bends, elbow
•Weak in compare to seamless pipe due to joint
12

Plat Bending / Forming for Welded
Pipe
13

ERW or EFW Pipe
Induction Weld
anodes
Weld Bead
Trimmer
Induction Heat
treatment
Water Cooling
Online NDT
14

•Manufacturing methods
•Seamless Pipe
•Welded Pipe
19

End of Lecture
Good Luck!
See you
in next lecture…
20

Heat Treatment for pipe
•Hot finished Pipe
−Temp. remain above heat treatment temperature
till final size and thickness achieved
−No heat treatment required
•Cold finished Pipe
−Pipe are clod drawn
−Heat treatment as per applicable ASTM standard
2

Hydrostatic Test
• Ensure 100% leak proof pipe
• Ensure ability withstand under pressure
• Hydro test pressure is calculated based on
equation given in ASTM A530
8

Marking
•Following shall be marked on pipe
−Manufacturer logo
−ASTM material code
−Material Grade
−Size
−Thickness
−Length
−Heat No
−Special marking WR or NH,
VP 8” Sch 80 A106 XYZ123 10.2m
13

Marking
•Marking can be by paint or by Hard punching
•For stainless steel stenciling can be used
−For carbon steel no hard punching below 6 mm
thickness
−For stainless steel no hard punching below 12 mm
thickness
14

•Heat Treatment
•Inspection and Testing
•Markings
15

End of Lecture
Good Luck!
See you
in next lecture…
16

Fittings
•Fittings are Piping component which helps in
−Changes the direction of the flow
•elbows, tee
−Changes the size of the pipe
•reducers, reducing tees, reducing couplings, reducing flanges
−Joins together pipe
•flanges, couplings
2

Fittings ends
•Socket weld & Threaded end
−ASME B16.11 - Forged steel socket welding &
threaded fittings
7

• Basic of Pipe
• NPS / Schedule No.
• Types of Pipe End
8

Fittings
Material
1

Material
•Commonly used material for wrought fittings
•Carbon Steel :- ASTM A234Gr.WPA/B, ASTM
A420 Gr.WPL6
•Alloy Steel :- ASTM A234 WP1 /WP5 /WP7 /WP9
/WP11 /WP12 /WP22
•Stainless Steel :- ASTM A403 WP304 /WP304L
/WP304H /WP316 / WP316L/ WP321/ WP347
5

Material
•Commonly used material for forge fittings
•Carbon Steel :- ASTM A181, ASTM A105, ASTM
A350 LF1/2
•Alloy Steel :- ASTM A182F1 /F2 /F5 /F7 /F9/
F11 /F12 /F22
•Stainless Steel :- ASTM A182F6 /F304 /F304L
/F304H /F316 /F316L/ F321/ F347/ F348
6

•Materials wrought & forged
fittings
•Common ASTM material
grades
7

End of Lecture
Good Luck!
See you
in next lecture…
8

Wrought Fitting Manufacturing
Methods
•Hot forming or Extrusion Method
•Hydraulic Bulge method – Cold forming
•UO Method / Single weld seam
•Monaka Method / Double weld seam
•Deep Drawing Method
•Flare Method for Stub ends
4

ELBOWS: Extrusion method (Cold Forming)
Push
Die
10

Tees: Hydraulic Bulge method
Die
19

Reducers: Outer Die method
Die
24

CAPS: Deep Drawing method
•Plate is cut out in a circle and formed by deep
drawing die
25

•Manufacturing methods
27

End of Lecture
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See you
in next lecture…
28

Heat Treatment for Fittings
•Heat treatment as per applicable ASTM standard
•Hot finished Fittings
−Temp. remain within heat treatment temperature till
final size and thickness achieved
−No heat treatment required
•Cold finished Fittings
−Fittings are clod drawn
−heat treatment required
2

Marking
•Marking can be by paint or by Hard punching
•For stainless steel stenciling can be used
•For carbon steel no hard punching below 6 mm
thickness
•For stainless steel no hard punching below 12
mm thickness
12

•Heat Treatment
•Inspection and Testing
•Markings
13

End of Lecture
Good Luck!
See you
in next lecture…
14

Flange
1

Flange
• Second most used joining method after welding
• Connect pipe with various equipment
• Provide flexibility in maintenance
• Cannot use in underground piping
• Most common source of leak
• Varity of flanges available to suit requirements
2

Flange Attachments Types
• Threaded Flanges
• Socket-Welded Flanges
• Slip-On Flanges
• Lapped Flanges
• Weld Neck Flanges
• Blind Flanges
3

Flange Facing Types
• Flat Faced (FF)
• Raised Face (RF)
• Ring Joint (RTJ)
• Tongue and groove (T&G)
• Male and Female
• These face can be smooth or serrated type
4

• Types Flange
• Flange End Connection
• Types of Flange Face
21

End of Lecture
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See you
in next lecture…
22

Flange
Material
1

Material of construction
• Standard Flanges are made by forge materials
• Carbon steel
• Low alloy steel
• Stainless steel
• Combination of Exotic martials (Stub) and other
materials
2

• Materials for Flanges
5

Manufacturing
• Flanges are manufactured by
forging
• Large diameter flange are
made by ring rolling
methods
• Final dimension are
achieved by machining
2

Hydrostatic Test
• Not required unless specifically
requested by purchaser
• Code mandate that flange shall
be able to withstand under
pressure test of rating of
finished
4

Marking
• Following shall be marked on pipe
− Manufacturer logo
− ASTM material code
− Material Grade
− Service rating (Pressure Class)
− Size
− Thickness (Schedule)
− Heat No
− Special marking QT (Quenched and tempered) or W
(Repair by welding)
VP 6” CL300 Sch80 A105 WNRF ABC12
12

Marking
• Marking can be by paint or by Hard punching
• For stainless steel stenciling can be used
• Flanged are marked in flange thickness area.
13

• Heat Treatment
• Inspection and Testing
• Markings
14

End of Lecture
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See you
in next lecture…
15

Branch
Connection
1

Branch Connection
• Reinforced branch Pipe to
pipe
− Site fabricated branch
connections
• Self reinforced branch
− Specially design branch
connection which can be use
without reinforcing pad
− Well-known as “Olets”
2

• Types of branch connection
10

End of Lecture
Good Luck!
See you
in next lecture…
11

Branch Connection
Material
1

• Standard branch connection are made by forge
materials
− Carbon steel
− Low alloy steel
− Stainless steel
• ASME B31.3 provides list of acceptable forge material
used in process piping
2

• Materials for Standard Branch
connections
4

End of Lecture
Good Luck!
See you
in next lecture…
5

Branch Connection
Manufacturing
1

Non Destructive testing
• Ultrasonic
• Magnetic particle test
• Liquid penetrant test
• Positive Material Identification
5

Distractive Testing
• Tensile test
• Hardness test
• Impact test / Charpy V-Notch Test
• Proof Test (Type Test) if specified
6

Marking
• Following shall be marked on Olets
− Manufacturer logo
− ASTM material code
− Material Grade
− Service rating (Pressure Class)
− Size
− Thickness (Schedule)
− Heat No
− Color code if specified
VP A105B CL3000 1” X Sch80 ABC12
11

Marking
• Marking by Hard punching
• For stainless steel stenciling can be used
• If ask by purchaser colour coding are also done
12

• Heat Treatment
• Inspection and Testing
• Markings
13

Gasket
1

Gasket
• Gasket is sealing material
placed between connecting
Flanges
• create a static seal
• Maintain leakage proof sealing
in all operating conditions
2

Spiral Wound Gasket
Outer Ring
Inner RingWinding
Material
10

• Types of Gasket
• Various Construction
13

Gasket
Material
1

Non-Metallic Gasket
• Resilient or pliable material
• Commonly used materials
− Compressed Non-Asbestos fiber
− PTFE
− Rubber
− Mica
− Ceramic fiber
2

• Materials for Gasket
6

Manufacturing of Gasket
• Non-metal gasket are manufactured as long sheet
and cut as per requirements
• Spiral wound gasket are made by winding of metal
and filler material on winding machine
• Winded material are tack welded to inner and
outer ring of gasket
2

Manufacturing of Gasket
• Metallic gasket are made from forged ring or cut
from the metal sheet and machined to achieve
final surface finish and dimension
3

Dimension
• ASME B16.20-Metallic Gaskets for Pipe Flanges,
Ring-Joint, Spiral Wound and Jacketed
• ASME B16.21-Nonmetallic Flat Gaskets for Pipe
Flanges
4

Inspection and Testing
•Gasket Material shall be tested for
−Hardness
−Creep test
−Thickness
−Density
−Compression
−Recovery
−Blowout resistance
5

Inspection and Testing
•Following to be check for finished gasket
(Type test)
−Tensile
−Sealability
−Flexibility
−Corrosion resistance
−Decomposition
6

Marking
• Manufacturer logo
• Manufacturing Code
• Size and Pressure Class
• Filler and winding material
• Inner and Outer ring material
7

Marking- Colour Code
• Spiral Wound Gasket are painted accordance with
ASME B16.20.
• The solid colour on the centering ring indicates the
metallic winding material
• The stripped colour indicates the non-metallic
filler used between the metal winding.
8

Marking- Colour Code
Source: Flexitallic
9

• Manufacturing method
• Dimension Standard
• Inspection & testing
• Marking & Colour Code
10

Bolting
Varun Patel, B.E- Mechanical, PMP®
1

Bolting
• Bolting is a term that includes stud, bolts, nuts, and
washers
• Also Known as fastener
2

Washers
• Conical or Belleville Springs washers
−Keep bolted joints tight
−High spring loads with small deflections
− Used in area where vibration, differential thermal expansion,
and bolt creep present
10

• What is Stud, Bolt, Nut & washers
• Use of Stud, Bolt, Nut & washers
• Types of Stud, Bolt, Nut
&washers
11

Bolting
Material

• Carbon steel
• Low alloy steel
• Stainless steel
• Exotic material, such as Monel, Inconel, Nickel alloy

• These material further divide in
− High Strength
− Intermediate strength
− Low Strength
• List of ASTM Material grade used for manufacturing
stud are listed in ASME B16.5

Coating
• Bolting are also coted with different materials to
improve its corrosion resistance and reduce
maintenance
− Chrome plated
− Galvanized
− Xylan coated
− PTFE coated

• Materials for Stud, Bolt, Nut
&washers
• Different type of coating

End of Lecture
Good Luck!
See you
in next lecture…

Manufacturing of Stud & Bolt
• Rolling / Forming
− Most common method for threading on stud and bolt
− Cylindrical bar placed between two die and bar are rolled in
between the die
− Used for stud and threaded portion of bolt
Wiki Common user: Wizard191
3

• Machining
− Threads are cut by lathe machine on blank
− Hexagonal head of nut are also machine chamfered
4

• Forging / Die punching
− Blank bar are placed between die and force applied to
produced threads in blank
− Head of bolt are also made by die punching
− Forging can be done by Hot & Cold forging methods
Wiki Common user: Wizard191
5

• Manufacturing Methods
• Testing Requirements
• Types of Testing
• Visual & Dimension Inspection
• Product Marking
18

End of Lecture
Good Luck!
See you
in next lecture…
19

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