basic intro. about 5 common sports

1. Basic knowledge of sports
What is sport?
• Sport or sports includes all forms of competitive physical activity or
games which, through casual or organize participation, aim to use,
maintain or improve physical ability and skills while providing
enjoyment to participants, and in some cases, entertainment for
spectators.

2.  Cricket
 Football
 Table Tennis
 Hockey
 Squash

3. Cricket
Introduction:
Cricket is a bat-and-ball game played between two teams of eleven
players each on a cricket field, at the centre of which is a rectangular 22-yard-long
pitch with a target called the wicket (a set of three wooden stumps topped by two
bails) at each end. Each phase of play is called an innings during which one team bats,
attempting to score as many runs as possible, whilst their opponents field.
Cricket Essentials
A Cricket Stadium

4. Cricket
• Origin of cricket:
It is generally believed that cricket originated as a children's game in the south-eastern counties of
England, sometime during the medieval period.
• History:
There are claims for prior dates, the earliest definite reference to cricket being played comes from evidence
given at a court case in Guildford on Monday, 17 January 1597. The case concerned ownership of a certain plot of land
and the court heard the testimony of a 59-year-old coroner, John Derrick. One possible source for the sport's name is the
Old English word "cryce" meaning a crutch or staff. In Samuel Johnson's Dictionary, he derived cricket from "cryce, Saxon, a
stick". In Old French, the word "criquet" seems to have meant a kind of club or stick. Given the strong medieval trade
connections between south-east England and the County of Flanders when the latter belonged to the Duchy of
Burgundy, the name may have been derived from the Middle Dutch "krick" meaning a stick (crook).
• Players:
11 players per side (substitutes permitted in some circumstances). Two batsmen and eleven fielders then enter
the field and play begins when a member of the fielding team, known as the bowler, delivers (i.e., bowls) the ball from
one end of the pitch towards the wicket at the other end, which is guarded by one of the batsmen, known as the striker.
In addition to the bowler, the fielding team includes the wicket-keeper, a specialist who stands behind the striker's wicket.

5. Introduction:
Football is a family of team sports that involve, to varying degrees, kicking a ball with the
foot to score a goal. Unqualified, the word “football” is understood to refer to whichever form of football
is the most popular in the regional context in which the word appears. Sports commonly called 'football'
in certain places include: association football known as soccer in some countries.
A football match
A Fancy Football

6.  Origin:
An early reference to a ball game played in Britain comes from the 9th century
Historia Brittonum, which describes "a party of boys ... playing at ball". A Chinese game called
Cuju ,Tsu' Chu, or Zuqiu has been recognised by FIFA as the first version of the game with
regular rules.
 History:
The early forms of football played in England, sometimes referred to as "mob
football", would be played between neighbouring towns and villages, involving an unlimited
number of players on opposing teams who would clash, struggling to move an item, such as
inflated animal's bladder to particular geographical points, such as their opponents' church,
with play taking place in the open space between neighbouring parishes. The game was
played primarily during significant religious festivals, such as Shrovetide, Christmas, or Easter.
 Players:
A match is played by two teams, each with a maximum of eleven players; one
must be the goalkeeper. A match may not start or continue if either team has fewer than
seven players. According to the Laws of the Game, "up to a maximum of three substitutes may
be used in any match played in an official competition organised under the auspices of FIFA,
the confederations or the member associations.

7. INTRODUCTION:
Table tennis, also known as ping pong, is a sport in which two or four
players hit a lightweight ball back and forth across a table using a
small bat. The game takes place on a hard table divided by a net.
Except for the initial serve, the rules are generally as follows: players
must allow a ball played toward them to bounce one time on their
side of the table, and must return it so that it bounces on the
opposite side at least once. A point is scored when a player fails to
return the ball within the rules.
A table tennis match
Table Tennis
Essentials

8.  ORIGIN:
The sport originated in Victorian England, where it was played among the upper-class as
an after-dinner parlour game. It has been suggested that makeshift versions of the game were developed
by British military officers in India in around 1860s or 1870s, who brought it back with them.[6] A row of
books stood up along the center of the table as a net, two more books served as rackets and were used to
continuously hit a golf-ball.
 HISTORY:
The next major innovation was by James W. Gibb, a British enthusiast of table tennis, who
discovered novelty celluloid balls on a trip to the US in 1901 and found them to be ideal for the game. This
was followed by E.C. Goode who, in 1901, invented the modern version of the racket by fixing a sheet of
pimpled, or stippled, rubber to the wooden blade. Table tennis was growing in popularity by 1901 to the
extent that tournaments were being organized, books being written on the subject, and an unofficial world
championship was held in 1902.
 PLAYERS:
1 or 2 (singles & doubles respectively). In game play, the player serving the ball
commences a play. the server first stands with the ball held on the open palm of the hand not carrying the
paddle, called the freehand, and tosses the ball directly upward without spin, at least 16 cm (6.3 in) high. the
server strikes the ball with the racket on the ball's descent so that it touches first his court and then touches
directly the receiver's court without touching the net assembly.

9. Introduction:
Hockey is a sport in which two teams play
against each other by trying to maneuver a ball or a puck into
the opponent's goal using a hockey stick. There are many types
of hockey such as bandy, field hockey and ice hockey. Often
one variation of the sport, such as field hockey or ice hockey,
will predominate in a certain area and be known simply as
"hockey".
A Match of hockey being played between India and
Australia

10.  Origin:
Games played with curved sticks and a ball can be found in the histories of many cultures. In Egypt, 4000-year-old
carvings feature teams with sticks and a projectile, hurling dates to before 1272 BC in Ireland, and there is a depiction from
approximately 600 BC in ancient Greece, where the game may have been called kerētízein because it was played with a horn or
horn-like stick in inner Mongolia, the daur people have been playing beikou, a game similar to modern field hockey, for about
1,000 years
 History:
Most evidence of hockey-like games during the Middle Ages is found in legislation concerning sports and games.
The Galway Statute enacted in Ireland in 1527 banned certain types of ball games, including games using "hooked" sticks. By the
19th century, the various forms and divisions of historic games began to differentiate and coalesce into the individual sports
defined today. Organizations dedicated to the codification of rules and regulations began to form, and national and international
bodies sprang up to manage domestic and international competition.
 Players:
A game shall be played between 2 teams of not more than 16 players each, but not
more than 11 players of each team shall be on the field at the same time. Each team is permitted to
substitute from the maximum of 16 players.

11. Introduction:
A Squash Match
Squash is a ball sport played by two (singles) or four players
(doubles) in a four-walled court with a small, hollow rubber
ball. The players must alternate in striking the ball with their
racket and hit the ball onto the playable surfaces of the four
walls of the court.
The game was formerly called squash rackets, a reference to
the "squashable" soft ball used in the game.
The governing body of squash, the world squash federation
(wsf) is recognised by the international olympic committee (ioc),
but the sport is not part of the olympic games, despite a
number of applications.

12. o Origin:
The use of stringed rackets is shared with tennis, which dates from the late sixteenth
century, though is more directly descended from the game of rackets from England. In "rackets", instead
of hitting over a net as in sports such as tennis, players hit a squeezable ball against walls.
o History:
Squash was invented in Harrow School out of the older game rackets around 1830 before
the game spread to other schools, eventually becoming an international sport. The first courts built at
this school were rather dangerous because they were near water pipes, buttresses, chimneys, and
ledges. The school soon built four outside courts. Natural rubber was the material of choice for the ball.
Students modified their rackets to have a smaller reach to play in these cramped conditions. The rackets
have changed in a similar way to those used in tennis. Squash rackets used to be made out of laminated
timber.[2] In the 1980s, construction shifted to lighter materials with small additions of components like
Kevlar, boron and titanium. Natural "gut" strings were also replaced with synthetic strings.
o Players:
Squash is a ball sport played by two (singles) or four players (doubles) in a four-walled court
with a small, hollow rubber ball.