1. Plural Pronunciation Final Sound /s/ /Z/ /iz/ or / Əz/ Sibilant and s Affricate z Consonants sh /∫/ zh / ch /t∫/ j /d buses roses (s= /z/) wishes garages churches judges All other p voiceless t consonant k sounds f th / θ / lamps cats socks cuffs fifths All other b voice d consonant g sounds v (Pronunciation- m cabs roads dogs waves dimes

2. Continued /s/ /z/ /iz/ or / Əz/ note: Vowel n sounds before ng /ŋ/ voiced l consonant r sounds are lengthened). pens rings hills cars Vowels and aw Dipthongs (all ey Voiced) ay oe ie oy laws keys days toes pies boys

3. Past Tense Pronunciation Final Sound /t/ /d/ /id/ or / Əd/ Alveolar t plosive d consonants waited needed All other p voiceless k consonant f sounds s sh /∫/ ch /t∫/ stopped kicked laughed kissed wished watched All other b voiced g consonant v sounds th / ð/ (Pronunciation- z robbed dragged waved breathed used (s= /z/)

4. Continued /t/ /d/ /id/ or / Əd/ note: Vowel j /d sounds before m voiced n consonant ng /ŋ/ sounds are l lengthened) r judge ( dg =d slammed burned banged called roared Vowels and ay dipthongs (all oy voiced) ie ow ee aw played enjoyed died showed freed sawed