SOME DISEASED CONDITIONS

1. By: Shabana
gulABNORMAL PSYCHOLOGY

2.  Abnormal psychology is the branch of psychology that studies
unusual patterns of behavior, emotion and thought, which may
or may not be understood as precipitating a mental disorder.
DEFINITION

3.  There are four general criteria that psychologists use to
identify abnormal behavior:
 violation of social norms
 statistical rarity
 personaldistress
 maladaptive behavior
CRITERIA

4.  The DSM is the standard classification manual of mental
disorders and contains lists of diagnostic criteria for every
psychiatric disorder recognized by the U.S. healthcare system.
CLASSIFICATION

5.  a feeling of worry, nervousness, or unease, typically about an
imminent event or something with an uncertain outcome.
ANXIETY

6.  Generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) is a common anxiety
disorder that involves chronic worrying, nervousness, and
tension.
 This anxiety is less intense than a panic attack, but much
longer lasting, making normal life difficult and relaxation
impossible.
 If you have GAD you may worry about the same things that
other people do, but you take these worries to a new level.
GAD

7.  You go about your activities filled with exaggerated worry and
tension, even when there is little or nothing to provoke them.
 GAD is diagnosed when a person finds it difficult to control
worry on more days than not for at least six months and has
three or more symptoms.
 GAD affects 6.8 million adults, or 3.1% of the U.S. population,
in any given year. Women are twice as likely to be affected.

8.  The disorder comes on gradually and can begin across the life
cycle, though the risk is highest between childhood and
middle age. Although the exact cause of GAD is unknown,
there is evidence that biological factors, family background,
and life experiences, particularly stressful ones, play a role.
CAUSE OF GAD

9.  Emotional symptoms:
 Constant worries running through your head
 Feeling like your anxiety is uncontrollable; there is nothing
you can do to stop the worrying
 Intrusive thoughts about things that make you anxious; you try
to avoid thinking about them, but you can’t
 An inability to tolerate uncertainty; you need to know what’s
going to happen in the future
SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS OF GAD

10. Behavioural symptoms:
 Inability to relax, enjoy quiet time, or be by yourself
 Difficulty concentrating or focusing on things
 Putting things off because you feel overwhelmed
 Avoiding situations that make you anxious

11. Physical symptoms:
 Feeling tense; having muscle tightness or body aches
 Having trouble falling asleep or staying asleep because your
mind won’t quit
 Feeling edgy, restless, or jumpy
 Stomach problems, nausea, diarrhea

12.  Get enough sleep
 Limit caffeine
 Eat right
 Avoid alcohol and nicotine
 Deep breathing
 Meditation
 Exercise
HOW TO OVERCOME GAD?

13. Identify unhealthy relationship patterns
Build a strong support system
Know who to avoid when you’re feeling
anxious

14. By: Ayesha
RafiquePHOBIAS AND FEARS

31. By: Wardah
Shabbir
OBSESSIVE COMPULSIVE
DISORDER

32. OCD is like Unfiltered Junk Mail in the brain.
Use your Spam Filters to Treat it!

33.  Obsessive compulsive disorder is a disorder of the
brain wherein a person feels the need to repeatedly do
a certain task.
 A few affected people have repetitive thought patterns,
which they know are senseless but still make them
extremely anxious.
 Most people have both repeated obsessions as well as
compulsions to do certain things such as washing their
hands a fixed number of times.

34.  Symptoms include both obsessions and compulsions.
 OCD obsessions usually have certain themes such as
fear of contamination, sexual images or thoughts,
having things orderly etc.
 OCD compulsions are certain behaviors that the
affected person tends to perform. These could be
washing and cleaning, counting, performing the same
action repeatedly etc.

35. Factors that trigger OCD are:
 Family history: Having family members with the
disorder can increase the risk of developing OCD.
 Environmental factors: Brain injuries, infections etc.
 Stressful life events: If you tend to react strongly to
stress, then the risk of OCD may increase. Stress also
worsens the existing condition.

36.  The exact cause of OCD is still not known but a few
theories are listed below.
 Biology: Changes in body’s natural chemistry or brain
function.
 Genetics: OCD runs in families sometimes and can be
passed on.
 OCD may also stem from behavior related habits
learned over time.
 Insufficient serotonin

37.  Take medications as directed: If medication is
stopped, OCD symptoms are likely to return.
 Pay attention to warning signs: If you have identified
things that may trigger OCD, consult your doctor and
keep a close track of it.
 Avoid drugs and alcohol
 Manage stress with meditation, yoga, counseling etc.
 Check before taking any other medications.

38. Treating OCD can be difficult as the response to the
treatment varies from patient to patient.
 OCD is generally treated with psychotherapy,
medication or both.
 Treatment is most effective with a combination of
psychotherapy and medication.
 Exposure therapy (psychological treatment) - The
compulsive person is exposed repeatedly to those
situations they dread until those situations no longer
can cause responses.

39.  Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) has been shown to be
the most effective type of psychotherapy for this disorder.
The patient is exposed many times to a situation that
triggers the obsessive thoughts, and learns gradually to
tolerate the anxiety and resist the urge to perform the
compulsion. Medication and CBT together are considered
to be better than either treatment alone at reducing
symptoms.
 Psychotherapy can also be used to:
 Provide effective ways of reducing stress
 Reduce anxiety
 Resolve inner conflicts

40.  OCD is a long-term (chronic) illness with periods of
severe symptoms followed by times of improvement.
However, a completely symptom-free period is
unusual. Most people improve with treatment.
 Long-term complications of OCD have to do with the
type of obsessions or compulsions. For example,
constant hand washing can cause skin breakdown.
However, OCD does not usually progress into another
disease.

41. By: Iqra NoorPANIC DISORDER

42. Panic disorder

43. INTRoduction
• Panic disorder is an anxiety disorder
characterized by recurring panic attacks,
causing a series of intense episodes of
extreme anxiety during panic attacks. It may
also include significant behavioral changes,
and ongoing worries about having other
attacks. The latter are called anticipatory
attacks.

44. • According to the American Academy of Child
& Adolescent Psychiatry, panic disorder
usually begins during adolescence and can be
hereditary. Over 3 million Americans
experience panic disorder during their
lifetime.

45. • A panic attack is a sudden episode of intense fear
that triggers severe physical reactions when there is
no real danger or apparent cause. Panic attacks can
be very frightening. When panic attacks occur, you
might think you're losing control, having a heart
attack or even dying.
• Many people have just one or two panic attacks in
their lifetimes, and the problem goes away, perhaps
when a stressful situation ends. But if you've had
recurrent, unexpected panic attacks and spent long
periods in constant fear of another attack, you may
have a condition called panic disorder.
Panic attack & panic disorder

46. • Although panic attacks themselves aren't life-
threatening, they can be frightening and
significantly affect your quality of life. But
treatment can be very effective.

47. Epidemiology
• Panic disorder typically begins during early
adulthood; roughly half of all people who have panic
disorder develop the condition before age 24,
especially those subjected to traumatic experiences.
However, some sources say that the majority of
young people affected for the first time are between
the ages of 25 and 30. Women are twice as likely as
men to develop panic disorder and it occurs more
often in people with above average intelligence.

48. Signs and symptoms
• Panic disorder sufferers usually have extreme anxiety during panic attacks. These
attacks typically last about ten minutes, and can be as short-lived as 1–5 minutes,
but can last twenty minutes to more than an hour, and the intensity and specific
symptoms of panic may vary over the duration.
• Common symptoms of an attack include
• rapid heartbeat,
• perspiration,
• dizziness,
• dyspnea,
• trembling,
• uncontrollable fear such as: the fear of losing control and going crazy,
• the fear of dying and hyperventilation.
• sweating,
• paralysis,
• chest pain,
• nausea,
• numbness , faintness, crying.

49. causes
• It's not known what causes panic attacks or panic disorder,
but these factors may play a role:
• Genetics
• Major stress
• Temperament that is more sensitive to stress or prone to
negative emotions
• Certain changes in the way parts of your brain function
• Panic attacks may start off by coming on suddenly and
without warning, but over time, they're usually triggered by
certain situations.

50. complications
• Complications that panic attacks may cause or be linked to
include:
• Development of specific phobias, such as fear of driving or
leaving your home
• Frequent medical care for health concerns and other medical
conditions
• Avoidance of social situations
• Problems at work or school
• Depression, anxiety disorder and other psychiatric disorders
• Increased risk of suicide or suicidal thoughts
• Alcohol or other substance misuse
• Financial problems

51. diagnosis
• The dominant symptoms for diagnosis of Panic
disorder include:
• sudden onset of palpitations
• chest pain
• choking sensations
• dizziness
• feelings of unreality (depersonalization or
derealization)
• secondary fear of dying, losing control, or going mad.

52. treatment
• Treatment can help reduce the intensity and frequency of
your panic attacks and improve your function in daily life. The
main treatment options are psychotherapy and medications.
Psychotherapy:
• Psychotherapy, also called talk therapy, is considered an
effective first choice treatment for panic attacks and panic
disorder. Psychotherapy can help you understand panic
attacks and panic disorder and learn how to cope with them.

53. By: Aqsa Jamil
POST-TRAUMATIC
STRESS DISORDER
(PTSD)

54.  Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a mental health
condition that's triggered by a terrifying event — either
experiencing it or witnessing it. Symptoms may include
flashbacks, nightmares and severe anxiety, as well as
uncontrollable thoughts about the event.
WHAT IS PTSD?

55.  Many people who go through traumatic events have difficulty
adjusting and coping for a while, but they don't have PTSD —
with time and good self-care, they usually get better. But if
the symptoms get worse or last for months or even years and
interfere with your functioning, you may have PTSD.
 Getting effective treatment after PTSD symptoms develop can
be critical to reduce symptoms and improve function

56. Post-traumatic stress disorder symptoms may start
within three months of a traumatic event, but
sometimes symptoms may not appear until years after
the event. These symptoms cause significant problems
in social or work situations and in relationships.
PTSD symptoms are generally grouped into four types:
1. Intrusive memories
2. Avoidance
3. Negative changes in thinking and mood
4. Changes in emotional reactions.
SYMPTOMS

57. Symptoms of intrusive memories may include:
• Recurrent, unwanted distressing memories of the traumatic
event
• Reliving the traumatic event as if it were happening again
(flashbacks)
• Upsetting dreams about the traumatic event
• Severe emotional distress or physical reactions to something
that reminds you of the event
1.INTRUSIVE MEMORIES:

58. Symptoms of avoidance may include:
• Trying to avoid thinking or talking about the traumatic
event
• Avoiding places, activities or people that remind you of
the traumatic event
2. AVOIDANCE

59. Symptoms of negative changes in thinking and mood may
include:
• Negative feelings about yourself or other people
• Inability to experience positive emotions
• Feeling emotionally numb
• Lack of interest in activities you once enjoyed
• Hopelessness about the future
• Memory problems
• Difficulty maintaining close relationships
3. NEGATIVE CHANGES IN THINKING AND
MOOD

60. Symptoms of changes in emotional reactions (also called
arousal symptoms) may include:
• Aggressive behavior
• Always being on guard for danger
• Overwhelming guilt or shame
• Self-destructive behavior, such as drinking too much or
driving too fast
• Trouble concentrating
• Trouble sleeping
• Being easily startled or frightened
4. CHANGES IN EMOTIONAL
REACTIONS

61. PTSD symptoms can vary in intensity over time. You may have
more PTSD symptoms when you're stressed in general, or when
you run into reminders of what you went through.
INTENSITY OF SYMPTOMS

62. If you have disturbing thoughts and feelings about a traumatic
event for more than a month, if they're severe, or if you feel
you're having trouble getting your life back under control, talk to
your health care professional. Get treatment as soon as possible
to help prevent PTSD symptoms from getting worse.
WHEN TO SEE A DOCTOR?

63. If you or someone you know is having suicidal thoughts, get help
right away through one or more of these resources:
• Reach out to a close friend or loved one.
• Make an appointment with your doctor, mental health
provider or other health care professional.
IF YOU HAVE SUICIDAL THOUGHTS..

64.  If you think you may hurt yourself or attempt suicide, call your
local emergency number immediately.
 If you know someone who's in danger of committing suicide or
has made a suicide attempt, make sure someone stays with
that person. Call your local emergency number immediately.
Or, if you can do so safely, take the person to the nearest
hospital emergency room.
HOW TO GET EMERGENCY HELP?

65. By: Filza
Mubarak
ACUTE STRESS
DISORDER

66. What Is Acute Stress Disorder?
“In the weeks after a traumatic event, you may develop an
anxiety disorder called acute stress disorder “
 ASD typically occurs within one month of a traumatic event
 It lasts at least three days and can persist for up to one
month
 People with ASD have symptoms similar to those seen in
post-traumatic stress disorder
 Individual experiences an event involving a threat, actual
death, serious injury, or physical violation

67. What Are the Symptoms of Acute
Stress Disorder?
Specific acute stress symptoms include:
I. Intrusion symptoms
II. Negative mood
III. Dissociative symptoms
IV. Avoidance symptoms
V. Arousal symptoms

68. 1. Intrusion symptoms:-
 Recurrent, involuntary, and intrusive distressing memories
 Recurrent distressing dreams
 Dissociative reactions
 Intense or prolonged psychological distress or marked physiologic reactions
2.Negative mood:-
 Persistent inability to experience positive emotions

69. 3.Dissociative symptoms:-
 Feeling numb, detached, or being emotionally unresponsive
 Reduced awareness of your surroundings
 DE realization
 Depersonalization
 Dissociative amnesia
 Altered sense of the reality of one’s surroundings or oneself
 Distress or disrupt important aspects of your life
 Inability to start or complete necessary tasks
 Inability to tell others about the traumatic event
 Disability in the performance of daily routine

70. 4.Avoidance symptoms:-
 Avoid distressing memories, thoughts, or feelings
 Efforts to avoid external reminders
5.Arousal symptoms:-
 Sleep disturbance
 Irritable behavior
 Angry outbursts
 Hyper vigilance
 Problems with concentration
 Exaggerated startle response
 Being unable to stop moving or sit still
 Being constantly tense

71. What Causes Acute Stress Disorder?
Experiencing one or more traumatic events can cause ASD
The events create intense fear, horror, or helplessness
Traumatic events that can cause ASD include:
 Witnessing death
 Threat of death to oneself or others
 Threat of serious injury to oneself or others
 Threat to the physical integrity of oneself or others
Approximately 6 to 33 percent of people who experience a traumatic
event develop ASD
This rate varies based on the nature of the traumatic situation

72. Who Is at Risk for Acute Stress Disorder?
You may have an increased risk of developing ASD if you
have:
 Experienced or been confronted with a traumatic event in
the past
 History of ASD or PTSD
 History of certain types of mental problems
 History of dissociative symptoms during traumatic events

73. How Is Acute Stress Disorder Diagnosed?
Rule out other causes such as:
drug abuse, side effects of medication, health problems and other
psychiatric disorders
The first criterion is exposure to actual or threatened death, serious
injury, or sexual violation in 1 (or more) of the following ways:
 Directly experiencing the traumatic events(s)
 Witnessing, in person, the event(s) happening to others
 Learning that the event(s) occurred to a close family member or
close friend
 Experiencing repeated or extreme exposure to aversive details of
the traumatic event(s)

74.  Presence of at least 9 of 14 symptoms from any of 5 categories beginning
or worsening after the traumatic event(s) occurred
 Duration of the disturbance is 3 days to 1 month after trauma exposure
 Although symptoms may begin immediately after a traumatic event, they
must last at least 3 days for a diagnosis to be made
 Disturbance causes clinically significant distress or impairment in social,
occupational, or other important areas of functioning
 Disturbance cannot be attributed to the physiologic effects of a substance
or another medical condition and cannot be better explained by a diagnosis
of brief psychotic disorder

75. How Is Acute Stress Disorder
Treated?
Your doctor may use one or more of the following methods to
treat ASD:
 Psychiatric evaluation to determine your specific needs
 Hospitalization if you’re at risk of suicide or harming others
 Assistance in obtaining shelter, food, clothing, and locating
family
 Psychiatric education to teach you about your disorder
 Medication to relieve symptoms of ASD

76. Can I Prevent ASD?
Because there’s no way to ensure that you never experience a traumatic
situation, there’s no way to prevent ASD
However, there are things that can be done to reduce your likelihood of
developing ASD
 Getting medical treatment within a few hours of experiencing a traumatic
event may reduce the likelihood that you’ll develop ASD
 People who work in jobs that carry a high risk for traumatic events may
benefit from preparation training and counseling
 You may avoid stimuli that cause you to remember or re-experience the
traumatic event