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CJ 105
  Age crime curve: peak
18 violent
16 property

½ by 32
½ by 21

59%-violent juveniles=adults
   1899-1st juvenile court-Illinois

-1500-1600’s –discovery of childhood

-”ideal” child produced

-”undesirable” prevented from developing



17th Century France: duels, mutinies, brawls, assaults on teachers
Student required to leave weapons at door
   Ideal:
-educators, clergy, psychologists

   Undesirable:
-no distinction for age

    19th Century
-1st attempt social control
 1825:
NY House of Refuge

  1826:
Boston

  1828:
Philadelphia

Set standards for 25 years:
-ball & chain/handcuffs/whipping/work
  Work:
-exploited kids
-rented out to industry

  1850’s:
-”child saving organizations
   Juvenile Court:
Illinois 1899
-Dependent
-Neglected

Theory of Parens Patriae
-court has ultimate authority over kids
-superseded parental rights
    Due Process and Juveniles:
-non existent why?



1.   Not criminal (statutory)

2.   No determination of guilt (adjudicated)

3.   Treatment versus punishment (not relevant)
    1960’s: Supreme Court

-In Re Gault (1967):
-arrested obscene call
-parents not notified
-no witnesses
-15 year old sentenced until 21

1.   Fair notice of charges to prepare defense
2.   Counsel
3.   Face accusers
4.   No self-incrimination
   In re Winship (1970):

-preponderance of evidence changed to reasonable doubt


   McKeiver v. PA:
-no right to jury
-states free to experiment
   Teen (peer) Courts:

-Comprised of other teens


-admitted to offense



-low recidivism rates
   Juveniles and adult court:

-when?

-how?

Judicial waiver: judge waives jurisdiction

Concurrent jurisdiction: Prosecutors file as adult/juvenile

Statutorily excluding: Legislatures
   Transfers:
-More severe sentences

   Blended sentences:
-juvenile/adult time


   Criminal Blended sentences:
-juvenile/criminal sanctions but juvenile system supervises.
   Status Offenses:
-offenses only because of age
-MIP
-Truancy
-running away
-curfew
-Females 60% runaways
-Males 70% alcohol

Detention?:
-protect jurisdiction of court process
-protect community
-protect juvenile
   Institution based responses:

-education

-vocation

-substance abuse

-anger management
   Girls in a boy’s system:

-Substance abuse: psychosocial development interrupted

-Pregnancy: higher sexual activity v. non-offenders

-Academic performance: learning disabilities

-Societal factors: community-based program for girls rare

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Ch 15

  • 2.  Age crime curve: peak 18 violent 16 property ½ by 32 ½ by 21 59%-violent juveniles=adults
  • 3. 1899-1st juvenile court-Illinois -1500-1600’s –discovery of childhood -”ideal” child produced -”undesirable” prevented from developing 17th Century France: duels, mutinies, brawls, assaults on teachers Student required to leave weapons at door
  • 4. Ideal: -educators, clergy, psychologists  Undesirable: -no distinction for age  19th Century -1st attempt social control
  • 5.  1825: NY House of Refuge  1826: Boston  1828: Philadelphia Set standards for 25 years: -ball & chain/handcuffs/whipping/work
  • 6.  Work: -exploited kids -rented out to industry  1850’s: -”child saving organizations
  • 7. Juvenile Court: Illinois 1899 -Dependent -Neglected Theory of Parens Patriae -court has ultimate authority over kids -superseded parental rights
  • 8. Due Process and Juveniles: -non existent why? 1. Not criminal (statutory) 2. No determination of guilt (adjudicated) 3. Treatment versus punishment (not relevant)
  • 9. 1960’s: Supreme Court -In Re Gault (1967): -arrested obscene call -parents not notified -no witnesses -15 year old sentenced until 21 1. Fair notice of charges to prepare defense 2. Counsel 3. Face accusers 4. No self-incrimination
  • 10. In re Winship (1970): -preponderance of evidence changed to reasonable doubt  McKeiver v. PA: -no right to jury -states free to experiment
  • 11. Teen (peer) Courts: -Comprised of other teens -admitted to offense -low recidivism rates
  • 12. Juveniles and adult court: -when? -how? Judicial waiver: judge waives jurisdiction Concurrent jurisdiction: Prosecutors file as adult/juvenile Statutorily excluding: Legislatures
  • 13. Transfers: -More severe sentences  Blended sentences: -juvenile/adult time  Criminal Blended sentences: -juvenile/criminal sanctions but juvenile system supervises.
  • 14. Status Offenses: -offenses only because of age -MIP -Truancy -running away -curfew -Females 60% runaways -Males 70% alcohol Detention?: -protect jurisdiction of court process -protect community -protect juvenile
  • 15. Institution based responses: -education -vocation -substance abuse -anger management
  • 16. Girls in a boy’s system: -Substance abuse: psychosocial development interrupted -Pregnancy: higher sexual activity v. non-offenders -Academic performance: learning disabilities -Societal factors: community-based program for girls rare

Editor's Notes

  1. Age crime curve is the tendency for crime to be committed during a person's younger years and decline as they get older.