The document discusses various ways that petroleum is used in daily life and alternatives to reduce dependency on petroleum. It provides statistics on current petroleum usage in areas like transportation, housing, appliances, and more. It then examines strategies for transitioning to renewable energy sources for applications like electricity, water heating, space heating, transportation, and suggests ways to implement more sustainable practices in areas like housing construction, water usage, food systems, and landscaping to lower energy consumption.

1. The Petroleum Patch
Using Numbers to Kick the Habit

2. Petroleum's Use
● Transportation
● HVAC
● Agriculture
● Appliances
● Landscaping
● Housing
● Lighting
● Water
● Commuting

3. Petroleum's Use
● Transportation
● HVAC
● Agriculture
● Appliances
● Landscaping
● Housing
● Lighting
● Water
● Space Heating

4. Petroleum's Use
● Transportation
● HVAC
● Agriculture
● Appliances
● Landscaping
● Housing
● Lighting
● Water
● Fertilizer
● 'Cides
● Transportation

5. Petroleum's Use
● Transportation
● HVAC
● Agriculture
● Appliances
● Landscaping
● Housing
● Lighting
● Water
● Washers
● Dryers
● Dish Washers
● Refrigerators
● Freezers
● Cooktops
● Ovens

6. Petroleum's Use
● Transportation
● HVAC
● Agriculture
● Appliances
● Landscaping
● Housing
● Lighting
● Water
● Lawn Mowing
● Irrigation
● Cultivation
● 'Cides

7. Petroleum's Use
● Transportation
● HVAC
● Agriculture
● Appliances
● Landscaping
● Housing
● Lighting
● Water
● Framing
● Insulation
● Sheathing
● Siding

8. Petroleum's Use
● Transportation
● HVAC
● Agriculture
● Appliances
● Landscaping
● Housing
● Lighting
● Water

9. Petroleum's Use
● Transportation
● HVAC
● Agriculture
● Appliances
● Landscaping
● Housing
● Lighting
● Water
● Pumping
● Showers
● Sinks
● W-C's

10. Energy Numbers
● 7.5 Billion barrels/year (2004)
● 25 barrels/year/person
● 1 barrel = 5.8 million Btu's
● 145,000,000 Btu's per person per year
● 400,000 Btu's/person/day

11. Uses for Energy
➔To make other energy
➔To keep milk cold in the supermarket
➔Transport of raspberries from Chile to NYC
➔To take timber to Japan, make lumber, and ship
that lumber back to US
➔To create balloons for our birthdays
➔To support the accountant
➔City lights

12. Financial Representations
Subsidies – Gov't Outlays used to keep some
operations “economic”
Taxes
Sales – for goods and services
Donations

13. Replacement Energy Supplies
Solar Photovoltaics
Water Heating
Space Heating
Passive Solar

14. Solar Photovoltaics
10 sq ft yields 100 watts of PV
100 sq ft of panel yields approximately 1 kW
so 10 sq meters yields about 1 kW of PV
The efficiency of the PV is typically around 14-15%; Therefore, the
real Wattage is 150W.
NOAA and NREL show sun hours for various degrees of tilt; we find,
for northern U.S., the daily annual average is about 3.5 sun hours
per day (about 5 hours in summer and 2 hours in winter).
Then we calculate...

15. Photovoltaics (cont')
3.5 * 365 * peak Watts = Annual Watts
3.5 * 365 * 150W = 191 KWh/year
Now,
1kWh = 3413 Btu
Total Btu's/year is 3413 * 191 = 651,883 Btu per year (about 652
kBtu’s per year) or 0.1124 bbl
So, to sum up...

16. Photovoltaics (cont')
Daily Use: 397,260 Btu’s
Yearly Use: 145 M-Btu’s
PV Supply: 4.5 M-Btu’s/yr
Balance: 145 M-Btu’s – 4.5 M-Btu’s = 140.5 M-Btu’s/yr (don’t
worry – we’ll get there)
Balance w/ 50 m2 PV: 122.5 M-Btu’s/yr

17. Solar Water Heater
Eff. = 25% – 45% (we’ll use 30%)
Area = 10 m2
Nominal Btu’s = 12,700,000 Btu’s/yr
Real Btu’s = 38,100,000 Btu’s/yr (3.81 M-Btu’s/yr)
But what does that give us?
It takes 1 Btu of energy to heat 1 pound of water 1
degree Fahrenheit.
1 Pound of water = .125 gallons
A 120 gallon water tank holds 960 pounds of water
(water weighs 8 lb/gal)

18. Solar Water Heater (cont')
To raise one tank of water 1° F, we would need 960 Btu’s of energy
To raise one tank of water from room temperature to 120° F we would
make the following calculation:
(50° F) x 960 Btu’s = 48,000 Btu’s of energy
One 10 m2 solar panel would give us the following:
(3.81 M-Btu’s / 48,000 Btu’s) = 79 (that’s the number of tanks of water we
could heat)
79 x 120 = 9,525 gallons of water @ 120° F per year

19. Solar Water Heater (cont')
The DOE (Dept. of Energy) states that American household hot water use,
in 2001, was 15,800,000 Btu’s per year for hot water (15.8 M-Btu’s).
Shortfall = 15.8 M-Btu's – 3.81 M-Btu's
Panel Requirements = 50 m2
Summary:
Daily Use: 335,616.44 Btu’s
Yearly Use: 122.5 M-Btu’s
Solar H2O: 3.81 M-Btu’s/yr
Balance w/ 10 m2: 122.5 M-Btu’s – 3.81 M = 118.69 M-Btu’s (better and
better)
Balance w/ 100 m2 of panel: 84.4 Btu’s/yr

20. Space Heating
Numbers:
American Usage/household = 47.1 M-Btu’s
8.12 bbl per year per household
Options:
Wood Stove
Masonry Stove
Passive Solar

21. Space Heating (cont')
Wood Stove
Energy content = 18 M-Btu’s per cord
Average Size House = 2400 ft2
54.9 M-Btu’s were used in 2001
4.5 Cords needed to heat this space
Wood Stove energy = 300,000 Btu's/year
Total Heat Generated = 52.75 Btu's

22. Space Heating (cont')
Masonry Stove
Embodied energy = 0.3138 Btu/year
Wood energy/year = 28 M-Btu
Wood cutting energy = 411,428 Btu = Total
embodied energy
Total space heating energy = 27.59 M-Btu
Summary: 54.9 – 27.5 = 27.4 M-Btu

23. Passive Solar Space Heating
Energy input = 70,000 Btu/sf/day
Embodied energy/pane of glass = 1.1 M-Btu
Btu Produced = 24.5
Btu escaping = 922,954 Btu
Net increase = 23.6 Btu/year

24. Passive Solar Space Heat (cont')
Summary
Daily Use: 335,616 Btu
Yearly Use: 122.5 M-Btu
Annual Space Heat Use: 47.1 M-Btu
Balance w/ Wood Heat:
122.5 M-Btu’s – 27.69 M-Btu’s = 94.81 M-Btu’s
Balance w/ Passive Solar:
94.81 M-Btu’s – 23.84 M-Btu’s = 70.97 M-Btu’s
Onward...

25. Transportation
Statistics
27.49 Quadrillion Btu
26.56 Quadrillion Btu
# of US Cars = 200,000,000
Gasoline used = 16.73 Quadrillion Btu
Licensed Motorists = 176.6 Million
Gasoline/motorist/year = 94.73 million Btu
# of Barrels = 16.33 bbl
...

26. Transportation (cont')
Automobile Embodied energy = 42 bbl
auto energy investment/motorist = 0.998 gal/hour
Total energy(roads) = 252 G-Btu
energy/motorist = 1,428
Auto-energy/motorist = 229.58 Btu/min

27. Other modes of Transport
Walking
Biking
Mass-Transiting
Hybrids

28. Walking
Average Adult uses 9,528 Btu/day
Walks 10 minutes or ¼ mile
Driving 10 minutes = 3273 Btu
Walking 10 minutes = 66.17 Btu
Savings = 3206 Btu

29. Bicycling
Bicyclist uses 1,667 Btu
Bike embodied energy = 75.82 Btu
Cyclist energy = 1667 – 75.82 = 159.1 Btu/min
Energy/Roadway savings = 114.64 G-Btu
bicycling takes 2239 Btu/10 min
savings = 3514 Btu

30. Hybrid
Hybrid embodied energy = 55.87 M-Btu
Energy/year = 7.98 M-Btu
Savings = 111 M-Btu
Hybrid energy used = 855 Btu
Savings would be 241 Btu

31. Buses
Embodied energy/bus/person = 2.92 Btu
Energy consumed/minute = 3.82 Btu
Savings = 324 Btu/10 min

32. Rail
Rail embodied energy = ?
Train Embodied energy = 441 MJ
Energy use/year = 16.7 trillion Btu
Net energy use = 19.22 Btu/person
Savings = 308.09 Btu - (?)

33. Air Travel
Energy required per person = 7.88 Btu/min
Airplane energy/person = 16.43 Btu
Net energy = 24.36 Btu/person
Runway embodied energy = ?
Savings = 302 Btu/person – runway emergy*
*emergy = embodied energy

34. Resource Conservation
Water
Lifting 2.2 lbs of water 3.28 ft takes 0.009417 Btu
Average well = 100 feet
energy used = 0.289 Btu
4 gpm = 1.156 Btu/min
5 minute shower = 5.78 Btu
water pump eff = 45%
Actual energy = 8.381 Btu

35. Water (cont')
Domestic Uses for water
Toilet flush = 29% (26.1 gallons)
Toilet leaks = 5% (4.5 gallons)
Dish Washing = 3% (2.7 gallons)
Bath = 9% (8.10 gallons)
Taps = 12% (10.8 gallons)
Shower = 21% (18.9 gallons)
Washing Machine = 21% (18.9 gallons)
Total use = 32,850 Gals/year

36. Water (cont')
4 GPM of water takes 0.75 HP
1 horsepower = 2,545.6 Btu/hour
pump takes 1909.2 Btu/hour; pumps
240 Gallons/hour
Pump works 136.87 hours each year
Uses 378,916.54 Btu’s/year/person

37. Roof Catchment
Total Collectible Rainfall = 970.31 gals/year
Water bal = 32,850 gal – 970.31 gals =
31,876 gal
Energy bal = 7,713.964 Btu’s/year/person

38. Sink Aerators
Decreases water flow by 1.81X
Energy use = 12,245 Btu/year/person

39. Leak Repair
Leaks = 12.6 gal / day / person
Savings = 80,389 Btu/year/person

40. Composting Toilets
Water Savings = 26.1gal / day / person
energy savings = 75,735 Btu/year/person

41. Shower Aerators
Water savings = 8.458 gals / day
Energy savings = 24,542 Btu / year / person

42. Grey Water Harvesting
Lawn irrigation = 10,000 gals/year/lawn
= 6.849 gals/day/person
Water savings = 6.849 gals
Energy savings = 19,875 Btu/year/person
Total Savings = 220, 501 Btu/year/person

43. Food Supplies
1 food Calorie = 3.968 Btu
1 calorie of lettuce needs 27 calories of fuel to
move 6000 miles or 0.212 calories/mile

44. A Food Currency
Lettuce energy = 45 calories/head
Fuel/head = 5714 cal/head
1 Letca = 5714 calories = 22.67 Btu

45. Growing one head of lettuce
Conventional
Energy = fertilizer + effort
Energy in fertilizer = 68,786 Btu/lb
Fertilizer amount = 1.152 ounces/36 heads of
lettuce
energy/36 head = 4,952 Btu
Effort energy = 134.91 Btu
Energy spent = 103.05 Btu
Total energy = 140.43 Btu/head of lettuce
Cost in Letca = 6.19

46. Organic Gardening
Energy = manure energy + labor
Fertilizer savings = 550.29 Btu’s/sq ft
Inputs = labor + manure + phosphate + lime
Manure input = 77.77 lbs
energy = 2,038 Btu’s/manure input / 36 lettuce heads
Labor = 231.87 Btu’s
Lime energy = 5.425 Btu’s/head of lettuce
Cost in Letca = 3.02 LETCA
Conventional = 6.19 Letca

47. Joining a CSA
Distance = 17 miles
By bike = 3807.64 Btu
by Car = 9780.71 Btu
By Walking = 112.79 Btu

48. Landscaping
Mowing
Energy/sf/mowing = 17.529 Btu (riding) and
4.383 Btu (walking)
Fertilizer = 255.2 Btu/sf
Brush Cutting = 2.9213 Btu/sf/year
Spading = 89.56 Btu/sf savings
Tilling = 44.02 Btu/sf

49. Housing
Conventional
8' x 8' panel (2 x 4) Stud Wall = 2586.67 MJ
Plywood = 8’X8’ Panel = 428.74 MJ
Particle Board = 9075 MJ
2 x 6 Studs = 485.76 MJ

50. Housing Alternatives
Straw bale
Straw bale density = 105 kg/m3 = 2.77 lb/ft3
Embodied energy = 0.24 MJ/kg = 0.528 MJ/lb = 1.46
MJ/ft3
Lifespan = 100 years (nominal)
R-Value = 2.7; U-Value = 1/2.7 = 0.37
Btu Loss = (0.37)(32)(17.56) = 208.11 Btu’s/hour/in
Savings = 1,947.25 Btu’s – 208.11 = 1739.14
Btu’s/hour/in

51. Housing Alternatives (cont')
Cob
Proportions = Sand (67.5%) + Clay (30%) + Straw (2.5%)
Density of Cob = 1615 kg/m3 = 100.82 lb/ft3
Amounts/ft3: Sand = 68.05lbs; Clay = 30.24 lbs; Straw =
2.52 lbs = 100.81 lbs = 45.72 kg/ft3
Embodied energy / m3 = 232 MJ + 2.5 MJ = 234.5 MJ/m3
= 9650 MJ/ft3 (w/o straw)
R-value = 0.65; U-value = 1/0.65 = 1.54
Btu Loss = (1.54)*(32)*(17.56) = 864.49 Btu’s/hour/in
Savings = 1,947.25 Btu’s – 864.49 Btu’s = 1082.76
Btu’s/hour/in

52. Siding
Vinyl: Total energy = 308.43 MJ (60 year)
Aluminium: Virgin = 3,219.58 MJ (50 year)
Recycled = 506.57 MJ
ClapBoards: Energy = 29.23 MJ/ft3
Embodied energy – Limewash = 6.50 MJ/kg

53. Insulation
R-value of Air = 1,947.25 Btu’s/hour/in
Fiber Glass: Savings = 1778.51 Btu's/hour/in
Cellulose: Savings = 1,791.16 Btu’s/hour/in
Strawbale: Savings = 1739.14 Btu’s/hour/in
Cordwood: Savings = 1497.71 Btu’s/hour/in

54. Roofing
Metal energy/roof = 62,236 MJ
Slate energy/roof = 26,506.97 MJ
Asphalt energy/roof = 16,093 MJ
Metal: energy/mile = 108.5 Joule (75 yrs)
Slate: energy/mile = 488 Joule (125 yrs)
Asphalt: energy/mile = 108.4 Joule (25 yrs)
Photovoltaic: energy/mile = 1.2 Joule
PV energy generated = 3,361,805 Btu/year

55. Lighting
Incandescent lighting
● Energy used = 100
watts/hour
● Lifespan = 875 hours
● Output = 1600 lumens
= 16 lumens/watt
Fluorescent Lighting
● Energy used = 40
watts/hour
● Lifespan = 8750 hours
● Output = 3300 lumens
= 82.50 lumens/watt
● Energy saved = 60
watts/hour = 525,000
watts/lifetime

56. Lighting (cont')
CFL
● Energy used = 18
watts/hour
● Lifespan = 10,000
hours
● Output = 1600 lumens
= 89 lumens/watt
● Energy saved = 82
watts/hour = 820,000
watts/lifetime
● LED lighting
● Energy used = 8
watts/hour
● Lifespan = 30,000
hours
● Output = 200 lumens
(1600 lumens @ 64
watts)
● Energy saved = 36
watts/hour = 1,080,000
watts/lifetime

57. Appliances
● Dishwashers
– Automatic: 254 Btu/load
– Air Drying: 50.81 Btu/load
– Hand Washing: 198.63 Btu/load
● Stoves
– Gas Cooktop: 2713 Btu
– Electric Cooktop: 2594.88 Btu
– Raw Food: 0 Btu (no cooking)
– Induction: 1967.36 Btu

58. Appliances (cont')
● Ovens
– Gas: 32 Btu/degree F (11,200 Btu/hr)
– Electric: 19.50 Btu/degree F (6824 Btu/hr)
– Convection: 10.94 Btu/degree F (4742.68 Btu/hr)
– Toaster Oven: 6.36 Btu/degree F (3241.4 Btu/hr)
– Microwave: 1228.32 Btu/hour
– Solar Oven: 938.3 Btu/hour

59. Appliances (cont')
● Non Energy Star
– S-by-S: 43.43 kWh
– Freezer – Bottom: 34.71 kWh
– No Freezer: 17.11 kWh
● Energy Star
– S-by-S: 40.48 kWh
– Top Freezer: 21.85 kWh
– Bottom Freezer: 34.54 kWh
– Gas: .0594 kWh

60. Appliances (cont')
● Freezers – Energy Star
– Chest: 202.14 kWh
– Upright: 64.81 kWh
● Non-Energy Star
– Chest: 39.91 kWh
– Gas-Chest: 0.0498 kWh
– Gas-upright: .0586 kWh

61. Appliances (cont')
● Clothes Washers (savings)
– Hot/Hot: 8.5 kWh/load
– Hot/Warm: 6.25 kWh/load (2.25 kWh)
– Hot Cold: 4.2 kWh/load (4.3 kWh)
– Warm/Warm: 4.2 kWh/load (4.3 kWh)
– Warm/Cold: 2.2 kWh/load (6.3 kWh)
– Cold/Cold: 0.6 kWh/load (7.9 kWh)

62. Appliances (cont')
Washers (cont')
● Top Loading
– Energy-star: 90 kWh/cu ft
– Non-Energy Star: 271.87/cu ft
● Front-Loading
– Energy Star: 79.89 kWh/cu ft
– Non-Energy Star: 174 kWh/cu ft
● Manual: 0.006535 kWh/cu ft

63. Appliances (cont')
● Clothes Dryers
– Electric Energy Star: 9.89 Wh/min
– Electric Non-Energy star: 31.94 Wh/min
– Non-Energy Gas Dryer: 23.71 Wh/min
– Energy-Star Gas Dryer: 15.35 Wh/min
– Drying Racks: 0.7845 Wh/day
– Difference w/ gas: 1698 Btu
– Difference w/ Electric: 1498 Btu

64. Summary
● Diversify Energy Sources
● Use Multi-modal transportation
● Collect food from close to home and as
ecologically as possible
● Build and retrofit homes from materials as
natural as possible
● Reformulate how waste is processed
● Use manual appliances as much as possible