6. Definition of terms
• Sociology is a branch of social science that deals
with the study of society, groups, processes, norms
(laws, practices, patterns of behavior; a belief of
what is acceptable; unwritten or written rules on
How to behave), and organizations.
• Sociology is the study of human society and social
problems.
7.
8. • Anthropology is the systematic study of humankind. It is
from the words:
• Anthropos which means man and logos which mean
word/study. It deals with the scientific study of man, his
works, his body, his behaviour and values in time and
space.
• Anthropology is the scientific study of the physical, social
and cultural development and behaviour of human
beings since their appearance on earth. It studies man’s
works and achievements in the arts, sciences, technology,
literature, music, inventions, architecture and sculpture.
It is the biological foundations, physical similarities &
differences, evolution, his behaviour in politics, religion,
social life, religion and health.
9.
10. • political science as the analyses of the state and the
relations that people have with
government.Jacobsohn (1995)
• According to French writer Paul Janet Political
science is that branch of social science which treats
the foundations of the State and the principles of
government.
• Government is the political organization through
which the collective will of the people is
formulated, expressed and executed. As a matter of
fact, the state operates through the government
machinery.
12. a. Culture is a word for the 'way of life' of groups of
people, meaning the way they do things. ... Excellence
of taste in the fine arts and humanities, also known as
high culture. An integrated pattern of human
knowledge, belief, and behavior. The outlook,
attitudes, values, morals goals, and customs shared by
a society.
b. Cultural variation refers to the rich diversity in social
practices that different cultures exhibit around the
world. cuisine and art all change from one culture to
the next, but so do gender roles, economic systems,
and social hierarchy among any number of other
humanly organised behaviours.
13. • Society can be defined as a group of people, who
share a common economic, social and industrial
infrastructure. Society is an organization of people
who share a common cultural and social
background. The term Society is the most
fundamental one in sociology.
• Social differences are the situations where people
are discriminated against on the basis of social,
economic, and racial inequality. On the other
hand, social division means division of society on
the basis of social differences like language, region,
caste, colour, race and sex.
14. • Social change involves alteration of the social
order of a society. It may include changes in
social institutions, social behaviours or social
relations.
• Culture change is a term used in public policy
making that emphasizes the influence
of cultural capital on individual and community
behavior. It has been sometimes called
repositioning of culture, which means the
reconstruction of the cultural concept of a
society.
15. • Political change is a normal function of internal
and external politics. Rulers will be voted out,
retire, or die while in power, and the new leader
will make changes. The more powerful
countries will anticipate political change and
make the process clear and smooth.
• political identity in which groups of people
having a particular racial, religious, ethnic,
social, or cultural identity tend to promote their
own specific interests or concerns without
regard to the interests or concerns of any larger
political group
17. Branch of Science Thinkers Belief
Anthropology Franz Boaz a physicist, strongly believed that the same
method
and strategy could be applied in measuring
culture and human behavior while
conducting research
among humans including uniqueness of
their cultures.
18. Sociology
• C.Wright Mills
• sociological
imagination which he
defined as “the vivid
awareness of the
relationship between
private experience and
the wider society.”
19. Anthropology
• Franz Boaz, a physicist,
strongly believed that the
same method and
strategy could be applied
in measuring culture and
human behavior while
conducting research
among humans including
uniqueness of their
cultures. “Cultural
Relativism”.
Father of Anthropology
20. Anthropology
• Alfred Kroeber was an
American cultural
anthropologist. Kroeber's work
focused on Native
American tribes, and he invested
his energy into recording every
detail of their cultures, not only
the material aspects, but also
their social structures and roles, as
well as their moral and spiritual
beliefs. Due to his efforts,
knowledge of the way of life of
these peoples has been preserved.
21. Anthropology
• Bronislaw Malinowski He was
widely regarded as an eminent
fieldworker and his texts
regarding the
anthropological field
methods were foundational to
early anthropology, for
example coining the
term participatory
observation.
22. Anthropology
• Lewis Henry Morgan was a
pioneering
American anthropologist and
social theorist who worked as
a railroadlawyer. He is best known
for his work on kinship and social
structure, his theories of
social evolution, and
his ethnography of the Iroquois.
Interested in what holds societies
together, he proposed the concept
that the earliest human domestic
institution was
the matrilineal clan, not
the patriarchal family.
23. Anthropology
• Ruth Fulton Benedict was an
American anthropologist and folkloris
t. As Benedict wrote in that book, "A
culture, like an individual, is a more or
less consistent pattern of thought and
action" (46). Each culture, she held,
chooses from "the great arc of human
potentialities" only a few
characteristics which become the
leading personality traits of the
persons living in that culture. These
traits comprise an interdependent
constellation of aesthetics and values
in each culture which together add up
to a unique gestalt.
24. Sociology
• Peter Berger
• explains that the
perspective of sociology
enables us to see
“general patterns in
particular events”
(Macionis, 2010). This
means finding general
patterns in particular
events.
25. Sociology
• August Comte (1798-1857) is the
person who “invented” sociology
in 1842, by bringing together the
• Greek word socius or “companion”
and the Latin word logy or “study”.
He originally used “social physics”
as a term for sociology. Its aim was
to discover the social laws that
govern the development of
society.
• Comte suggested that there were
three stages in the development
of societies, namely the
theological stage, the
metaphysical stage, and the
positive stage.
26. Sociology
• The founding mother of
sociology is Harriet
Martineau (1802-1876), an
English writer and reformist.
In her accounts in her book
How to Observe Morals and
Manners (1838), the deep
sociological insights we call
now ethnographic narratives
are fully expressed.
27. Sociology
• Karl Marx (1818-1883), a
German philosopher and
revolutionary further
contributed to the
development of sociology.
Marx introduced the
materialist analysis of history
which discounts metaphysical
explanation for historical
development. Before Marx,
scholars explain social change
through divine intervention
and the theory of “great men”.
28. Sociology
• Emile Durkheim (1864-
1920) a French sociologist
who put forward the idea
that individuals are more
products rather than the
creator of society; the
society itself is external to
the individual. In his book
Suicide, Durkheim proved
that social forces strongly
impact on people’s lives
and that seemingly
personal event is not
personal after all.
29. Sociology
• Max Weber (1864-1920)
Weber stressed the role of
rationalization in the
development of society.
For Weber, rationalization
refers essentially to the
disenchantment of the
world. As science began to
replace religion, people
also adopted a scientific or
rational attitude to the
world. People refused to
believe in myths and
superstitious beliefs.
30. Write a short editorial about the application
of the important ideas of thinkers of
sociology, anthropology and political science
to solve important current issues that we are
facing at present.
Criteria:
Number Information 3pts
Organization of ideas 3pts
Validity of Information 3pts
Neatness 1pt
31. Choose one idea coming from any of
the thinkers, then role play its
application in our daily lives.
Criteria:
Impact
Content
Cooperation
Presentation
33. Learning Competencies
•explain anthropological and
sociological perspectives on
culture and society
•identify the subjects of inquiry
and goals of Anthropology,
Political Science, and Sociology
34. Learning Target/s: At the end of this lesson, I
can…
• 1. articulate how to understand concepts
of culture and society using
anthropological and sociological
perspectives;
• 2. appreciate the essence of studying
culture, society and politics through a
meaningful and interactive lecture; and
• 3. actively participate in all the discussions
and activities.
35. Review Quiz
• Complete the sentence.
• _______became a specialist in anthropology and folklore and
authored the famous book Patterns of Culture.
• _______is the person who “invented” sociology in 1842, by
bringing together the Greek word socius or “companion” and
the Latin word logy or “study”.
• _______an English writer and reformist. In her accounts in her
book How to Observe Morals and Manners (1838), the deep
sociological insights we call now ethnographic narratives are
fully expressed.
• _______a German philosopher and revolutionary further
contributed to the development of sociology.
• _______a French sociologist who put forward the idea that
individuals are more products rather than the creator of society;
the society itself is external to the individual.
36. • Answer the following questions
• How is the belief of Karl Marx still relevant at
present?
• How is the belief of Aristotle can help us in
giving decision?
• How is the belief of Comte is applied in the
formation of fraternities and soroeities?
• How is the idea of Durkheim can be used in
analyzing issue of dysfunctional families?
• How is the idea of Weber can affect the belief
of people living in rural areas?
37. Pyramid: Group the class into 5 groups and
complete the pyramid with the information
needed. There should be a reporter that will
share the output.
Group topics:
What is a Theory?
Theoretical Paradigms
Three Major Perspectives in Sociology
Concept of Society
Social Reproduction or How Societies Persist
38. ProcessQuestions
What is the main idea of
your topic?
How can you categorize the
ideas in your topic?
What are the important
details of your topic?
39. Answer the following questions
I. What is the main focus of Anthropogy?
II. What is the main focus of Political Science?
III. What is the main focus of Sociology?
IV.What is the idea of Emile Durkheim regarding
the role of society to us?
V. What is the idea of Karl Marx regarding the
condition of the rich and the poor?
VI.What is the idea of Max Weber in relation to
Folk Catholicism?
40. Watch the video Four Sisters and
a Wedding
Process Questions:
How do the characters in the video interact with each
other?
What Watch the video Four Sisters and a Wedding the
conflict among the family members shown in the video
clip?
What do you think is the importance of knowing and
understanding the underlying perspectives on how
people interact in a society?
41. Answer the following questions
VII. In political identity, what are the
needed elements that will promote their
own specific interests or concerns without
regard to the interests or concerns of any
larger political group?
VIII. In the principle of social change, what
are the aspects that are altered which
caused changes in the society?
42. Answer the following questions
IX. In the principle of governance, how
does government process the collective
will of its people?
X. According to Aristotle, politics is the
master of science, how is this idea will help
us understand our function in political
activities?
43. What is a Theory?
Theory explains how some aspect of human behavior
or performance is organized. In sociology, a theory is a
set of general assumptions about the nature of society.
The components of theory are concepts (ideally well
defined) and principles. A concept is a symbolic
representation of an actual thing - tree, chair, table,
computer, distance, etc. Construct is the word for
concepts with no physical referent - democracy,
learning, freedom, etc. Language enables
conceptualization. A principle expresses the
relationship between two or more concepts or
constructs. In the process of theory development, one
derives principles based on one’s
examining/questioning how things/concepts are
related.
44. Theoretical Paradigms
Macro vs. Micro view
Sociologists may study human society by
focusing on the large social phenomena or
“the big picture”, such a social institutions
and inequality to see how it operates. This
is the macro view. They can also zero in on
the immediate social situation where
people interact with one another or
looking at the situational patterns of social
interaction. This is the micro view.
45. Review the video Four Sisters and
a Wedding
Process Questions:
How do the characters in the video interact with each
other?
What Watch the video Four Sisters and a Wedding the
conflict among the family members shown in the video
clip?
What do you think is the importance of knowing and
understanding the underlying perspectives on how
people interact in a society?
46. Three Major Perspectives in
Sociology
A.symbolic interactionist perspective
also known as symbolic interactionism, directs
sociologists to consider the symbols and details of
everyday life, what these symbols mean, and how
people interact with each other. People attach
meanings to symbols, and then they act according to
their subjective interpretation of these symbols.
George H. Mead (1863–1931) introduced this
perspective to American sociology in the 1920s.
47. The Structural-functional Perspective
Each aspect of society is interdependent and contributes to
society's functioning as a whole.Functionalists believe that
society is held together by social consensus, or cohesion, in
which members of the society agree upon, and work
together to achieve, what is best for society as a whole.
Emile Durkheim suggested that social consensus takes one
of two forms:
Mechanical solidarity is a form of social cohesion that
arises when people in a society maintain similar values and
beliefs and engage in similar types of work.
Organic solidarity is a form of social cohesion that arises
when the people in a society are interdependent, but hold
to varying values and beliefs and engage in varying types of
work.
48. C.The conflict perspective
Focuses on the negative, conflicted, and
ever-changing nature of society. Which
originated primarily out of Karl Marx's
writings on class struggles,presents
society. Conflict theorists challenge the
status quo, encourage social change (even
when this means social revolution), and
believe rich and powerful people force
social order on the poor and the weak.
49. Historical Perspective
The current and future human and
forest landscape conditions are
influenced by the cumulative, unfolding
history of social-ecological Interactions.
Examining past system responses,
especially unintended consequences,
can reveal valuable insights that
promote learning and adaptation.
50. Read the following sentence and Identify
which perspectives will explain the
manner of the interaction of people.
1. The victims of Martial law are
continuously fighting for their
rights.
2. The Kissing of hands and
Pagmamano are positive Filipino
values that are no longer being
practice by many teenagers.
51. c. The poor people are the
common victims of extra-
judicial killings.
d. We should participate in the
nation building.
e. They say that corruption is a
century old problem in the
Phlippines.
52. e. The gap between the rich
and the poor is still prevalent
even today.
f. Pay your tax.
g. Follow the traffic rules.
h. Tell me who your friends
are, and I will tell you who you
are.
i. Good manners are first
53.
54.
55. Society
According to Talcott Parsons
Society is a total complex of
human relationships in so far as
they grow out of the action in
terms of means-end relationship
intrinsic or symbolic.
56. G.H Mead conceived society as an
exchange of gestures which involves the use
of symbols.
Morris Ginsberg defines society as a
collection of individuals united by certain
relations or mode of behavior which mark
them off from others who do not enter into
these relations or who differ from them in
behavior.
Cole sees Society as the complex of
organized associations and institutions with
a community.
57. You were stranded in an island with
your friends what will you do in
order to survive as a group.
Details:
a. How will you adapt?
b. How will you maintain the order?
c. How will you live together?
d. How will you sustain the high
moral of the group?
58. Two types of institution that
reproduce the condition of social life:
Ideological State Apparatuses – are
institutions that are and used by society to
mold its members to share the same values
and beliefs that a typical member of the
society possess.
Repressive state apparatuses – refer to those
coercive institutions that use physical force to
make the members conform the laws and
norms society like courts,police and prisons.
59. Social reproduction is carried out through
four functional prerequisites (Talcot
Parson).
1. Adaptation- capacity of society to
take resources
2.Integration-harmonization of the
entire society
3. Goal Attainment- capacity to set
goals
4. Latency- innate values and priciples
60. Choose the correct meaning of
Society.
1. Total complex of human relationships.
2. Exchange of gestures which involves the use
of symbols.
3. Interaction of individual with the
government activities.
4.Complex of organized associations and
institutions with a community.
5. Founded on the aspect of class struggle and
social conflict condition.
61. Study the statement and identify if it is
Ideological or Repressive Apparatuses
1. Attending mass every Sunday.
2. Mandatory ROTC for Senior High
School
3. Participate in the Community Service
4. City Ordinance on Jay Walking
5. Attending concert and cultural show
62. Study the pictures and identify whether it
is a example of adaptation, integration,
goal, or latency.
63.
64.
65.
66.
67.
68. Culture
1. Culture is a people’s way of life.
2. According to British literary
scholar, Raymond Williams, the
first thing that one has to
acknowledge in defining culture is
that culture is ordinary.
69. Elements of Culture
1. Knowledge – It refers to any information
received and perceived to be true.
2. Beliefs—The perception of accepted reality.
Reality refers to the existence of things
whether material or nonmaterial
3. Social Norms-- These are established
expectations of society as to how a person is
supposed to act depending on the
requirements of the time, place, or situation.
70. Aspects of Culture
Dynamic, flexible and adaptive
Shared and contested
Learned through socialization or
enculturation
Patterned social interactions
Integrated and at times unstable
Transmitted through socialization
Requires language and other forms
of communication
71. Cultural Variation
refers to the differences in social
behaviors that different culture
exhibit around the world. There
are two important perceptions on
cultural variability namely
ethnocentrism and cultural
relativism
72. Watch the following video and complete the chart.
Aspect V1 V2 V3 V4 V5
1. Title
2. Belief
3. Country
4. Lesson
5.
Uniqueness
73.
74.
75.
76.
77.
78.
79. Process Questions
a. What is the video all about?
b. What are stages in the human
evolution?
c. How does human underwent stages
of development together with its
culture?
80. Review of the last Lesson
•Copy and Answer PLs.
•Mind your own
notebook
•Be honest
81. A. True or False
1. Culture is a way of life. It means that culture is static
and not changing.
2. Information that we learn from social media show that
culture is shared and contested.
3. Enculturation means embracing the culture of other
countries since birth.
4. Socialization means forming intimate relationship with
other people.
5. Interaction is a vehicle to transfer culture.
82. B. Explain the following concepts
6. Assimilation
7. Acculturation
8. Ethnocentrism
9. Cultural Relativism
10. Culture
84. D. Complete the information
8. ____is the proponent of human evolution.
9. ____is the proponent of the stages of cultural evolution.
10.___ is the period when human learned to use fire
11.___is the period when man produced large number of
crops.
12.___is the term which means walking using feet.
13.___is the term which means biological develpment of
man.
14.____is the oldest relics of man discovered in Africa.
15. ___ is the field which studies fossils and artifacts
85. E. FOLLOW THE INSTRUCTION
15 to 20. Give 5 examples of the
aspects of culture
21 to 25. Give the 5 types of Society
86. F. Answer the following question
(2pts)
1. Give two agents of socialization which affect our
way of understanding the environment and explain
how it affect us?
2. Discuss the cultural development of human
being.
3. Explain how society continue to prosper and
exists.
4. How culture is transferred?
5. How society adapts and responds to changes
brought by environmental degradation?
88. GROUPS
Smaller units
that compose a
society
It is a unit of
interacting
personalities with an
interdependence of
roles and statuses
existing between
members
89. Importance of Groups (Salcedo 2002)
1. The group is a transmitter of culture.
2. The group is a means of social control.
3. The group socializes the individual.
4. The group is the source of ideas.
5. The group trains the individual in communications.
90. Social Group - a collection of individuals who have relations with one another
that make them interdependent to some significant degree.
↘ Interdependence is a necessary condition that exists within social groups
because it is what enables its members to pursue shared goals or promote
common values and principles.)
↘ Our social groups profoundly define our identity, as well as our roles in
society.
91. Primary
Group
A small, intimate, and less
specialized group whose
members engage in face to
face and emotion-based
interactions over an extended
period of time.
92. Secondary Group
Are larger and less intimate,
and more specialized groups
where members engage in
an impersonal and objective-
oriented relationship for a
limited time.
Secondary
Group
93. Self Categorization
Theory•a relevant approach in
understanding the characteristics
of social groups.
•proposes that people’s appreciation of
their group membership is influenced by
their perception towards people who are
not members of their group.
94. A group to which one
belongs and with which
one feels a sense of
identity.
In-
groups
95. A group to which one does
not belong and to which he
or she may feel a sense of
competitiveness or hostility.Out-
groups
96. IN- GROUPS
Is a group wherein people fell that they are part of the social group. It is a social category or group with which you identify strongly.
OUT- GROUP
Is a social group with which an individual does not identify to be part of. It is a social category or group with which you do not
identify.
Factors which create the identity if an individual is in the in- group or out- group:
a. race: Asians vs. Caucasians
b. Culture: Filipino vs. Chhinese
c. Gender: Males vs. Females
d. Age: Teenagers vs. Senior citizens
e. Religion: Muslims vs. Infidels
97. There are a lot of phenomena when these two groups clash:
a. in- group favoritism
Refers to the fact that under certain conditions people will preference and have affinity for one’s
in- group over the out- group.
b. Intergroup aggression
Wherein in- groups try to harm another person because they fell that they are part of the out-
group.
c. out- group derogation
A phenomenon in which an out- group is perceived as being threatening to the members of an in-
group.
98. REFERENCE GROUP
Is agroup to which we compare ourselves. It serves as a standard to which we measure our behaviors and
attitudes.
Types of a reference groups:
a. Informal reference group
b. Formal reference group
c. Membership reference group
d. Disclaimant reference group
e. Aspirational reference group
f. Dissociative reference group
99. NETWORKS/ SOCIAL NETWORKS
Is a theoretical construct useful in the social scieces to study relationships between individuals, groups, organizations or even entire societies.
3 levels of a social networks:
1. mirco- is a smallest level of analysis of social networks. It is divided into four:
a. Dyadic level
b. Triadic level
c. Actor level
d. Subset level
2. meso- this level of analysis begins with a population size that falls between the micro and macro levels. Example of meso level:
a. Organizations
b. Scale free networks
3. macro- generally trace the outcomes of interacions such as economic or other resources transfer interactions over a large population.
100. In-Group VS Out-Group
1. Family
2. Fraternity
3. Industrial
Workers
4. Teachers
5. Product
Supplier
6. Relatives
7. Sorority
8. Manager
9. Best Friend
10. Varsity Players
101. Identify the impact of the following
reference group to you values system
1. Fashion Designers
2. Saints
3. Politicians
4. Relatives
5. Parents
6. Actor and Actress
7. Entrepreneur
8. Criminal
Positive or Negative How it affects us?
102. What specific social network will help
the following people.
1. Laborers or
workers
2. HIV patients
3. War Refugees
4. Depressed
People
5. Rape Victims
6. OFW
7. Researchers
8. Gamers
9. Addiction
10.Doubtful about
God
104. INSTITUTION
• Is a durable systems of established and embedded social rules
that create a structure for social interactions.
105. ECONOMIC INSTITUTION
• are the formal and informal rules that organize the economic
flow and activity of a society.
106. ECONOMIC INSTITUTION ARE
TASKED TO ANSWER THE
FOLLOWING QUESTION:
• 1. what goods and services should be produced?
• 2. how should these goods and services be produced?
• 3. for whom should the goods and services be produced?
108. 1. RECIPROCITY
- is a form of gift exchange between two parties wherein return
is expected after product or gift giving.
• 2 things occur during the exchanging products:
a. economic gain
b. social gain
109. Transfer/ government transfer/ transfer payment
-Are payments that are made without any good or service being
received in return.
-Example: pensions and welfare benefits
Redistribution
-Is the process of transferring income and wealth- be it in the form of
money, physical property and from one individual to other individual.
-Example: taxation, land reforms, and charity
2. Transfer and Redistribution
110. MARKET/ FINANCIAL TRANSACTIONS
Is basically the system of exchange in a market.
Examples of market transactions:
1. Purchases
2. Loans
3. Mortgage
4. Bank accounts
111. PURCHASES
Is the most common amongst all kinds of transaactions.
LOANS
Is a sum of money that a person may borrow.
MORTAGE
Is a type of loan that was created for purchasers to be able to
make homeownership more attainable.
BANK/ TRANSACTION ACCOUNTS
This type of accounts held in a bank or any other financial
institution that allow individuals available access to money
through cash withdrawals, checks and debit.
112. MARKET AND STATE
Is basically seen a system of private ownership and enterprise
that acts based on their own private and self interest.
120. 3BasicSourcesofPower
Force
the actual or
threatened use
of coercion to
impose one’s
will on others
Influence
the exercise of
power through
a process of
persuasion
Authority
Institutionalized
power that is
recognized by
the people over
whom it is
exercised.
124. CharismaticAuthority
Power made legitimate by a leader’s
exceptional personal or emotional appeal
to his or her followers.
Example: Jesus, Joan of Arc, Gandhi,
Malcolm X, or Martin Luther King Jr, Steve
Jobs
126. Monarchy
Form of government headed by a single
member of a royal family, usually a king,
queen, or some other hereditary ruler.
It can be absolute monarchy or
limited/constitutional monarchy
128. Dictatorship
One person has nearly total power to make
and enforce laws.
They seizepower rather than being freely
elected or inheriting power
129. Totalitarianism
Involves virtually complete government
control and surveillance over all aspects of
a society’s social and political life.
Examples:
Hitler’s reign, the Soviet Union in the 1930s,
and North Korea today
130. Democracy
From Greek words demos (people) and
kratos (strength) or kratia (rule)
government by the people.
Two forms:
Direct democracy
Indirect/representative/constitutional
democracy
139. Terrorism
the use or threat of violence against random or
symbolic targets in pursuit of political aims.
the end justifies themeans.
They believe the status quo is oppressive and
that desperate measures are essential to end
the suffering of the deprived.
An essential aspect of contemporary terrorism
involves use of the media and social media
