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9h middleages
- 1. e Emergence of Europe: e Middle Ages
- 2. Key Question: After the collapse of the Western Roman Empire, what contributions did the Romans, the Christian Church, and the Germanic peoples make to the new civilization that emerged in the region?
- 3. Warm Up: What happened to Europe after the fall of the Roman Empire? In the East, the Byzan.ne Empire became a center for trade & Greco‐Roman culture
- 4. The Middle Ages In the West, Europe grew weak & fell into the Middle Ages from 500 to 1300 Also known as the “Dark Ages” or “Medieval” era
- 5. Europe After the Fall of RomeWhen barbarian kingdoms conquered Rome, Europe was plagued by constant warfare Warfare disrupted trade, destroyed Europe’s ci.es, & forced people to rural areas Learning declined; Few people could read or write Greco‐Roman culture was forgoQen Europe lost a common language; La.n mixed with local languages to form Spanish, French, Italian
- 6. Germanic Tribes in the Middle AgesWithout the unity of the Roman Empire, Europe became divided into a series of Germanic kingdoms Germanic people lived in small communi.es led by chiefs & his loyal warriors Family .es & loyalty were more important than ci.zenship
- 7. The New Germanic Kingdoms -from Denmark & northern Germany -Moved into Britain -Roman influence not as strong -in Spain -maintained much of structure of Roman govt -power centered in a Germanic warrior caste -in Italy -preserved Roman tradition of govt -Theodoric kept Romans under Roman law & his own people under their own customs Angles/SaxonsVisigothsOstrogoths
- 8. Kingdom of the Franks Established by Clovis, Merovingian dynasty Became Catholic, c. 500 CE - earned him support of Roman Catholic Church Stretched from Pyrenees to western Germany Split up among his sons after his death
- 9. Germanic Society -main social bond = extended family -patriarchal -law was very personal - led to many blood feuds (different from Roman law where offenses were against society) -could get very bloody so developed system - wergeld - $ paid by wrongdoer to family of person injured or killed -method to determine guilt/innocence = ORDEAL - based on idea that divine forces would not allow an innocent person to be harmed
- 10. The Spread of ChristianityDuring the early Middle Ages, the Germanic kingdoms were slowly converted to Chris.anity The Catholic Pope became involved in secular (non‐religious) issues like road repair, aiding the poor, & helping Chris.an kings expand their power
- 11. Organization of the Church Diocese - city area headed by a bishop 4 Main Cities/Bishops of Rome, Jerusalem, Alexandria, Antioch Rome special - Jesus had given “keys to the kingdom of Heaven” to Peter, 1st bishop of Rome
- 12. Monks Sought to live life away from ordinary society to pursue life dedicated to God Monasticism - monks living together in a community; ascetic life often St. Benedict established rules
- 13. Benedict’s Rules Divided day into activities with emphasis on prayer and manual labor Idleness was “enemy of the soul” Communal life - prayed, ate, slept, worked together Monastery led by an abbot - unquestioning control of monks Nuns - female version - convents/abbesses
- 14. Community Role of Monasteries Provided schools, hospitality for travelers, and hospitals for the sick Copied ancient works Centers of learning missionaries
- 15. The Spread of ChristianityThe Franks were the largest & most powerful of the Germanic kingdoms in the early Middle Ages Frankish kings allied with the Catholic Church & expanded their power In 771, Charlemagne (“Charles the Great”) became king of the Franks
- 16. Charlemagne & the Frankish EmpireCharlemagne was the greatest Medieval king because he did something no other king was able to do…create an organized empire – The Holy Roman Empire (First Reich) Charlemagne expanded the Frankish empire He spread Chris.anity – Missi Dominici He valued learning & built schools in his empire He created schools to train future priests
- 17. Charlemagne & The Holy Roman Empire A]er Charlemagne’s death in 814, his Frankish Empire was divided & lost power… …This was the last opportunity to provide unity in medieval Europe
- 18. Consolidation of Power in Frankish Kingdom 7-8th centuries - chief officers within king’s household took power - Pepin 768 - Pepin’s son Charles the Great, aka Charlemagne took over Strong leader, pious Christian, illiterate Patron of learning Carolingian Empire - covered much of western & central Europe Used counts as king’s chief representatives in local areas Missi dominici - messengers of the king who checked local districts to see if counts were carrying out king’s wishes
- 19. Significance of Charlemagne 800 CE - acquired title “Emperor of the Romans” Demonstrated the enduring strength of concept of a Roman empire Fusion of Roman, Christian, and Germanic elements: Germanic king crowned emperor of Romans by spiritual leader of western Christendom
- 20. Carolingian Empire disintegrates *By 843, Charlemagne’s empire was divided among 3 grandsons 1. Western Frankish lands ‐ eventually becomes France 2. Eastern lands ‐eventually becomes Germany 3. “Middle Kingdom” extending from North Sea to Mediterranean ‐ became a source of incessant struggle between the two other Frankish rulers *The figh.ng allowed powerful nobles to rise
- 21. Invasions of the 9th & 10th Centuries
- 24. Feudalism • Feudalism began in Europe as a way to offer protec.on • Feudalism is based on land & loyalty • Land‐owning lords offer land (called a fief) to knights in exchange for their loyalty & promise to protect the lord’s land • Feudalism came to England with Norman Invasion in 1066 Bayeaux Tapestry
- 26. Subinfeudation - vassals had vassals who had vassals
- 27. Lords built castles to protect their territory from outside invasions
- 33. For Discussion: What roles did aristocrats, peasants, and townspeople play in medieval European civilization, and how did their lifestyles differ?
- 34. For Discussion: How did cities in Europe compare with those in China and the Middle East?
- 35. Italian merchant fleets took crusaders to east and engaged in trade -received trading concessions in Syria & Palestine Trade between Italy & China enabled by Pax Mongolica 13th century -Marco Polo Mostly agrarian Revival of trade in 11th-12th c. Italian city-states like Venice led the way Bruges & Ghent in Flanders led way in north Trade fairs arose & use of gold & silver Middle EastChinaEurope
- 36. The Rise of Towns & Cities Popped up along trade routes Often set up outside castles & fortresses - leads to term “borough, burg, burgh, bourg) Merchants & artisans demanded different rights from kings and nobles - needed greater mobility Townspeople often swore oath forming a commune to stand up together against lords - wanted self-government
- 37. Guilds Artisans formed these association along craft lines Determined who could join, prices, quality, etc
- 38. For Discussion: What were the main aspects of the political, economic, spiritual, and cultural revivals that took place in Europe in the High Middle Ages?
- 39. England in the Middle Ages 1066 - Battle of Hastings William of Normandy crowned king of England Norman knights got fiefs and swore oath of loyalty to William - beginning of creation of a strong, centralized monarchy
- 40. Scene from Bayeaux Tapestry
- 41. Repercussions of Norman Conquest William was King of England but vassal to king of France - kept England connected with continental European affairs
- 42. Growth of English Institutions Henry II (1154-1189) - increased power of royal courts; common law began to replace local law; lost battle to control English church Magna Carta - King John (1199-1216) - English nobles tried to secure their feudal liberties against the growing power of the king Edward I (1272-1307) - Parliament - came from idea of 2 knights from every county and 2 townspeople meeting with Great Council to consent to new taxes (“power of the purse”)
- 43. Growth of French Kingdom 987 - death of last Carolingian king led to choice of Hugh Capet, establishing new Capetian dynasty Not a lot of power - controlled only area around Paris Would take hundreds of years for Capetian kings to centralize their power
- 44. Growth of French Kingdom King Philip II Augustus (1180-1223) Strengthened royal bureaucracy Philip IV the Fair (1285-1314) Reinforced French bureaucracy & created a French parliament to meet with him (reps from the 3 estates) France = largest, wealthiest, & best governed monarchical state in Europe by end of 13th century
- 45. Iberian Kingdoms 10th century Muslim power weakening on Iberian peninsula 11th century - a number of small Christian kingdoms were emerging in the north Muslims limited to Granada by 13th century Spanish Muslims (Moors) would be forced out of Iberian Peninsula by 1492
- 46. Holy Roman Empire Hohenstaufen dynasty - Frederick I Barbarossa (1152-1190) and Frederick II (1212-1250) - tried to create a new kind of empire Planned to get chief revenues from Italy as center of a “holy empire”- not as easy to take over Italy as he thought Battle with the popes & the northern Italian towns Result of spending so much time worrying about Italy allowed German lords to gain more power so that the Holy Roman Emperor did not have great (centralized) power over anyone
- 48. Central & Eastern Europe Slavs - originally a single people in central Europe Divided into 3: western, southern and eastern Western Slavs converted to Catholicism Eastern and southern Slavs embraced Eastern Orthodox Christianity
- 49. The Development of Russia Eastern Slavs began to encounter Swedish Vikings (late 8th century) - Vikings built trading settlements, dominated the native peoples and called them “the Rus” Kiev 10th century - established by Viking Oleg - married Slavic wives and assimilated into Slavic population 987 - Rus ruler Vladimir officially accepted Christianity - Byzantine Christianity became a major part of Russian religious life
- 52. Mongols enter Russia - 13th century Conquered Russia but not numerous to settle the vast land Required Russian princes to pay tribute Alexander Nevsky - Russian prince earned favor of Mongols - earned him title “grand prince” which set up his descendants to become princes of Moscow and future leaders of Russia
- 55. Reform of the Papacy Religious officials became entangled in the secular obligations of feudalism - increasingly secular and not too worried about their spiritual obligations Pope fought against lay investiture Gregory claimed he had authority over all of Christendom, including its rulers German King Henry IV fought back Investiture Controversy led to Concordat of Worms - compromise
- 57. Growth of Papal Power Interdict - forbade priests to dispense sacraments so people would put pressure on ruler to do what pope wanted Excommunication
- 58. New Religious Orders Between 1050-1150 - wave of new monasteries & monastic orders Ex. Cistercians - strict aesthetic St. Bernard of Clairvaux - new spiritual ideal Increasing number of women joining religious orders/convents Haven for female intellectuals
- 59. New Religious Orders Franciscans St. Francis of Assisi Called for return to the simplicity & poverty of the early church Dominicans Dominic de Guzman, Spanish priest - desire to defend church teachings from heresy New religious order of men who lived in poverty but were educated Became inquisitors of the papal Inquisition
- 60. Popular Religion in High Middle Ages Church = integral part of people’s lives 7 sacraments administered by clergy Clergy = key role in anyone attaining salvation Importance of saints in protecting poor souls Growing importance of Mary, Jesus’ mother - many churches devoted to her Importance of relics - bones of saints or objects connected to them
- 61. Culture of the High Middle Ages
- 62. Rise of Universities Medieval universities = educational guilds or corporations that produced educated and trained individuals 1st = Bologna, Italy By end of Middle Ages, 80 universities in Europe (primarily in England, France, Italy, Germany)
- 63. Rise of Universities Liberal arts curriculum - grammar, rhetoric, logic, arithmetic, geometry, music, astronomy Teaching by lecture method (books too expensive - teachers read from a text and then discussed it) All male 1st degree = bachelor of arts 2nd degree - master of arts After a liberal arts degree, he could go on to study law, medicine, or theology(could take another 10 years)
- 65. Scholasticism Theology = “queen of the sciences” Effort to apply reason or logical analysis to theology impacted study of religion Scholasticism = tried to reconcile faith and reason Harmonize Christian teachings with Greek teachings of Aristotle Key “harmonizer” was Thomas Aquinas - Summa Theologica
- 66. St. Thomas Aquinas & Scholasticism Summa - Attempted to bring together all the learning of the preceding centuries on a given subject (theologica - religion) Used dialectical method = Pose a question Cite sources that offer opposing opinions on the question Resolve matter by arriving at his own conclusions Aquinas discussed c.600 articles
- 67. Romanesque Architecture Style of cathedrals in 11th-12th centuries Germany, France, Spain
- 70. Gothic Cathedral 12th-13th centuries Symbol of people’s preoccupation with God 2 innovations: Combination of ribbed vaults and pointed arches replaced barrel vaults - could make church higher Flying buttress = heavy arched pier of stone built onto outside of walls- helped distribute the weight of the ceilings - allowed magnificent stained glass windows which created different plays of light inside (believed natural light was a symbol of the divine light of God)
- 74. Gothic Cathedral 1st full Gothic church - Saint-Denis near Paris By mid-13th century - Notre-Dame, Reims, Amiens, Chartres All classes contributed to construction Represented community’s preoccupation with a spiritual ideal
- 75. Question to Consider How does a society’s largest buildings reflect the values of that society?