Nutrition-Sensitive Fish Agri-food Systems
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Development in Capture Fisheries and Aquaculture
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Nutrition-Sensitive Fish Agri-food Systems
- 1. Nutrition-sensitive fish agri-food systems Shakuntala Haraksingh Thilsted Research Program Leader, Value Chains and Nutrition
- 2. Outline • Development in Capture Fisheries and Aquaculture • Fish Species: Nutrient composition and contribution to diets • Fish Production Systems - Making them nutrition-sensitive • Key Elements to Integrate in Nutrition-sensitive Food Systems – e.g. diets in the first 1,000 days of life, women’s engagement; influencing policies and strategies and coordination with other sectors
- 3. Rapid Growth in Aquaculture Characterized by: •Smallholder farmers •Male-dominated •Few large fish species Driven by: •Increasing demand (population growth, increasing income, health benefits) •Increases household income Gross margin: Rice production: USD 150-460/ha; Fish: USD 2150 – 6010/ha (IFPRI 2013; WorldFish 2016)
- 4. Stagnation / Decrease in Capture Fisheries Characterised by: •Large species diversity •Abundance of small fish species Driven by: •Increased population •Increased infrastructure – embankments and drainage for growing plant crops; enclosures for aquaculture •Pollution – industrial and human •Little focus by governments – investments, policies and interventions
- 5. Nutrient Composition of Fish Species Characterised by: •Large variability in nutrient content in species •In general, small fish species from capture fisheries contain more micronutrients than large fish from aquaculture
- 6. Small Fish: Rich in Several Essential Micronutrients • Vitamin A (animal-source foods have the only preformed source, retinol; fish also has vitamin A2 – dehydroretinol, high bioefficacy) • Vitamin B12 (animal-source foods are the only dietary source) • Riboflavin • Vitamin D (animal-source foods are the only dietary source) • Vitamin E • Bioavailable iron (animal-source foods are the only dietary source of haem iron) • Bioavailable zinc, calcium, phosphorus, selenium, iodine …
- 7. Contribution (%) of Selected Fish Species to Recommended Nutrient Intake: Vitamin B12 Small indigenous fish species Common aquaculture species pregnant and lactating women infants and young children
- 8. Contribution (%) of selected fish species to recommended nutrient intake: Zinc pregnant and lactating women infants and young children Small indigenous fish species Common aquaculture species
- 9. Contribution (%) of Selected Fish Species to Recommended Nutrient Intake: Docosahexaenoic Acid (DHA) pregnant and lactating women infants and young children Indigenous fish species Common aquaculture species
- 10. Shifting Fish Production to Nutrition- sensitive Food Systems • Increased consumption, especially by the poor – amount and frequency – year-round, nutritional quality, safe, diverse • Increased consumption – first 1,000 days of life • Increased – production and productivity (quantity) as well as Increased nutritional quality of production • Diversity of production systems • Diversity of species – both small and large • More than fish production – food systems
- 11. Nutrition-sensitivity: Why Focus on the First 1,000 Days of Life? Pregnancy Breastfeeding Complementary feeding 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 The period from the start of a woman’s pregnancy to her child’s second birthday offers a unique window of opportunity to shape heathier and more prosperous futures and help break the cycle of poverty.
- 12. Nutrition-sensitivity: Multiple and Lasting Benefits of Focus on the First 1,000 Days • Improved woman’s nutrition, health and well-being in pregnancy and lactation • Better to care for her infant • Sufficient and high quality breast milk • Safe delivery • Optimal birth weight • Brain development, cognition • Child growth and development • Avoid irreversible physical and mental damage • Later in life – better school and work performance • Leading to individual, community and national development
- 13. Ingredients: 37% dried small fish, 15% oil, 37% onion, 7% garlic and 4% red chili Fish Chutney for Pregnant and Lactating Women Fe, Zn, Ca, Animal protein Energy density, Essential fatty acids Texture and flavour Taste enhancer
- 14. Fish Powder for Young Children Preparation of Fish Powder Nutrient composition per 100 gm Fish powder Energy Protein Fat Iron Zinc Calcium 317 kcal 19 g 22 g 22 g 4.5 mg 1669 mg Fish powder added to different types of family foods
- 15. Nutrition-sensitive Aquaculture Technologies Polyculture of large and small fish: •Household pond: •Homestead isolated pond •Pond connected to rice field •Pond in rice field – dry season to extend fish production season
- 16. Nutrition-sensitive Community-based Fisheries Management •Enhanced stocking of wetlands with micronutrient-rich small fish •Nutrition-sensitive components at household level – engagement of women •Development of fish products for the first 1,0000 days of life Floodplain dry season Floodplain wet season
- 17. Nutrition-sensitive Rice Field Fisheries Community fish refuge Community governed and managed
- 18. Integrated Nutrition-sensitive Fish Agri-food Systems Vegetable production Micronutrient-rich seasonal •Homestead garden •Pond dyke •In rice field - seasonal
- 19. Women’s Engagement in Production Systems Training, access inputs and credit – more control over income and its use; Consideration of workload sharing among family members
- 20. Nutrition-sensitivity: Integration of Social Behaviour Change; Nutrition Education Promotion of: Increased Intake of Nutrient-rich small fish and vegetables Improved Knowledge and Practice: Essential nutrition and essential hygiene actions
- 21. Nutrition-sensitivity: Reduce Fish Waste and Loss • Reduce Fish Waste and loss • Reduce non-edible parts (most micronutrient-rich) • Improve Food Safety
- 22. Nutrition-sensitivity: Influence Investments, Policies and Programmes Influence government’s balance between between capture fisheries and aquaculture in: •Investments in capture fisheries and aquaculture •Policies, strategies and interventions Governments are very interested in aquaculture – trade, export, earnings, short-term contribution to GDP Needs support to understand the long-term benefits of investing in nutrition-sensitive approaches
- 23. Nutrition-sensitivity: Coordination with other sectors Other development sectors – e.g. health, climate change, education, rural / urban development For example, in Bangladesh, for the first time, pilots to introduce fish-based products to women and children in the first 1,000 days of life through the USAID large Development Food Assisted Programme (DFAP) projects = 60 g raw fish
- 24. Adopting / Adapting Integrated Nutrition- sensitive Fish Agri-food Systems Terai, Nepal Myanmar Odisha and Assam, India Africa: Zambia, Malawi, Sierra Leone, Democratic Republic of Congo
- 25. Thank you
Notes de l'éditeur
- Consumption to production The focus is: what should IFAD invest in - in partnership with WorldFish to meet, strengthen and expand its development goals in India?
- *and much more
- Light blue and dark blue bars represent contributions to recommended nutrient intakes (RNIs) for pregnant and lactating women (PLW), and infants and young children (6-23 months), respectively. Arrows represent contributions that exceed 100% of RNI. Contributions were calculated by assigning an average RNI target for each nutrient, accounting for variations in requirements throughout the three trimesters of pregnancy and first 12 months of lactation, and for infants, throughout the period from age 7 to 23 months; then by calculating the contribution from a standard portion (50 g/day for PLW and 25 g/day for infants) of each species (Bogard, 2015). The RNIs for iron are based on 10% bioavailability and for zinc, moderate bioavailability (FAO and WHO, 2004).
- This critical window from the start of a womans pregnancy to the chidls second birth day is also refered to as the first 1,000 days of a childs life – or just the 1,000 days The most effective interventions to prevent stunting and it consequences for later life takes place during this 1,000 day window of opportunities The child’s nutrition and health depend on the woman’s diet being rich in micronutrients during pregnancy and lactation. In the first half year of life, breast milk provides the optimal food, but at about six months of age, the supplies of energy and some nutrients in breast milk are no longer sufficient to meet an infant’s high nutrient needs and they should be fed complementary foods together with continued breastfeeding. [high nutrient needs for growth and brain development ] As their stomach is small, they typically consume only small amounts of foods other than breast milk. Consequently, CFs need to be nutrient-rich, i.e. a high amount of each nutrient per 100 kcal of food. Thus, the infant should receive the most nutrient-rich foods available in the household. Yet, in Bangladesh the opposite is often the case
- The fish chutney for pregnant and lactating women is made with ….list the ingredients (dried small fish, onion, garlic and chilli and oil It is developed to be used as a condiment and be consumed with the daily meals. The dried fish provides a rich source of animal protein, iron calcium and zinc. Oil increases the energy density of the product and provides essential fats Onion provides texture and flavor. Chili and garlic enhances the flavour of the product.
- Studies shows mothers don’t want to give small fish because of many bones and mashing the small fish for child is also time consuming and boring for our mothers. Our Fish powder could easily solve these problems. Preparation: …Fish powder could easily made by locally available ingredients. Fish powder is a concentrated source of fish, onion and garlic are added to give taste to the product. Preparation includes frying dried fish, garlic and onion in oil and subsequent grounding in-to a fine powder. Nutrient composition: This fish powder is made with mola dry fish. For 100 gm fish powder the raw materials you need are 53 gm dry fish, 53 gm onion, 11 gm garlic and 12 gm soybean oil. We have investigated the nutrient composition for fish powder. Per 100 gm fish powder can provide 317 kcal energy, 19 gm protein, 22 gm fat, 22 mg iron, 4.5 mg zinc and 1669 mg calcium. To be added to different family foods: Fish powder could add with different type of family foods. We encourage our children to having family foods after 6 months. Fish powder could be added with Like khichuri – (give explanation), dhal (lentils), green leafy vegetables, rice, mixed cooked veg It could be easily add with family food after cooking and fed the child. It saves the time for mothers. Addition of fish powder to family foods will increase their nutrient density, and thereby make them more appropriate for the complementary feeding period. Addition of fish powder enhances the nutritional value of family foods in two ways: firstly by increasing fish intake (animal protein intake) and thereby nutrient intake such ca, iron, zinc, essential fatty acids etc. It also rich with phosphorus and potassium. and secondly, the inclusion of fish increases the bioavailability of other nutrients in the meal. Fish helps to absord the nutrients found from other foods in meal.
- JB’s genetics proj started- 2008 (pre- John Benzie, must have been Raul Ponzoni?). The genetics bit is listed as 3 project agreements (first two are back to back)
- Split pics