This presentation is divided into two parts. The first part describes the mobility management on different layers of TCP/IP stack. In the second, a set of IoT standards is presented including a small description for each.

1. Mobility Management
Wael AYOUB
waaelayoub@gmail.com
15 May 2017
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2. • Handover management focuses on the procedure to conduct handovers
between two networks, and addresses the entire solution to maintain
communications while users are mobile.
• Network-Layer Mobility Support
• Transport-Layer Mobility Support
• Application-Layer Mobility Support
Mobility Management
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3. • IP address is the unique identification in IP based networks, which changes between
different networks. to maintain the on-going traffic flows, network layer mobility
management protocols should be executed.
• Mobile IP used to redirect packages from home to new location of MN.
• Mobile IP entities:
• Mobile Node (MN); Terminal changes its PoA
• Home Agent (HA); Updated MN location & redirection
• Foreign Agent (FA); assigns a CoA to MN & routing services
• MIP supports mobility management through:
• Agent Discovery
• Registration
• Routing and Tunneling
Network-Layer Mobility Support
Triangular routing
Route optimization
IPv6
Next step:
Comparative analysis of different
mobility protocols for VHO based on
MIH Standards
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4. • Benefit: changes of network address configurations in different networks are all masked
on top of the network layer.
• Mobile SCTP (mSCTP) is designed to achieve seamless mobility in heterogeneous
wireless networks. Based on Stream Control Transmission Protocol (SCTP), with the
extension of Dynamic Address Reconfiguration (DAR).
• DAR offers two features:
• Multi-homing; multiple IP & paths
• Dynamic IP-address manipulation;
• Steps of mSCTP:
• FA give me IP
• CNs add my new IP
• CNs set my new IP
• CNs delete old IP
Transport-Layer Mobility Support
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5. • Registration control mechanism and HO
management are implemented in this layer.
• Benefits: Flexibility on service requirements &
scalability on system infrastructure.
• There are two mainstream mobility management
protocols in the application layer:
• Session Initial Protocol (SIP)
• H.323 (Packet-based multimedia communications
systems)
• SIP protocol defines one common SIP handover
scenario, called Mid-call mobility, where a mobile
node takes handover to a new network during the
call session.
Application-Layer Mobility Support
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6. • After switching a PoA and entering a new
network, mobile node first handles all ongoing
sessions, and sends the new INVITE request
to the CN directly.
• Finally, MN register the new IP address to the
home SIP server to update the address binding.
Application-Layer Mobility Support
• In the new INVITE message, the
session ID stay the same, and the
Contact field is filled with the new IP
address.
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7. IoT Standards
&
Protocols
15 May 2017
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8. Rather than trying to fit all of the IoT Protocols on top of existing architecture models
like OSI Model, writer have broken the protocols into the following layers to provide
some level of organization:
1. Infrastructure (ex: 6LowPAN, IPv4/IPv6, RPL) ==> Network & Transport Layer
2. Comms / Transport (ex: Wifi, Bluetooth, LPWAN) ==> PHY/MAC layer
3. Discovery (ex: Physical Web, mDNS, DNSSD)
4. Data Protocols (ex: MQTT, CoAP, AMQP, Websocket, Node) ==> App layer
5. Multilayer Frameworks (ex: Alljoyn, IoTivity, Weave, Homekit) ==> Cross layer
Protocols
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9. • IPv6:*Internet Layer protocol for packet-switched internetworking and provides end-to-end datagram
transmission across multiple IP networks.
• 6LoWPAN:*(IPv6 Low power Wireless Personal Area Networks). It is an adaptation layer for IPv6
over IEEE 802.15.4 links (Frequency: 2.4 GHz/ Transfer rate: 250 kbps).
• UDP:*(User Datagram Protocol). A simple OSI transport layer protocol for client/server network
applications based on Internet Protocol (IP). Used in applications specially tuned for real-time
performance.
• NanoIP: (nano Internet Protocol) designed with minimal overheads, wireless networking, and local
addressing in mind.
• CCN: (Content Centric Networking) architecture to solve challenges in content distribution scalability,
mobility, and security. CCN directly routes and delivers named pieces of content at the packet level of
the network, enabling automatic and application-neutral caching in memory wherever it’s located in the
network. Efficient and effective delivery of content wherever and whenever it is needed.
Infrastructure
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10. • UIP: (micro IP) open source TCP/IP stack capable of being used with tiny 8- and 16-bit
microcontrollers.
• DTLS: (Datagram Transport Layer) protocol provides communications privacy for datagram
protocols. Designed to prevent eavesdropping, tampering, or message forgery. Based on the
Transport Layer Security (TLS) protocol and provides equivalent security guarantees.
• RPL:* (IPv6 Routing Protocol for Low-Power and Lossy Networks LLN) a mechanism whereby
multipoint-to-point traffic from devices inside the LLN towards a central control point, and vice
versa. Support for point-to-point traffic is also available.
• TSMP:(Time Synchronized Mesh Protocol) a communications protocol for self-organizing
networks of wireless devices called motes. TSMP devices stay synchronized to each other and
communicate in timeslots, similar to other TDM systems.
Infrastructure
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11. • MDNS: (multicast Domain Name System) Resolves host names to IP addresses within small
networks that do not include a local name server.
• Physical Web: Enables users to view a list of URLs being broadcast by objects in the environment
around you with a Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE) beacon.
• HyperCat: An open, lightweight JSON-based hypermedia catalogue format for exposing
collections of URIs.
• UPnP: (Universal Plug and Play) a set of networking protocols that permits devices to seamlessly
discover each other's presence on the network and establish functional network services for data
sharing, communications, and entertainment.
Discovery
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12. • MQTT:*(Message Queuing Telemetry Transport) Enables a publish/subscribe messaging model in an
extremely lightweight way.
• CoAP:*(Constrained Application Protocol) RESTful protocol that is intended for use in resource
constrained internet devices. Designed to easily translate to HTTP, multicast, low overhead, and
simplicity.
• XMPP:*(Extensible Messaging and Presence Protocol) An open technology for real-time
communication.
• AMQP:*(Advanced Message Queuing Protocol) An open standard application layer protocol for
message oriented middleware. Features: message orientation, queuing, routing (including point-to-point
and publish and subscribe), reliability and security.
• REST:* (Representational state transfer) RESTful HTTP or RESTful Web services are one way of
providing interoperability between computer systems on the Internet. REST-compliant Web services
allow requesting systems to access and manipulate textual representations of Web resources using a
uniform and predefined set of stateless operations.
Data
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13. • STOMP: (Simple Text Oriented Messaging Protocol) an interoperable wire format so that STOMP
clients can communicate with any STOMP message broker to provide easy and widespread messaging
interoperability among many languages, platforms and brokers.
• Mihini/M3DA: (An open-source protocol for efficient M2M communications) a software component
that acts as a mediator between an M2M server and the applications running on an embedded
gateway. M3DA is a protocol optimized for the transport of binary M2M data.
• DDS: (Service for Real-Time Systems) open international middleware standard directly addressing
publish/ subscribe communications for real-time and embedded systems.
• JMS: (Java Message Service) A Java Message Oriented Middleware (MOM) API for sending
messages between two or more clients.
• LLAP: (lightweight local automation protocol) a simple short message that is sent between intelligent
objects using normal text, it's not like TCP/IP, Bluetooth, ZigBee, 6lowpan, WiFi etc which achieve at
a low level "how" to move data around. Can run over any communication medium.
Data
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14. • LWM2M: (Lightweight M2M) a system standard in the Open Mobile Alliance. It includes DTLS,
CoAP, Block, Observe, SenML and Resource Directory and weaves them into a device server
interface along with an Object structure.
• SSI: (Simple Sensor Interface) a simple communications protocol designed for data transfer
between computers or user terminals and smart sensors.
• SOAP: (Simple Object Access Protocol) like REST
• Websocket: defines a full duplex single socket connection over which messages can be sent
between client and server. This standard simplifies much of the complexity around bidirectional
web communication and connection management.
Data
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15. • Ethernet
• WirelessHart: technology provides a robust wireless protocol for the full range of process
measurement, control, and asset management applications.
• DigiMesh: peer-to-peer networking topology for use in wireless endpoint connectivity solutions.
• ISA100.11a: Wireless Systems for Industrial Automation: Process Control and Related Application,
developed by the International Society of Automation (ISA).
• IEEE 802.15.4: is a standard which specifies the physical layer and media access control for low-rate
wireless personal area networks (LRWPANs). It is the basis for the ZigBee,ISA100.11a, MiWi, and
WirelessHART specifications, each of which further extends the standard by developing the upper
layers.
• Eddystone: A protocol specification that defines a Bluetooth low energy (BLE) message format for
proximity beacon messages.
Communication / Transport
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16. • ANT: a wireless sensor network technology for wireless communications protocol stack, operating
in the 2.4 GHz.
• EnOcean: is a an energy harvesting wireless technology, operate in the frequencies of 868 MHz for
Europe and 315 MHz for North America. The transmit range goes up to 30 meter in buildings and
up to 300 meter outdoor.
• Weightless: open wireless technology standard for exchanging data between a base station and
thousands of machines around it with high levels of security.
• NB-IoT: (NarrowBand IoT) A technology being standardized by the 3GPP standards body.
• LTEMTC: (LTEMachine Type Communication) Standards-based family of technologies supports
several technology categories, such as Cat1and CatM1, suitable for the IoT.
• EC-GSM-IoT: (Extended Coverage-GSM-IoT) Enables new capabilities of existing cellular
networks for LPWA (Low Power Wide Area) IoT applications. Activated by deploying a software
over GSM footprint, adding even more coverage to serve IoT devices.
Communication / Transport
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17. Bluetooth
Short-range communications technology
designed to offer significantly reduced power
consumption
• Standard: Bluetooth 4.2 core specification
• Frequency: 2.4GHz (ISM)
• Range: 5-15m (Smart/BLE)
• Data Rates: 1Mbps (Smart/BLE)
Zigbee
ZigBee, like Bluetooth, has a large installed base
of operation.
• Standard: ZigBee 3.0 based on IEEE802.15.4
• Frequency: 868MHz, 915MHz, 2.4GHz
• Range: 10-100m
• Data Rates: 20, 40, 250kbps
Communication / Transport
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18. Z-Wave
Z-Wave is a low-power RF communications
technology that is primarily designed for home
automation. Optimized for reliable and low-
latency communication of small data packets.
• Standard: Z-Wave Alliance ZAD12837 / ITU-
T G.9959
• Frequency: 900MHz (ISM)
• Range: 30m
• Data Rates: 9.6/40/100kbit/s
NFC
NFC (Near Field Communication) is a
technology that enables simple and safe two-way
interactions between electronic devices.
• Standard: ISO/IEC 18000-3
• Frequency: 13.56MHz (ISM)
• Range: 10cm
• Data Rates: 100–420kbps
Communication / Transport
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19. Sigfox
An alternative wide-range technology, range
comes between WiFi (too short range) and
cellular (too expensive).
• Frequency: 900MHz
• Range: 30-50km (rural environments), 3-10km
(urban environments)
• Power Consumption: 50mW
• Data Rates: 10-1kbps
Neul
Similar in concept to Sigfox and operating in the
sub-1GHz band, deliver high scalability, high
coverage, low power and low-cost wireless
networks. The communications technology is
called Weightless.
• Frequency: 900MHz (ISM [N]), 458MHz (UK
[P]), 470-790MHz (White Space [W])
• Range: 10km
• Power Consumption: 20mA – 30mA
• Data Rates: Few bps up to 100kbps
Communication / Transport
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20. LoRaWAN
Similar in some respects to Sigfox and Neul,
wide-area network (WAN) applications,
designed to provide low-power WANs, low-cost
mobile secure bi-directional communication in
IoT, M2M and smart city and industrial
applications.
• Frequency: 433- 868-780 -915 MHZ ISM
• Range: 2-5km (urban environment), 15km
(suburban environment)
• Power Consumption: 25 – 50 mW
• Data Rates: 0.3-50 kbps.
RPMA
Random phase multiple access (RPMA) is a
low-power wide-area channel access method
used exclusively for machine-to-machine (M2M)
communication on the Internet of Things (IoT).
• Frequency band: 2.4 GHz ISM
• Range: 500 km (line of side)
• Data Rate: 624 kbps
• Power Consumption: 100 mW ~ 125 mW
Communication / Transport
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21. DASH7
DASH7 is open source and operates primarily in
sub-1GHz frequency bands. Connectivity for
moving things. Specification: open source, 25
kHz or 200 kHz channel bandwidth, good for
wireless sensor networks.
• Frequency: 433- 868-780 -915 MHZ ISM
• Range: 2-5km (urban environment), 15km
(suburban environment)
• Power Consumption: 30uW - 60uW
• Data Rates: 0.3-50 kbps.
WiMAX
WiMAX (Worldwide Interoperability for
Microwave Access) based on the IEEE 802.16
set of standards, which provide multiple physical
layer (PHY) and Media Access Control (MAC)
options. WiMAX was initially designed to
provide 30 to 40 megabit-per-second data rates,
with the 2011 update providing up to 1 Gbit/s for
fixed stations.
Communication / Transport
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22. Cellular
Any IoT application that requires
operation over longer distances can take
advantage of GSM/3G/4G cellular
communication capabilities.
WiFi
Is a wide existing infrastructure that
offers fast data transfer and the ability to
handle high quantities of data.
Communication / Transport
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23. • Alljoyn: open source software framework for devices and apps to discover and communicate with
each other.
• IoTivity: open source software framework enabling seamless connectivity to address the emerging
needs of the IoT.
• IEEE P2413: Standard for an Architectural Framework for the Internet of Things (IoT)
• Thread: Built on open standards and IPv6 technology with 6LoWPAN as its foundation.
• IPSO Application Framework: Defines sets of REST interfaces that may be used by a smart object
to represent its available resources, interact with other smart objects and backend services.
• OMA Light-weight-M2M: Management protocol to develop a fast deployable client-server
specification to provide machine to machine service. It is able to transfer service / application data.
• Weave: A communications platform for IoT devices that enables device setup, phone-to-device-to-
cloud communication, and user interaction from mobile devices and the web.
• Telehash: A secure wire protocol powering a decentralized overlay network for apps and devices
Multi-layer Frameworks
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