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Where does
 the word
ITALIA
come from?
It was probably borrowed from the Oscan
Víteliú, meaning "land of young cattle"
The bull was a symbol used by many
  southern tribes. It appears in many
Greek coins used in the Italian colonies
A map of people and languages in 6 BC
According to
  Antiochus of
 Syracuse (420
 BC), the word
Italia indicated
 the southern
 portion of the
   Bruttium
   peninsula
The Greeks gradually came to apply the name "Italia" to
 a larger region, but it was during the reign of Emperor
Augustus (63 BC. – 14 AD) that the term was expanded
       to cover the entire peninsula until the Alps
Augustus’ Reign
337 AD – Constantine’s Reign
The end of the Roman Empire
Italy in 1328
Europe in 1519
Italy in the 1500s
• In 1797 the French Republic sends Napoleon to
  face the Austrian troops on Italian soil.
• After a series of victories Napoleon’s troops move
  south marching towards Rome.
• Pope Pius VI is captured and sent to France, but
  dies on the way.
• The Kingdom of Naples tries to resist the French,
  but soon king Ferdinand IV flees leaving for
  Palermo escorted by the English Admiral Nelson.
• After 3 years of fighting and political adjustments
  Italy is divided into 5 Republics.
Italy in
January
  1799
The republican experience and
the national ideals of the French
Revolution inspire many Italian
intellectuals.
Filippo Maria Buonarroti fights
for a Unitarian National State
writing:
“We can’t wait to see our
Homeland free! And the
pointless distinctions of being
born in Naples, Milan, Turin
should disappear forever among
us patriots. We all belong to one
country, to one Homeland. […] “
In March 1799 the Austrian an Russian troops
attack the French.
The Italian republics fall and the old monarchies
are restored.
Cardinal Fabrizio Ruffo creates an army called
Santafede.
In Napoli alone more than 100 revolutionary
patriots are executed while the Santafede brings
on a real massacre in the nearby towns and in
the countryside.
The army of Cardinal Ruffo
• In 1804 France becomes an Empire and
  Napoleon its Emperor.
• Between 1806 and 1809 he conquers again
  the Italian peninsula.
• 3 new reigns are formed under French
  command.
• Sicily remains under the Bourbons.
• Sardinia under the house of Savoia (future
  kings of unified Italy).
Italy in 1810
For the first time
since the end of
the         Roman
Empire, the entire
“boot” shares one
common
constitution, fiscal
system and law.
The invasion causes the rise of an anti-
French movement, a strengthening of the
national Italian ideal and the birth of
underground patriotic revolutionary
societies.

Great examples of “nationalistic” literature:
-Ultime lettere di Jacopo Ortis by Ugo Foscolo
-Platone in Italia by Vincenzo Cuoco
Italy 1815
The situation is “brought back in time” to the
asset of 1795.

The people of Italy had experienced a more
democratic life and could not accept a
restoration of the ancient noble rights over the
territory.

Political and social unrest favors the illegal
activity of political sects.
The “CARBONERIA”
• The Carbonari ("charcoal burners”)
  were organised in the fashion of
  Freemasonry, broken into small cells
  scattered across Italy.

• Most of the membership sought the
  creation of a liberal, unified Italy.
The initiation right
Catholicism and National
              Movement
• The nationalistic societies identify the
  patriotic hero with Jesus.
• The Carbonari state that Christ was the 1st
  mason.
• The initiation right sees the mason in the role
  of Jesus who swears fidelity while being
  crucified.
• The religious terminology adds “nobility
  and dignity” to the initiation process.

• It is the foundation of national ideology as
  political religion of the contemporary era.

• This can explain the high number of priests
  involved in the illegal nationalistic
  operations in the 1800s.
Symbols of the Carboneria
• The underground sects organize a series of
  successful revolutions that restore republics
  throughout Italy but fail (or do not intend) to
  unify the country.

• In 1830 Austria fights back restoring the
  reigns under the rule of the Italian nobles.
• Southern Carbonari imagine a unified Italian
  State within the borders of the Reign of
  Naples.
• Others think that a broader national state
  could include all peoples from the Alps to
  Sicily.
• According to the second group Italians are
  united by:
- Blood                         - Culture
- Language                      - Common past
- One religion
Alessandro Manzoni
Italy in 1830s
Giuseppe Mazzini
La Giovine Italia


In 1831 Mazzini went to Marseille, where he
became a popular figure to the other Italian
exiles. He organized a new political society
called La giovine Italia
The group's motto was God
and the People, and its basic
principle was the unification
  of the several states and
 kingdoms of the peninsula
into a single republic as the
   only true foundation of
   Italian liberty. The new
   nation had to be: "One,
      Independent, Free
          Republic".
• In 1848 a series of protests in the Kingdome of
  Naples pushes Ferdinand II to grant a more
  democratic constitution with elected
  representatives.
• Carlo Alberto King of Sardinia, Piedmont and
  Savoia follows the example of Ferdinand.
• Even the Pope, Pius IX, delivers a speech
  blessing Italy and its Nation.
Le 5 giornate di Milano
In 1848 Lombardia and
Veneto were still under
Austrian domination.
News       of     successful
revolutions in Piedmont
and Naples reached the
city of Milano.
March 18 the people
formed barricades in the
streets and began fighting
the Austrian troops.
After 5 days of fighting the
city was freed.
The end of a dream
• Carlo Alberto di Savoia declared war to Austria
  and marched towards Milano meeting with
  the revolutionaries.
• The Pope organized his own army to fight the
  war for the independence of Italy.
• King Ferdinand prepared an army to attack
  the Austrians from the Southern Front.
• France decided not to interfere.
King Carlo Alberto annexes Lombardia and
Veneto to his reign.
The Pope reconsiders his position: He doesn’t
represent Italians, he represents all Catholics.
He cannot fight a nationalist war.
King Ferdinand decides not to intervene in the
war as he fears that King Carlo would try to
extend his influence to Southern Italy.
The Austrian fight back and 9 August 1848
Milano is back under the control of Austrian
troops.
Ita culture week 2
. Carlo Alberto gives his people a liberal and
more democratic constitution and Camillo
Benso Conte di Cavour is elected as prime
minister.
• 14 January 1858 Felice Orsini throws 3 bombs at
  Napoleon III in Paris.
• He holds Napoleon III responsible for the Italian
  situation
• More than 50 people die but Napoleon survives
• Napoleon III understands that the political and social
  unrest in Italy could constitute a problem for the
  French borders.
• He promises Vittorio Emanuele II King of Sardinia to
  fight for the liberation of Italy in exchange of the
  territories of Nizza and Savoia
• French and Piedmontese
  troops face the Austrians    1859
  in Montebello
• Garibaldi     collects   a
  victory after the other
  liberating Lombardia
• In the battle of Solferino
  and San Martino 1,662
  French      and     12,000
  Austrian soldiers die.
• The French leave the Italian territory.
• The Piedmontese troops are left to face the
  Austrians backed by groups of volunteers.
• Lombardia, Emilia, Romagna and Toscana are
  annexed to the crown of Piedmont.
L’impresa dei Mille
• 5 May 1860 Giuseppe Garibaldi leaves from
  the port of Quarto with 1,000 volunteers (I
  Mille).
• 11 May the Mille get to Marsala, Sicily.
• Garibaldi proclaims himself dictator of the
  island in the name of Vittorio Emanuele.
• 20,000 volunteers come from different
  regions to fight with Garibaldi
• The Borbonic troops are defeated and 6
  September Francis II abandons Naples.
Giuseppe Garibaldi
Elections and the Unification
• The people of Southern Italy vote for the
  annexation to the Kingdome of Piedmont.
• 26 October 1860 Garibaldi and Vittorio
  Emanuele meet at Teano in Campania, but
  he’s dismissed from command.
• 4 November 1860, Marche and Umbria
  become part of the Kingdome.
• 17 March 1861 Vittorio Emanuele is
  proclamed king of Italy.
• Rome was proclaimed Capital even though
  still under French protection.

• The Third War of Independence freed Veneto
  from the Austrians in 1866.

• In July 1870 Napoleon III ordered his men to
  leave Rome. General Cadorna entered into
  the city which became part of the Kingdome
  against the Pope’s will.
After 150 years songs about
    Garibaldi are still being sang

• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_a1j6za86Gc
  http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_a1j6za86Gc
The history of the unification is still
           controversial
• Many believe that the annexation of the
  Southern territories to the reign of Piedmont
  should be interpreted as a “conquest” driven
  by Garibaldi in the name of the king. In their
  view the modern national state and the Italian
  national identity is the product of an act of
  violence.
This anti-national poster reads: “I don’t celebrate 150 years of lies!”

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Ita culture week 2

  • 1. Where does the word ITALIA come from?
  • 2. It was probably borrowed from the Oscan Víteliú, meaning "land of young cattle"
  • 3. The bull was a symbol used by many southern tribes. It appears in many Greek coins used in the Italian colonies
  • 4. A map of people and languages in 6 BC
  • 5. According to Antiochus of Syracuse (420 BC), the word Italia indicated the southern portion of the Bruttium peninsula
  • 6. The Greeks gradually came to apply the name "Italia" to a larger region, but it was during the reign of Emperor Augustus (63 BC. – 14 AD) that the term was expanded to cover the entire peninsula until the Alps
  • 8. 337 AD – Constantine’s Reign
  • 9. The end of the Roman Empire
  • 12. Italy in the 1500s
  • 13. • In 1797 the French Republic sends Napoleon to face the Austrian troops on Italian soil. • After a series of victories Napoleon’s troops move south marching towards Rome. • Pope Pius VI is captured and sent to France, but dies on the way. • The Kingdom of Naples tries to resist the French, but soon king Ferdinand IV flees leaving for Palermo escorted by the English Admiral Nelson. • After 3 years of fighting and political adjustments Italy is divided into 5 Republics.
  • 15. The republican experience and the national ideals of the French Revolution inspire many Italian intellectuals. Filippo Maria Buonarroti fights for a Unitarian National State writing: “We can’t wait to see our Homeland free! And the pointless distinctions of being born in Naples, Milan, Turin should disappear forever among us patriots. We all belong to one country, to one Homeland. […] “
  • 16. In March 1799 the Austrian an Russian troops attack the French. The Italian republics fall and the old monarchies are restored. Cardinal Fabrizio Ruffo creates an army called Santafede. In Napoli alone more than 100 revolutionary patriots are executed while the Santafede brings on a real massacre in the nearby towns and in the countryside.
  • 17. The army of Cardinal Ruffo
  • 18. • In 1804 France becomes an Empire and Napoleon its Emperor. • Between 1806 and 1809 he conquers again the Italian peninsula. • 3 new reigns are formed under French command. • Sicily remains under the Bourbons. • Sardinia under the house of Savoia (future kings of unified Italy).
  • 20. For the first time since the end of the Roman Empire, the entire “boot” shares one common constitution, fiscal system and law.
  • 21. The invasion causes the rise of an anti- French movement, a strengthening of the national Italian ideal and the birth of underground patriotic revolutionary societies. Great examples of “nationalistic” literature: -Ultime lettere di Jacopo Ortis by Ugo Foscolo -Platone in Italia by Vincenzo Cuoco
  • 23. The situation is “brought back in time” to the asset of 1795. The people of Italy had experienced a more democratic life and could not accept a restoration of the ancient noble rights over the territory. Political and social unrest favors the illegal activity of political sects.
  • 24. The “CARBONERIA” • The Carbonari ("charcoal burners”) were organised in the fashion of Freemasonry, broken into small cells scattered across Italy. • Most of the membership sought the creation of a liberal, unified Italy.
  • 26. Catholicism and National Movement • The nationalistic societies identify the patriotic hero with Jesus. • The Carbonari state that Christ was the 1st mason. • The initiation right sees the mason in the role of Jesus who swears fidelity while being crucified.
  • 27. • The religious terminology adds “nobility and dignity” to the initiation process. • It is the foundation of national ideology as political religion of the contemporary era. • This can explain the high number of priests involved in the illegal nationalistic operations in the 1800s.
  • 28. Symbols of the Carboneria
  • 29. • The underground sects organize a series of successful revolutions that restore republics throughout Italy but fail (or do not intend) to unify the country. • In 1830 Austria fights back restoring the reigns under the rule of the Italian nobles.
  • 30. • Southern Carbonari imagine a unified Italian State within the borders of the Reign of Naples. • Others think that a broader national state could include all peoples from the Alps to Sicily. • According to the second group Italians are united by: - Blood - Culture - Language - Common past - One religion
  • 34. La Giovine Italia In 1831 Mazzini went to Marseille, where he became a popular figure to the other Italian exiles. He organized a new political society called La giovine Italia
  • 35. The group's motto was God and the People, and its basic principle was the unification of the several states and kingdoms of the peninsula into a single republic as the only true foundation of Italian liberty. The new nation had to be: "One, Independent, Free Republic".
  • 36. • In 1848 a series of protests in the Kingdome of Naples pushes Ferdinand II to grant a more democratic constitution with elected representatives. • Carlo Alberto King of Sardinia, Piedmont and Savoia follows the example of Ferdinand. • Even the Pope, Pius IX, delivers a speech blessing Italy and its Nation.
  • 37. Le 5 giornate di Milano
  • 38. In 1848 Lombardia and Veneto were still under Austrian domination. News of successful revolutions in Piedmont and Naples reached the city of Milano. March 18 the people formed barricades in the streets and began fighting the Austrian troops. After 5 days of fighting the city was freed.
  • 39. The end of a dream • Carlo Alberto di Savoia declared war to Austria and marched towards Milano meeting with the revolutionaries. • The Pope organized his own army to fight the war for the independence of Italy. • King Ferdinand prepared an army to attack the Austrians from the Southern Front. • France decided not to interfere.
  • 40. King Carlo Alberto annexes Lombardia and Veneto to his reign. The Pope reconsiders his position: He doesn’t represent Italians, he represents all Catholics. He cannot fight a nationalist war. King Ferdinand decides not to intervene in the war as he fears that King Carlo would try to extend his influence to Southern Italy. The Austrian fight back and 9 August 1848 Milano is back under the control of Austrian troops.
  • 42. . Carlo Alberto gives his people a liberal and more democratic constitution and Camillo Benso Conte di Cavour is elected as prime minister.
  • 43. • 14 January 1858 Felice Orsini throws 3 bombs at Napoleon III in Paris. • He holds Napoleon III responsible for the Italian situation • More than 50 people die but Napoleon survives
  • 44. • Napoleon III understands that the political and social unrest in Italy could constitute a problem for the French borders. • He promises Vittorio Emanuele II King of Sardinia to fight for the liberation of Italy in exchange of the territories of Nizza and Savoia
  • 45. • French and Piedmontese troops face the Austrians 1859 in Montebello • Garibaldi collects a victory after the other liberating Lombardia • In the battle of Solferino and San Martino 1,662 French and 12,000 Austrian soldiers die.
  • 46. • The French leave the Italian territory. • The Piedmontese troops are left to face the Austrians backed by groups of volunteers. • Lombardia, Emilia, Romagna and Toscana are annexed to the crown of Piedmont.
  • 47. L’impresa dei Mille • 5 May 1860 Giuseppe Garibaldi leaves from the port of Quarto with 1,000 volunteers (I Mille). • 11 May the Mille get to Marsala, Sicily. • Garibaldi proclaims himself dictator of the island in the name of Vittorio Emanuele. • 20,000 volunteers come from different regions to fight with Garibaldi • The Borbonic troops are defeated and 6 September Francis II abandons Naples.
  • 49. Elections and the Unification • The people of Southern Italy vote for the annexation to the Kingdome of Piedmont. • 26 October 1860 Garibaldi and Vittorio Emanuele meet at Teano in Campania, but he’s dismissed from command. • 4 November 1860, Marche and Umbria become part of the Kingdome. • 17 March 1861 Vittorio Emanuele is proclamed king of Italy.
  • 50. • Rome was proclaimed Capital even though still under French protection. • The Third War of Independence freed Veneto from the Austrians in 1866. • In July 1870 Napoleon III ordered his men to leave Rome. General Cadorna entered into the city which became part of the Kingdome against the Pope’s will.
  • 51. After 150 years songs about Garibaldi are still being sang • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_a1j6za86Gc http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_a1j6za86Gc
  • 52. The history of the unification is still controversial • Many believe that the annexation of the Southern territories to the reign of Piedmont should be interpreted as a “conquest” driven by Garibaldi in the name of the king. In their view the modern national state and the Italian national identity is the product of an act of violence.
  • 53. This anti-national poster reads: “I don’t celebrate 150 years of lies!”