A presentation by Dr. Irene Forichi, former research officer for the Ministry of Agriculture, Zimbabwe, and Regional Emergency Agronomist for the Food and Agriculture Organization for Southern Africa. Dr. Forichi's spoke with our IB year 2 Economics classes about the role of agricultural productivity in contributing to human development and economic growth in Southern Africa.
5. SELECTED HUMAN DEVELOPMENT INDICATORS IN SELECTED COUNTRIES
Basic Indicators Malawi South Africa Zimbabwe
Total population (thousands), 2009 15263 50110 12523
Total adult literacy rate (%), 2005-2008* 73 89 91
Primary school net enrolment/attendance (%), 2005-2009* 91 87 90
% of population using improved drinking-water sources 2008, urban 95 99 99
% of population using improved drinking-water sources 2008, rural 77 78 72
% of population using improved sanitation facilities 2008, urban 51 84 56
% of population using improved sanitation facilities 2008, rural 57 65 37
Estimated adult HIV prevalence rate (aged 15-49), 2009 11 17.8 14.3
Orphans, Children (aged 0-17) orphaned due to all causes, 2009, estimate (thousands) 1000 3400 1400
Youth (15-24 years) literacy rate, 2004-2008*, male 87 96 98
Youth (15-24 years) literacy rate, 2004-2008*, female 85 98 99
Number per 100 population , 2008, phones 12 91 13
Number per 100 population , 2008, Internet users 2 8 11
Life expectancy, 1970 41 53 55
Life expectancy, 1990 49 61 61
Life expectancy, 2009 54 52 46
GNI per capita (US$), 2009 280 5770 a
GDP per capita average annual growth rate (%), 1970-1990 -0.1 0.1 -0.4
GDP per capita average annual growth rate (%), 1990-2009 0.5 1.2 -1.9
Average annual rate of inflation (%), 1990-2009 28 8 62
% of population below international poverty line of US$1.25 per day, 1994-2008* 74 26 -
Source:
8. RURAL AND URBAN POPULATION
Steady increase in
urban population
and
decline in rural
population
Source: Southern African Development Community, 2012
9. :
Growth (%)
-20
-10
0
10
20
30
40
50
An
go
la
Bo
ts
w
an
a
Source, SADC
D
R
C
Le
so
th
o
M
al
aw
i
M
au
ri t
iu
M s
oz
am
bi
qu
e
N
am
ib
So ia
ut
h
Af
ric
a
Sw
az
il a
nd
Fig 2: SADC – Inflation, 2008-2010
Ta
nz
an
ia
Za
m
2008
bi
a
Zi
m
ba
bw
2009
e
SA
D
2010
C
16. FACTORS LIMITING ATTAINMENT OF
AGRICULTURAL POTENTIAL IN THE REGION
Poverty – limited use of external inputs such as fertilizers, poor asset base e.g.
Animals for land preparation
Technological limitations
Gender imbalance in access to production resources and decision making
Policy limitations
Limited/lack of financing or access to credit by smallholder farmers
Limited technical know-how/capacity
Limited access to information
Poor access to markets
Poor infrastructure – roads, rail, air, ports, storage facilities, etc
High postharvest losses on farm, in transit to markets, during marketing
Limited diversity of crops/livestock
Climatic challenges – floods, droughts, variability in rainfall
High land degradation problems (erosion, siltation, salinity, deforestation etc)
Disease pandemics – human
Pests and diseases outbreaks – and implications on output, qulity and
marketability
Conflicts/unrest
Low investments into agricultural resach and development
22. SOME POSSIBLE WAYS TO ADDRESS THE CONSTRAINTS
Development and promotion of suitable technologies
Empower women – address gender disparities and mainstream issues such as HIV/AIDS
Promote policies that are more favourable to smallholder farmers including subsidies as
appropriate
Improved credit access or financing of rural farming interventions
Improved access to quality inputs
Capacity building including information generation, networks and communication
Support to establishment of sustainable market linkages
Infrastrucre development including local level storage facilities and handling and processing zones
Reduce postharvest losses – improve onfarm storage etc
Diversify production and support COMMERCIALIZATION OF SMALLHOLDER FARMING
Increase productivity
Climate mitigation through e.g. small scale irrigation
Building up the asset base for the poor – e.g livetsock
Social protection measures
Addressing soil and land degradation problems (erosion, siltation, salinity, deforestation etc) –
intergrating agroforesty
Smallscale agroprocessing initiatives – value addition
Increased public and private sector invetsments into agricultural research and development
23. Selected imports by Malawi - 2009
160000
140000
Quantity (tonnes)
120000
100000 Major sources
80000
60000
40000
20000
0
90000
80000
Total Value ('000 US $)
70000
60000
50000
$81 million of wheat imported in 40000
2010, a 23% rise from 2009 30000
20000
10000
0
25. SUPPORTING VULNERABLE FARMERS TO
INCREASE PRODUCTIVITY IN SOUTHERN AFRICA
Recovery from emergencies/disasters, risk
reduction and mitigation
• Access to inputs and market linkages (e.g. Contract farming)
• Improved production techniques
• Mitigation to disastsers - diversification, conservation
farming techniques, local seed production, small scale
irrigation, gardening
• Small livestock projects including pass on-schemes
• Control of pests and diseases
• Improved postharvest handling
28. Conservation agriculture can help farmers to prepare their
fields and plant on time
100
90
80
70
percent of plots
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
ay
ly
t
y
ry
ne
h
ril
er
r
r
r
us
be
be
be
ar
c
Ju
Ap
ua
ob
M
ar
Ju
g
nu
m
m
m
Au
br
M
ct
ve
ce
te
Ja
O
Fe
p
No
De
Se
timing of field preparation
CF basins plow
Source: Haggblade and Tembo (2003)
29. Practicing various forms of
crop mixtures/rotations under
CA help to improve soil health
and diversiy food
Source, ACT
36. CAN AGRICULTURE HELP SADC COUNTIRES TO
DEVELOP?
http://www.sarpn.org/documents/d0000393/index.php
Most are pre-dominantly agricultural based
Food dominates agricultural trade
Enhanced agricultural trade could help to
fight poverty
promoting regional integration
increasing economic growth and welfare.
The World Bank estimates - 10% increase in crop yields
could reduce by 9% the proportion of people surviving on
less than $1 per day.
IFPRI: Increased farm incomes (by $1) can significantly
increase rural incomes (by between $0.5 and $1.5)
37. MALAWI AS AN EXAMPLEOF AGRICULTURE-BASED
ECONOMIC GROWTH
2005 -launched an improved seed and
fertilizer voucher subsidy programme
targeted at the vulnerable households
Increased maize yields observed – see
earlier graph
Positive balance on maize supply – surplus
exported
38. Malawi Agricutural Value and GDP
3000 12
Gross Production Value of food
(million US$)
2500 10
Gross Production Value (million US$)
Gross Production Value of
Tobacco (million US$)
2000 GDP Growth 8
GDP Growth (%)
1500 6
1000 4
500 2
122 108 116 113 153
109
65
0 0
1980-89 1990-94 1995-99 2000-2005 2006 2007 2008
According to NEPAD CAADP report, Malawi is among the
Source: FAO STAT; SADC countries allocating more than 10% of their annual budgets
to agriculture
39. Malawi is one of the countries reported to be allocating more than 10% (2007 CAADP
report)
Source: http://www.nepad.org,
40. GLOBAL TRADE AND AFRICAN SMALLHOLDER
FARMERS – OBSTACLES FACED IN COMPETING
WITH WESTERN COUNTRIES
Quota system
More border restrictions – exporting as a country
rather than as region – compare e.g. with EU
Competitiveness – costs of production
Subsidies in developed countries which may render
their goods cheaper than those from developing
countries
Quality standards of produce is lower
Exporting primary or semi processed products
Trade policies – need for regional trade policies to
conform to a global economy
SADC countries are members of other regional
trading block, such as COMESA - overlaps in trade
41. General exports from the SADC
Region
45
Yr 2000
40
Proportion of export (%)
35 Yr 2007
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
Source: Negasi 2009