1. Community Policing and Community Justice
Community Policing and Community JusticeIdentify two different sources that relate to
each particular section of the class. One of these sources must be drawn from a current
scholarly source (published between 2013 and now) and the other source must be drawn
from a non-scholarly (popular) site focusing on issues similar to those raised in the
scholarly source. You will then prepare a brief critical analysis of the non-scholarly source
relying the reading material assigned for each section of the class. Reading material for this
section is “ Clear, Todd, John Hamilton, Jr. and Eric Cadora (2011), Community Justice,
second edition. London: Rutledge” , (Chapter 2 only). Wiki 2 focuses on the Learning
Module 3 dealing with issues related to the material in Clear et al. dealing with police
agencies and how they should be designed to function in a system driven by Communituy
Justice values and how such functions compares with those encouraged in the more
conventional Criminal Justice approach to crime and criminality.Introduction The most
obvious way police serve as exemplars of community justice is through the community-
oriented policing movement that began in the 1980s and 1990s The most obvious way
police serve as exemplars of community justice is through the community-oriented policing
movement that began in the 1980s and 1990s Community justice as a concept owes much of
its momentum to the success of community policing Community justice as a concept owes
much of its momentum to the success of community policing © 2012 Todd R. Clear, John R.
Hamilton, Jr. and Eric CadoraIntroduction Community policing is both a comprehensive
strategy of policing and a philosophy of law enforcement Community policing is both a
comprehensive strategy of policing and a philosophy of law enforcement Community
justice, on the other hand is a strategy and a philosophy of criminal justice Community
justice, on the other hand is a strategy and a philosophy of criminal justice © 2012 Todd R.
Clear, John R. Hamilton, Jr. and Eric CadoraIntroduction The movement to community
policing represents an attempt to bring police closer to the public they serve The movement
to community policing represents an attempt to bring police closer to the public they serve
Develops relationships to better understand the needs of the community and better address
local problems Develops relationships to better understand the needs of the community and
better address local problems The community policing movement is not the same as the
community justice movement The community policing movement is not the same as the
community justice movement © 2012 Todd R. Clear, John R. Hamilton, Jr. and Eric CadoraA
Brief History of Community Policing During the Political Era of policing, the police were a
tool of those in power and oppressive to those who opposed the status quo During the

2. Political Era of policing, the police were a tool of those in power and oppressive to those
who opposed the status quo The Reform Era of policing, which began in the 1920s, worked
to professionalize the police, separate them from the political influence, and create a
professional, military-like administration system The Reform Era of policing, which began
in the 1920s, worked to professionalize the police, separate them from the political
influence, and create a professional, military-like administration system Police also became
more impersonal and, as a result, became more distant from the public Police also became
more impersonal and, as a result, became more distant from the public © 2012 Todd R.
Clear, John R. Hamilton, Jr. and Eric CadoraA Brief History of Community Policing
Technology increased the rift between officers and the community Technology increased
the rift between officers and the community Automobiles – decreased footbeat Automobiles
– decreased footbeat Telephone and Radios – made it easy for the public to quickly and
easily contact the police for assistance Telephone and Radios – made it easy for the public
to quickly and easily contact the police for assistance Computers – allowed statistics to be
efficiently gathered which led to inferior, number-driven policing Computers – allowed
statistics to be efficiently gathered which led to inferior, number-driven policing Instead of
listening to citizens’ concerns, officers and managers became statistics-driven Instead of
listening to citizens’ concerns, officers and managers became statistics-driven © 2012
Todd R. Clear, John R. Hamilton, Jr. and Eric CadoraA Brief History of Community Policing
The 1960s became a time of friction between the community and police because of the
mishandling of civil rights and anti-war protests The 1960s became a time of friction
between the community and police because of the mishandling of civil rights and anti-war
protests © 2012 Todd R. Clear, John R. Hamilton, Jr. and Eric CadoraPolice and the
Community: A Dual Track Rationale The two aims of community-oriented policing are: The
two aims of community-oriented policing are: Better community relations Better
community relations Better crime prevention Better crime prevention Better community
relations is necessary because the police rely on the public in order to do their job, but there
are several impediments to good community relations: Better community relations is
necessary because the police rely on the public in order to do their job, but there are several
impediments to good community relations: Citizens with the advantaged social class tend to
see the police in a positive light Citizens with the advantaged social class tend to see the
police in a positive light Those who have significant social disadvantage do not have the
same positive view Those who have significant social disadvantage do not have the same
positive view © 2012 Todd R. Clear, John R. Hamilton, Jr. and Eric CadoraPolice and the
Community The challenge is The challenge is How to obtain and maintain positive
interaction with citizens who may be predisposed to be suspicious of the police How to
obtain and maintain positive interaction with citizens who may be predisposed to be
suspicious of the police Police cultural attitudes which also interfere with the capacity for a
positive relationship Police cultural attitudes which also interfere with the capacity for a
positive relationship Better crime prevention relies on community-based practice Better
crime prevention relies on community-based practice If the policing approach is simply to
be more active in response to crime – more investigations and more arrests – the police
will always be playing catch-up If the policing approach is simply to be more active in

3. response to crime – more investigations and more arrests – the police will always be
playing catch-up If a proactive approach is taken, there are more possibilities for public
safety results If a proactive approach is taken, there are more possibilities for public safety
results © 2012 Todd R. Clear, John R. Hamilton, Jr. and Eric CadoraThe Community Policing
Relations Rationale for Community Policing Police work faces a series of built-in problems
that tends to frustrate the capacity of the police to do their jobs well Police work faces a
series of built-in problems that tends to frustrate the capacity of the police to do their jobs
well Some of this is due to the nature of the problem as well as the police themselves Some
of this is due to the nature of the problem as well as the police themselves © 2012 Todd R.
Clear, John R. Hamilton, Jr. and Eric CadoraThe Police: Essential Services Ensnared in
Quandary Although we see police around us routinely, we encounter them only when our
lives are not routine Although we see police around us routinely, we encounter them only
when our lives are not routine The most important services provided by the police usually
take place in the context of somebody being in trouble or some sort of crisis The most
important services provided by the police usually take place in the context of somebody
being in trouble or some sort of crisis This makes it quite natural to expect the police to
arrive with special powers to intercede This makes it quite natural to expect the police to
arrive with special powers to intercede © 2012 Todd R. Clear, John R. Hamilton, Jr. and Eric
CadoraThe Police: Essential Services Ensnared in Quandary The powers of the police to act
are carefully circumscribed by democratic law and tradition, so the immediacy of the
predicament is always tempered by the limitations placed on police authority The powers
of the police to act are carefully circumscribed by democratic law and tradition, so the
immediacy of the predicament is always tempered by the limitations placed on police
authority This often leads to disappointment, because the police will often feel constrained
in the actions they can take and citizens will often fail to grasp those constraints This often
leads to disappointment, because the police will often feel constrained in the actions they
can take and citizens will often fail to grasp those constraints © 2012 Todd R. Clear, John R.
Hamilton, Jr. and Eric CadoraThe Police: Essential Services Ensnared in Quandary In police-
citizen encounters, the reverse can also occur In police-citizen encounters, the reverse can
also occur A police officer may interpret the facts of a situation as calling for serious or even
urgent action, while the citizen feels intensely that his/her rights ought to constrain the
actions taken by police A police officer may interpret the facts of a situation as calling for
serious or even urgent action, while the citizen feels intensely that his/her rights ought to
constrain the actions taken by police Often makes the police feel they are in a “ damned-if-I-
do and damned-if-I-don’ t” bind Often makes the police feel they are in a “ damned-if-I-do
and damned-if-I-don’ t” bind © 2012 Todd R. Clear, John R. Hamilton, Jr. and Eric
CadoraThe Police: Essential Services Ensnared in Quandary A major defining characteristic
for how people feel about the police can be race and age A major defining characteristic for
how people feel about the police can be race and age People of color have lower opinions of
the police than do whites People of color have lower opinions of the police than do whites
Young people have lower opinions than do older people, regardless of race Young people
have lower opinions than do older people, regardless of race Even with these problems,
police consistently receive a more positive performance appraisal than do other sectors of

4. the criminal justice system Even with these problems, police consistently receive a more
positive performance appraisal than do other sectors of the criminal justice system © 2012
Todd R. Clear, John R. Hamilton, Jr. and Eric CadoraPolice as a Symbol of Modern Culture
The police represent social control, and they stand for social order The police represent
social control, and they stand for social order Many see the police as a symbol of safe and
secure society Many see the police as a symbol of safe and secure society Those who hold
the symbolic vision of the police as the agency of social control typically support a strong
police presence and object to “ civil liberties” views of the police that emphasize citizens’
rights Those who hold the symbolic vision of the police as the agency of social control
typically support a strong police presence and object to “ civil liberties” views of the police
that emphasize citizens’ rights When police are viewed this way, it is easy to think of
society as composed of “ good guys” and “ bad guys” – the police come from the former
group and are asked to control the latter group When police are viewed this way, it is easy
to think of society as composed of “ good guys” and “ bad guys” – the police come from the
former group and are asked to control the latter group © 2012 Todd R. Clear, John R.
Hamilton, Jr. and Eric CadoraPolice as a Symbol of Modern Culture To those who see the
police as symbols of power, the problem is not public safety but the way to put meaningful
reins on that power To those who see the police as symbols of power, the problem is not
public safety but the way to put meaningful reins on that power Because the most
disadvantaged in our society are also the most likely to encounter police power used against
them, this concern often arises along the lines of social class and social status Because the
most disadvantaged in our society are also the most likely to encounter police power used
against them, this concern often arises along the lines of social class and social status ©
2012 Todd R. Clear, John R. Hamilton, Jr. and Eric CadoraPolice as a Symbol of Modern
Culture The United States is today a residentially segregated society The United States is
today a residentially segregated society Those who live in the residential areas occupied by
dominant majorities see the police far more positively than those who live in poor, minority
areas Those who live in the residential areas occupied by dominant majorities see the police
far more positively than those who live in poor, minority areasPolice as a Symbol of Modern
Culture Thus, part of what determines the way citizens react to the police is how the police
define citizenry Thus, part of what determines the way citizens react to the police is how the
police define citizenry When police see citizens as potential problems, those citizens
respond by seeing the police as potentially unwelcome power in their lives When police see
citizens as potential problems, those citizens respond by seeing the police as potentially
unwelcome power in their lives When police see citizens as “ residents,” those residents
will see the police as a support system When police see citizens as “ residents,” those
residents will see the police as a support systemPolice as a Function of the Legal System The
police are first and foremost the initial stage of the criminal justice system The police are
first and foremost the initial stage of the criminal justice system Police work has to be
assessed on three different criteria Police work has to be assessed on three different criteria
How do police actions affect citizen willingness to report crimes? How do police actions
affect citizen willingness to report crimes? How do these actions encourage citizen
cooperation with criminal investigations? How do these actions encourage citizen

5. cooperation with criminal investigations? How effective are these strategies in identifying
suspects accurately? How effective are these strategies in identifying suspects
accurately?Police as a Symbol of Modern Culture Studies of police-citizen relations find that
citizens who have had negative experiences with the police often become reluctant to assist
the police in their investigations or report crimes to the police in the first place – even when
they are victims Studies of police-citizen relations find that citizens who have had negative
experiences with the police often become reluctant to assist the police in their
investigations or report crimes to the police in the first place – even when they are
victimsPolice as a Symbol of Modern Culture For police, this lack of cooperation has two
sides For police, this lack of cooperation has two sides It is frustrating, because the police
point of view is that they are only trying to protect the law-abiding citizens from the “ bad
guys” and the lack of cooperation makes the work that much harder It is frustrating,
because the police point of view is that they are only trying to protect the law-abiding
citizens from the “ bad guys” and the lack of cooperation makes the work that much harder
It is easy for police to view all the residents who express suspicion as somehow being
aligned with the “ bad element” It is easy for police to view all the residents who express
suspicion as somehow being aligned with the “ bad element” After a while, some police can
develop an attitude toward these areas of “ since they don’ t care, why should I?” After a
while, some police can develop an attitude toward these areas of “ since they don’ t care,
why should I?” To protect themselves from an all-too-unfriendly public, police adopt a first-
choice style of indifference To protect themselves from an all-too-unfriendly public, police
adopt a first-choice style of indifferencePolice as a Function of Power in a Society Authority
is the legitimate capacity to require compliance imbued in a role by law, standards, or
custom Authority is the legitimate capacity to require compliance imbued in a role by law,
standards, or custom It is housed in the idea that some consensus of opinion exists that the
person occupying a certain role ought to have a level of obedience to his or her directives, so
long as they flow from legitimate exercise of duties within that role It is housed in the idea
that some consensus of opinion exists that the person occupying a certain role ought to
have a level of obedience to his or her directives, so long as they flow from legitimate
exercise of duties within that role So long as the person with authority is acting consistent
with the expectations of the role, we expect voluntary compliance with the directives that
emanate from the legitimate performance of that role So long as the person with authority
is acting consistent with the expectations of the role, we expect voluntary compliance with
the directives that emanate from the legitimate performance of that rolePolice as a Function
of Power in a Society Power, on the other hand, is the raw ability to compel compliance,
regardless of a person’ s willingness to comply Power, on the other hand, is the raw ability
to compel compliance, regardless of a person’ s willingness to comply When a person has
power with regard to certain actions, it means that person can make others do what is
wanted through some implied or actual coercive capacity When a person has power with
regard to certain actions, it means that person can make others do what is wanted through
some implied or actual coercive capacity Authority is a far more efficient way of getting a
person to do something, since it works without any direct threat Authority is a far more
efficient way of getting a person to do something, since it works without any direct threat

6. Power, by contrast, requires implied or demonstrated threat Power, by contrast, requires
implied or demonstrated threatPolice as a Function of Power in a Society Authority, to
work, is reliant on voluntary cooperation, whereas power can be exerted regardless of
another person’ s willingness to comply Authority, to work, is reliant on voluntary
cooperation, whereas power can be exerted regardless of another person’ s willingness to
comply In a very real sense, authority is given by the person exercising it to the person who
has decided to comply, while power is taken by the person giving orders In a very real
sense, authority is given by the person exercising it to the person who has decided to
comply, while power is taken by the person giving orders Authority exists because people
voluntarily accept the dictates of the police Authority exists because people voluntarily
accept the dictates of the police © 2012 Todd R. Clear, John R. Hamilton, Jr. and Eric
CadoraPolice as a Function of Power in a Society Some may say that the more a person
turns to power as the way to compel others’ compliance, the less everyone would expect
that person to have (or eventually obtain) authority Some may say that the more a person
turns to power as the way to compel others’ compliance, the less everyone would expect
that person to have (or eventually obtain) authority This is one reason why the police
culture is such an important force in the work world of the police This is one reason why
the police culture is such an important force in the work world of the police Police learn to
approach the public with distrust and suspicion, expect the public will not understand the
job of policing, and view everyone as a potential problem Police learn to approach the
public with distrust and suspicion, expect the public will not understand the job of policing,
and view everyone as a potential problem This cynical stance also reappears as a viewpoint
of other elements of the CJ system This cynical stance also reappears as a viewpoint of other
elements of the CJ system © 2012 Todd R. Clear, John R. Hamilton, Jr. and Eric CadoraPolice
as a Function of Power in a Society Three points about the police culture Three points about
the police culture Develops in response to the pressures of the job and the traditions of the
department Develops in response to the pressures of the job and the traditions of the
department Not uniform across all departments and all divisions within a department Not
uniform across all departments and all divisions within a department Not solely adverse in
its effects Not solely adverse in its effects © 2012 Todd R. Clear, John R. Hamilton, Jr. and
Eric CadoraPolice as a Function of Power in a Society Because the police culture is typically
cynical in its orientation, it tends to discount the value of authority and exalt the importance
of power Because the police culture is typically cynical in its orientation, it tends to discount
the value of authority and exalt the importance of power It is common for the police to
confuse the two, seeking an increase in formal power because of the weak potency of their
authority It is common for the police to confuse the two, seeking an increase in formal
power because of the weak potency of their authority More important, the dominant police
culture puts the police office at odds with the citizen More important, the dominant police
culture puts the police office at odds with the citizen © 2012 Todd R. Clear, John R.
Hamilton, Jr. and Eric CadoraPolice as a Function of Power in a Society Two strong values in
the police culture Two strong values in the police culture Control – the ability of the officer
to ensure that responsibilities he or she are assigned are carried out in an orderly and
effective manner Control – the ability of the officer to ensure that responsibilities he or she

7. are assigned are carried out in an orderly and effective manner Dominion – belief of the
officer that he or she has a person ownership in the area to which they are assigned
Dominion – belief of the officer that he or she has a person ownership in the area to which
they are assigned © 2012 Todd R. Clear, John R. Hamilton, Jr. and Eric CadoraPolice as a
Function of Power in a Society Both can be perceived negatively by citizens but positively by
police officers Both can be perceived negatively by citizens but positively by police officers
It might be possible to use these police culture values in a positive manner to help a
community It might be possible to use these police culture values in a positive manner to
help a community © 2012 Todd R. Clear, John R. Hamilton, Jr. and Eric CadoraPolice as a
Function of Power in a Society Problem-Based Learning is a method of training that can
help officers better face the unstructured problems they encounter on the job Problem-
Based Learning is a method of training that can help officers better face the unstructured
problems they encounter on the job Encourages the development and use of critical
thinking skills Encourages the development and use of critical thinking skills Not currently
prominent in police training academies but it appears to be gaining respect Not currently
prominent in police training academies but it appears to be gaining respect © 2012 Todd R.
Clear, John R. Hamilton, Jr. and Eric CadoraThe Criminal Justice Rationale for Community
Policing Studies have shown that without good community police relations, the police face
extreme difficulties in carrying out their work Studies have shown that without good
community police relations, the police face extreme difficulties in carrying out their work In
the traditional model of policing, police see themselves as professional crime fighters
concerned with the problem of serious felonies In the traditional model of policing, police
see themselves as professional crime fighters concerned with the problem of serious
felonies With regard to citizens, police are expected to be impersonal and detached With
regard to citizens, police are expected to be impersonal and detached With regard to crime,
police are reactive and investigative, responding to criminal events based on their
seriousness and building evidence for criminal cases after the crimes have been reported
With regard to crime, police are reactive and investigative, responding to criminal events
based on their seriousness and building evidence for criminal cases after the crimes have
been reported © 2012 Todd R. Clear, John R. Hamilton, Jr. and EriThe Criminal Justice
Rationale for Community Policing In the late 1960s a series of studies began which cast
doubt on the effectiveness of command policing In the late 1960s a series of studies began
which cast doubt on the effectiveness of command policing Kansas City Preventive Patrol
study Kansas City Preventive Patrol study Response time analysis study Response time
analysis study One person vs. two person car studies One person vs. two person car studies
© 2012 Todd R. Clear, John R. Hamilton, Jr. and Eric CadoraCommunity Policing Robert
Trojanowicz seen as father of this style of policing Robert Trojanowicz seen as father of this
style of policing He argued that community policing is a full-service policing model where
the same officer regularly patrols the same area and forms partnerships with residents to
solve problems He argued that community policing is a full-service policing model where
the same officer regularly patrols the same area and forms partnerships with residents to
solve problems Police scholars have identified three different types of community policing
Police scholars have identified three different types of community policing Community-

8. building strategies – strengthen community capacity Community-building strategies –
strengthen community capacity Problem-oriented strategies – deals with causes of crime
Problem-oriented strategies – deals with causes of crime Broken windows strategies –
focus on minor crime and physical disorder Broken windows strategies – focus on minor
crime and physical disorder © 2012 Todd R. Clear, John R. Hamilton, Jr. and Eric
CadoraCommunity Policing Community building strategies Community building strategies
Some community building tactics have proven to be of little value (e.g., neighborhood watch
and neighborhood meetings) and some have more durable impact (e.g., victim-assistance
programs, Police Athletic Leagues) Some community building tactics have proven to be of
little value (e.g., neighborhood watch and neighborhood meetings) and some have more
durable impact (e.g., victim-assistance programs, Police Athletic Leagues) © 2012 Todd R.
Clear, John R. Hamilton, Jr. and Eric CadoraCommunity Policing Each of these methods are
theorized to improve crime-prevention effectiveness in three ways Each of these methods
are theorized to improve crime-prevention effectiveness in three ways The effect of
increased day-to-day interaction between community residents and beat officers is thought
to promote community-based “ intelligence” The effect of increased day-to-day interaction
between community residents and beat officers is thought to promote community-based
“ intelligence” The more police and community talk the more information is shared about
crime and criminals in the area The more police and community talk the more information
is shared about crime and criminals in the area The same contacts are thought to provide
another way to reduce crime when the flow of information is reversed The same contacts
are thought to provide another way to reduce crime when the flow of information is
reversed The belief that “ police legitimacy” within the neighborhood is crucial to effective
crime prevention The belief that “ police legitimacy” within the neighborhood is crucial to
effective crime prevention © 2012 Todd R. Clear, John R. Hamilton, Jr. and Eric
CadoraCommunity Policing What these strategies have in common is their attempt to
improve some aspect of community life by increasing interaction among residents or
creating a standing relationship between community and police What these strategies have
in common is their attempt to improve some aspect of community life by increasing
interaction among residents or creating a standing relationship between community and
police Because of some inherent obstacles, the communities most in need of assistance are
also the least able to take advantage of this particular approach Because of some inherent
obstacles, the communities most in need of assistance are also the least able to take
advantage of this particular approach © 2012 Todd R. Clear, John R. Hamilton, Jr. and Eric
CadoraCommunity Policing Problem-oriented strategies Problem-oriented strategies
Developed by Herman Goldstein Developed by Herman Goldstein Based on the idea that
crime emanates from particular, persistent circumstances that can be identified,
documented, and then overcome through systematic action Based on the idea that crime
emanates from particular, persistent circumstances that can be identified, documented, and
then overcome through systematic action One successful strategy has been hot-spots
policing One successful strategy has been hot-spots policing Problem-solving methods seek
policing tactics that are intelligence based Problem-solving methods seek policing tactics
that are intelligence based © 2012 Todd R. Clear, John R. Hamilton, Jr. and Eric

9. CadoraCommunity Policing Community building strategies (cont.) Community building
strategies (cont.) Medical Model of Policing Medical Model of Policing Six types of
neighborhoods: Six types of neighborhoods: Intregral – have high levels of pride Intregral –
have high levels of pride Parochial – homogenous values and cultures Parochial –
homogenous values and cultures Diffuse – much in common, but rarely interact Diffuse –
much in common, but rarely interact Stepping-stone – starter homes Stepping-stone –
starter homes Transitory – much movement in and out of neighborhood Transitory – much
movement in and out of neighborhood Anomic – residents accepted criminal victimization
as a way of life Anomic – residents accepted criminal victimization as a way of life © 2012
Todd R. Clear, John R. Hamilton, Jr. and Eric CadoraCommunity Policing In the medical
model, the officer is charged with learning about the neighborhood just like a physician
would learn about a patient In the medical model, the officer is charged with learning about
the neighborhood just like a physician would learn about a patient Some terminology is the
same as in the medical profession Some terminology is the same as in the medical
profession Intensive care Intensive care Preventive medicine Preventive medicine Health
education Health education Bedside manner Bedside manner Physician Heal Thyself
Physician Heal Thyself Includes traditional methods when necessary but also interactive
approaches that address long-term problem solving Includes traditional methods when
necessary but also interactive approaches that address long-term problem solving © 2012
Todd R. Clear, John R. Hamilton, Jr. and Eric CadoraCommunity Policing CompStat in New
York CompStat in New York S.A.R.A. model of problem solving S.A.R.A. model of problem
solving Scanning Scanning Analysis Analysis Response Response Assessment Assessment
Intelligence policing most effective when used in conjunction with community partnerships
Intelligence policing most effective when used in conjunction with community partnerships
© 2012 Todd R. Clear, John R. Hamilton, Jr. and Eric CadoraCommunity Policing Broken
windows strategies Broken windows strategies Because the broken windows thesis holds
that crime results from public disorder, the solution to crime is to use the police to create
order Because the broken windows thesis holds that crime results from public disorder, the
solution to crime is to use the police to create order Often the power of arrest is used to
enforce public order, especially by requiring that these people abide by public expectations
for