Translation is converting written text from one language to another with the same meaning, while interpretation involves orally conveying meaning between languages in real time. There are various translation methods like word-for-word, semantic, and idiomatic, and interpretation modalities like simultaneous, consecutive, and whispered. Interpretation can also be relay, liaison, on-site, via telephone, or through video technology.

1. TRANSLATION AND INTERPRETATION ELIAS ALMORA, WENDY. FISCHER SANDI, KIMBERLY Material for educational purposes

2. What is translation A written communication in a second language having the same meaning as the written communication in a first language (Princeton edu) Material for educational purposes

3. Basis of translation Ferdinand Saussure: Language is a structure that achieves meaning through oppositions. Conventional meaning “ Their most exact meaning is that they are what the other words are not.” 1793 Sign and referent Material for educational purposes

4. perception community speech hypothesis one to one correspondences not independent of a language community attributed sense ( fleuve- riviere) Linguistic Determinism: thoughts and perceptions are determined by the categories of their language Material for educational purposes

5. Translator’s Role “An excellent translation reads like a piece originally written in the target language, sentence structure, linkages and discourse, are entirely appropriate to the target language.” U.K. Linguistics Association Material for educational purposes

6. Translation methods Word for word Translation Literal translation: Grammatical constructions are converted but lexical items are out of context Faithful translation: contextual meaning Semantic translation: Aesthetic meaning Communicative translation Idiomatic translation: colloquialisms Free translation: paraphrasing Adaptation: plays, SL to TL culture Material for educational purposes

7. INTERPRETATION Interpretation is to facilitate oral or sign-language communication. An interpreter is a person who converts a thought or expression in a source language into an expression with a comparable meaning in a target language in "real time". Material for educational purposes

8. INTERPRETATION TYPES Simultaneous: In simultaneous interpretation (SI), the interpreter renders the message in the target-language as quickly as he or she can formulate it from the source language, while the source-language speaker continuously speaks. Consecutive: In consecutive interpreting (CI), the interpreter speaks after the source-language speaker has finished speaking. The speech is divided into segments, and the interpreter sits or stands beside the source-language speaker, listening and taking notes as the speaker progresses through the message. Material for educational purposes

9. INTERPRETATION TYPES Whispered: In whispered interpreting, the interpreter sits or stands next to the small target-language audience whilst whispering a simultaneous interpretation of the matter to hand; this method requires no equipment, but may be done via a microphone and headphones if the participants prefer. Material for educational purposes

10. INTERPRETATION TYPES Relay: Relay interpreting is usually used when there are several target languages. A source-language interpreter interprets the text to a language common to every interpreter, who then render the message to their respective target languages. Liaison: Liaison interpreting involves relaying what is spoken to one, between two, or among many people. This can be done after a short speech, or consecutively, sentence-by-sentence Material for educational purposes

11. MODALITIES On-site: Also called "in-person interpreting," this delivery method requires the interpreter to be physically present in order for the interpretation to take place. Telephone: Also referred to as "over-the-phone interpreting," this modality enables the interpreter to deliver interpretation via telephone. The interpreter is added to a conference call. Video: Interpretation services via Video Remote Interpreting (VRI) or a Video Relay Service (VRS) are useful where one of the parties is deaf, hard-of-hearing or speech-impaired (mute). http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZIG-YKwy_Zk&feature=related Material for educational purposes

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