Zookeepers are expert at managing temperamental mammals. They face the risk of conflict and aggression every moment of their day. Here's how they manage it:
1. Don’t reward bad behavior. (Or else you’ll get more of it.)
2. Introductions take time. (Don’t expect instant acceptance.)
3. Enrichment always. (The mind needs stimulation.)
4. Good habits can replace bad habits. (The brain runs on habit.)
Our brains are wired by early experience. We can build new wiring later on, but it's hard. When you know why it's hard, you know why we revert to old patterns, and what it takes to change them. Our brain learns from rewards, so you need to find healthy rewards to build healthy new pathways.
Know Your Inner Mammal: The Neuroscience of Happy RelationshipsLoretta Breuning, PhD
The mammal brain produces ups and downs, and we blame these feelings on others until we know how we produce them. When you know what trigger dopamine, serotonin and oxytocin in the state of nature, you stop blaming your ups and downs on others. Our brain evolved to promote survival, not to make you feel good all the time. It saves the happy chemicals for steps that meet survival needs, but it defines your needs in a quirky way. We all do quirky things to stimulate our happy chemicals. When you accept these quirky impulses in yourself and others, your relationships improve. We can all improve but we have to start with realistic acceptance of our natural impulses!
Dopamine makes you feel good when you anticipate a reward. It evolved to promote survival, not to make you happy. But our brain defines survival in quirky ways, so we do quirky things to stimulate it. Fortunately, you can rewire yourself to turn on the good feeling of dopamine in new ways.
Your brain evolved to meet your needs, so your neurochemicals surge in response to anything relevant to your needs. Natural selection built a brain that responds to opportunities and threats with a sense of urgency. No wonder politics gets us going! It's easy to see how this works in others, especially your social rivals. It helps to see how this works in yourself. Then you can make careful decisions about where you invest your limited brain power.
We all want more trust at work and at home because it smoothes the rough edges of life. You can build trust when you know how animals build it and why your limbic brain makes careful decisions about when it turns on the great oxytocin feeling of trust.
Your brain is always picking and choosing its information because the world floods us with more detail than we can process. Your brain zooms in on bad news and threat signals when your cortisol is turned on. A bad loop results: you feel threatened so you find evidence of threat, which leaves you feeling more threatened and more disposed to find evidence. Here's how to escape from that loop.
You don’t intend to be perfectionist, but you are often waiting for a better time to act. How do animals manage to act despite living amidst danger? How can you learn from them. Your big cortex makes it easy to anticipate what can go wrong, but you can train it to anticipate rewards.
Zookeepers are expert at managing temperamental mammals. They face the risk of conflict and aggression every moment of their day. Here's how they manage it:
1. Don’t reward bad behavior. (Or else you’ll get more of it.)
2. Introductions take time. (Don’t expect instant acceptance.)
3. Enrichment always. (The mind needs stimulation.)
4. Good habits can replace bad habits. (The brain runs on habit.)
Our brains are wired by early experience. We can build new wiring later on, but it's hard. When you know why it's hard, you know why we revert to old patterns, and what it takes to change them. Our brain learns from rewards, so you need to find healthy rewards to build healthy new pathways.
Know Your Inner Mammal: The Neuroscience of Happy RelationshipsLoretta Breuning, PhD
The mammal brain produces ups and downs, and we blame these feelings on others until we know how we produce them. When you know what trigger dopamine, serotonin and oxytocin in the state of nature, you stop blaming your ups and downs on others. Our brain evolved to promote survival, not to make you feel good all the time. It saves the happy chemicals for steps that meet survival needs, but it defines your needs in a quirky way. We all do quirky things to stimulate our happy chemicals. When you accept these quirky impulses in yourself and others, your relationships improve. We can all improve but we have to start with realistic acceptance of our natural impulses!
Dopamine makes you feel good when you anticipate a reward. It evolved to promote survival, not to make you happy. But our brain defines survival in quirky ways, so we do quirky things to stimulate it. Fortunately, you can rewire yourself to turn on the good feeling of dopamine in new ways.
Your brain evolved to meet your needs, so your neurochemicals surge in response to anything relevant to your needs. Natural selection built a brain that responds to opportunities and threats with a sense of urgency. No wonder politics gets us going! It's easy to see how this works in others, especially your social rivals. It helps to see how this works in yourself. Then you can make careful decisions about where you invest your limited brain power.
We all want more trust at work and at home because it smoothes the rough edges of life. You can build trust when you know how animals build it and why your limbic brain makes careful decisions about when it turns on the great oxytocin feeling of trust.
Your brain is always picking and choosing its information because the world floods us with more detail than we can process. Your brain zooms in on bad news and threat signals when your cortisol is turned on. A bad loop results: you feel threatened so you find evidence of threat, which leaves you feeling more threatened and more disposed to find evidence. Here's how to escape from that loop.
You don’t intend to be perfectionist, but you are often waiting for a better time to act. How do animals manage to act despite living amidst danger? How can you learn from them. Your big cortex makes it easy to anticipate what can go wrong, but you can train it to anticipate rewards.
Guided Neuroplasticity can help you relieve cortisol and stimulate your happy brain chemicals. You can enjoy more dopamine, serotonin, oxytocin and endorphin when you know how your brain works. You can build new neural pathways instead of repeating old pain endlessly.
Here you will learn what it takes to build new neural pathways, and why old pathways are so powerful. You will learn what turns on your happy chemicals in the state of nature, and what turns on your stress chemicals.
Our brain evolved to protect us from harm, so it is constantly alert for potential danger signals. Cortisol is turned on by pain and the anticipation of pain. The bad feeling prompts your brain to scan for more evidence about the threat. You can easily wind up with endless pain, but you can also rewire your brain with new responses. You'll be glad you did!
Happy at Home: Keep up your dopamine and oxytocin when you're stuck at homeLoretta Breuning, PhD
You can stimulate your happy chemicals and avoid threat chemicals, even when you're stuck at home. It's not each because your old ways of triggering them don't work. But you can find new ways to trigger them when you know how they work in animals. You can enjoy dopamine, serotonin and oxytocin even when you're stuck at home.
Your brain releases happy chemicals when you see something good for survival. You define survival with neural pathways built from experience. They can lead to behaviors that are not really good for survival. You can build new pathways, but it's not easy. It helps to know how the old ones got there. Neurons connect from emotion and repetition. Emotions are chemicals controlled by the brain structures we've inherited from earlier mammals. You cannot just ignore your animal brain because it's part of your operating system. Your three brains have to work together, even though they're not on speaking terms.
When you feel better you do better, but our happy chemicals are not designed to flow all the time for no reason. What's a big-brained mammal to do? These happy chemical strategies are simple enough to teach the people around you. You can have company on the path to dopamine, serotonin, oxytocin, and endorphin!
Our brain is naturally inclined toward frustration because it’s designed to constantly seek rewards. When you approach a reward, dopamine surges and you feel great. But when you see an obstacle in your path to rewards, your brain releases cortisol and it feels like a survival threat. You can end up with a lot of cortisol on your path to rewards. Here’s a simple strategy to ease that natural sense of threat and stimulate the chemicals that make us feel good.
Your happy brain chemicals: dopamine, serotonin, oxytocin, and endorphin Loretta Breuning, PhD
Here's a simple introduction to the mammal brain that controls your happy chemicals: dopamine, serotonin, oxytocin, and endorphin. You learn how they're wired from past experience, and how you can rewire them by feeding your brain new experiences. You learn why they're not on all the time, so you can build realistic expectations. Our happy chemicals are inherited from earlier animals, and when you know how they work in animals, you can find better ways to stimulate them.
Your ability to manage your brain is your most important skill. When you understand the animal origins of your dopamine, serotonin and oxytocin, you have power. Your happy chemicals are wired by past experience so they're hard for your verbal brain to make sense of. Mirror neurons also shape our responses in ways that are not obvious to the verbal brain. To be a good leader, understand your own responses.
Mammals live in groups for protection from predators, but group life is frustrating. Other mammals get the good bananas and mating opportunities. When things go your way, your brain releases serotonin. It feels good, which motivates your brain to do things that stimulate more. You have inherited a brain that cares about its status in a herd or pack or troop, though you would never consciously think this. Your neurochemical ups and downs make sense when you understand the mammal brain.
Love is a cocktail of brain chemicals: Dopamine, Oxytocin, Serotonin, Endorphin. These happy chemicals evolved to promote your genes, not to make you happy all the time. You can manage the roller coaster when you understand the job these chemicals do in the state of nature. More information like this at InnerMammalInstitute.org
Guided Neuroplasticity can help you relieve cortisol and stimulate your happy brain chemicals. You can enjoy more dopamine, serotonin, oxytocin and endorphin when you know how your brain works. You can build new neural pathways instead of repeating old pain endlessly.
Here you will learn what it takes to build new neural pathways, and why old pathways are so powerful. You will learn what turns on your happy chemicals in the state of nature, and what turns on your stress chemicals.
Our brain evolved to protect us from harm, so it is constantly alert for potential danger signals. Cortisol is turned on by pain and the anticipation of pain. The bad feeling prompts your brain to scan for more evidence about the threat. You can easily wind up with endless pain, but you can also rewire your brain with new responses. You'll be glad you did!
Happy at Home: Keep up your dopamine and oxytocin when you're stuck at homeLoretta Breuning, PhD
You can stimulate your happy chemicals and avoid threat chemicals, even when you're stuck at home. It's not each because your old ways of triggering them don't work. But you can find new ways to trigger them when you know how they work in animals. You can enjoy dopamine, serotonin and oxytocin even when you're stuck at home.
Your brain releases happy chemicals when you see something good for survival. You define survival with neural pathways built from experience. They can lead to behaviors that are not really good for survival. You can build new pathways, but it's not easy. It helps to know how the old ones got there. Neurons connect from emotion and repetition. Emotions are chemicals controlled by the brain structures we've inherited from earlier mammals. You cannot just ignore your animal brain because it's part of your operating system. Your three brains have to work together, even though they're not on speaking terms.
When you feel better you do better, but our happy chemicals are not designed to flow all the time for no reason. What's a big-brained mammal to do? These happy chemical strategies are simple enough to teach the people around you. You can have company on the path to dopamine, serotonin, oxytocin, and endorphin!
Our brain is naturally inclined toward frustration because it’s designed to constantly seek rewards. When you approach a reward, dopamine surges and you feel great. But when you see an obstacle in your path to rewards, your brain releases cortisol and it feels like a survival threat. You can end up with a lot of cortisol on your path to rewards. Here’s a simple strategy to ease that natural sense of threat and stimulate the chemicals that make us feel good.
Your happy brain chemicals: dopamine, serotonin, oxytocin, and endorphin Loretta Breuning, PhD
Here's a simple introduction to the mammal brain that controls your happy chemicals: dopamine, serotonin, oxytocin, and endorphin. You learn how they're wired from past experience, and how you can rewire them by feeding your brain new experiences. You learn why they're not on all the time, so you can build realistic expectations. Our happy chemicals are inherited from earlier animals, and when you know how they work in animals, you can find better ways to stimulate them.
Your ability to manage your brain is your most important skill. When you understand the animal origins of your dopamine, serotonin and oxytocin, you have power. Your happy chemicals are wired by past experience so they're hard for your verbal brain to make sense of. Mirror neurons also shape our responses in ways that are not obvious to the verbal brain. To be a good leader, understand your own responses.
Mammals live in groups for protection from predators, but group life is frustrating. Other mammals get the good bananas and mating opportunities. When things go your way, your brain releases serotonin. It feels good, which motivates your brain to do things that stimulate more. You have inherited a brain that cares about its status in a herd or pack or troop, though you would never consciously think this. Your neurochemical ups and downs make sense when you understand the mammal brain.
Love is a cocktail of brain chemicals: Dopamine, Oxytocin, Serotonin, Endorphin. These happy chemicals evolved to promote your genes, not to make you happy all the time. You can manage the roller coaster when you understand the job these chemicals do in the state of nature. More information like this at InnerMammalInstitute.org
1. SULIT 2 015/2
For
-
Examiner`s
Use [40 marks]
[40 markah]
Answer all questions.
Jawab semua soalan.
1 Round off 49 579 to the nearest thousand. [1mark]
Bundarkan 49 579 kepada ribu yang terdekat. [ 1 markah ]
1
1
2 Diagram 1 consists of several equilateral triangles of equal size. [1mark]
Rajah 1 terdiri daripada beberapa segitiga sama sisi yang [ 1 markah ]
sama besar.
Diagram 1
Rajah 1
Write in words the fraction which represents the shaded region of the
whole diagram.
Tuliskan dalam perkataan pecahan yang mewakili kawasan berlorek
daripada seluruh rajah.
2
1
3 Table 1 shows the characteristics of a two dimensional shape. [1mark]
Rajah 1 menunjukkan ciri – ciri suatu bentuk dua matra. [ 1 markah ]
Number of sides 4
Bilangan sisi
Number of symmetry lines 4
Bilangan paksi simetri
Table 1
Jadual 1
Name the two dimensional shape.
3 Namakan bentuk dua matra tersebut.
1
015/2 [Lihat Sebelah]
SULIT
2. SULIT 3 015/2 For
Examiner`s
Use
4 Diagram 2 shows the weight of a packet of sugar. [1mark]
Rajah 2 menunjukkan berat bagi sepeket gula. [ 1 markah ]
g
700 10
600 200
500 300
400
Diagram 2
Rajah 2
What is the weight, in g, of the packet of sugar?
Berapakah berat, dalam g, sepeket gula itu?
4
1
2 [1mark]
5 Convert 3 to an improper fraction. [ 1 markah ]
5
2
Tukarkan 3 kepada pecahan tidak wajar.
5
5
1
015/2 SULIT
4. SULIT 5 015/2
9 Diagram 3 shows a circle divided into several equal parts. [2 marks] For
Examiner`s
Rajah 3 menunjukkan sebuah bulatan yang dibahagikan [ 2 markah ]
Use
kepada beberapa bahagian yang sama besar.
Diagram 3
Rajah 3
3
How many parts represent of the whole diagram?
4
3
Berapakah bilangan bahagian yang mewakili daripada seluruh rajah itu?
4
9
2
[2 marks]
10 Find the difference between 4 weeks 3 days and [ 2 markah ]
2 weeks 4 days.
Cari beza di antara 4 minggu 3 hari dan 2 minggu 4 hari.
10
2
[2 marks]
11 Calculate 4005 g + 0.138 kg. [ 2 markah ]
Give your answer in kg.
Hitungkan 4005 g + 0.138 kg.
Nyatakan jawapan dalam kg.
11
2
SULIT 015/2
5. SULIT 6 015/2
For
Examiner`s
Use 12 Diagram 4 shows the length of two ropes. [2 marks]
Rajah 4 menunjukkan panjang dua utas tali. [ 2 markah ]
38 cm 0.4 m
Diagram 4
Rajah 4
Calculate the total length, in m, of the two ropes.
Hitungkan jumlah panjang, dalam m, kedua- dua tali tersebut.
12
2
13 Diagram 5 consists of a square PQRS and an equilateral [2 marks]
triangle RST. [ 2 markah ]
Rajah 5 terdiri daripada sebuah segiempat sama PQRS
dan sebuah segitiga sama sisi RST.
P Q
T
8 cm
S R
Diagram 5
Rajah 5
Calculate the perimeter, in cm, of the shaded region.
Hitungkan perimeter , dalam cm, kawasan berlorek.
13
2
015/2 [Lihat sebelah]
SULIT
6. SULIT 7 015/2
For
Examiner`s
14 283 + 45 x 25 = Use
[2 marks]
[ 2 markah ]
14
2
15 Diagram 6 shows the time Azli reaches his school in the morning. [2 marks]
Rajah 6 menunjukkan waktu Azli tiba di sekolahnya pada suatu [ 2 markah ]
pagi.
Diagram 6
Rajah 6
3
He takes hour to reach his school.
4
At what time does he go to school ?
3
Dia mengambil masa selama jam untuk sampai ke sekolah.
4
Pada pukul berapakah dia pergi ke sekolah ?
15
2
015/2 SULIT
7. SULIT 8 015/2
For 16 Table 2 shows the marks of four pupils in a Mathematics test. [3 marks]
Examiner`s Jadual 2 menunjukkan markah empat orang murid dalam [ 3 markah ]
Use satu ujian Matematik.
Name of pupils Marks
Nama murid Markah
Azwan 74
Termizi
Anisa 59
Maria 83
Table 2
Jadual 2
The average marks of Azwan and Termizi is 77.
Calculate the average mark of a pupil.
Purata markah bagi Azwan dan Termizi ialah 77.
Hitungkan purata markah bagi seorang murid.
16
3
015/2 [Lihat sebelah]
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8. SULIT 9 015/2
For
17 Diagram 7 consists of several rectangles of equal size. Examiner`s
[3 marks]
Rajah 7 terdiri daripada beberapa segiempat tepat Use
yang sama besar. [ 3 markah ]
10 cm
15 cm
Diagram 7
Rajah 7
Calculate the area, in cm2 , of the shaded region.
Kira luas, dalam cm2, kawasan yang berlorek .
17
3
18 The total ages of Amira, Yusri, Riza and Sarah is 140 years.
[3 marks]
The average ages of Amira, Yusri and Sarah is 28 years.
[ 3 markah ]
How old is Riza?
Jumlah umur bagi Amira, Yusri, Riza dan Sarah ialah 140 tahun.
Purata umur bagi Amira, Yusri dan Sarah ialah 28 tahun.
Berapakah umur Riza?
18
3
015/2 SULIT
9. SULIT 10 015/2
For
Examiner`s 19 Diagram 8 shows Alia’s pocket money. [3 marks]
Use Rajah 8 menunjukkan wang saku Alia. [ 3 markah ]
Notes
Wang Kertas RM 50 RM 10 RM 5
Number of notes
1 2 1
Bilangan
Diagram 8
Rajah 8
A book costs RM 5.20. Alia buys 3 books.
How much does she have left?
Harga sebuah buku ialah RM 5.20 Alia membeli 3 buah buku
yang sama.
Berapakah baki wang Alia?
19
3
015/2 [Lihat sebelah]
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10. SULIT 11 015/2
20 Diagram 9 shows the volume of water in a beaker. [3 marks] For
[ 3 markah ] Examiner`s
Rajah 9 menunjukkan isipadu air dalam sebuah bikar. Use
1l
300 ml
Diagram 9
Rajah 9
The water from the beaker is poured equally into 5 similar glasses.
Calculate the volume, in ml, in each glass.
Air daripada bikar itu dituang sama banyak ke dalam 5 buah gelas
yang sama besar.
Hitungkan isipadu, dalam ml, setiap gelas itu.
20
3
END OF QUESTION PAPER
KERTAS SOALAN TAMAT
015/2 SULIT
![SULIT 2 015/2
For
-
Examiner`s
Use [40 marks]
[40 markah]
Answer all questions.
Jawab semua soalan.
1 Round off 49 579 to the nearest thousand. [1mark]
Bundarkan 49 579 kepada ribu yang terdekat. [ 1 markah ]
1
1
2 Diagram 1 consists of several equilateral triangles of equal size. [1mark]
Rajah 1 terdiri daripada beberapa segitiga sama sisi yang [ 1 markah ]
sama besar.
Diagram 1
Rajah 1
Write in words the fraction which represents the shaded region of the
whole diagram.
Tuliskan dalam perkataan pecahan yang mewakili kawasan berlorek
daripada seluruh rajah.
2
1
3 Table 1 shows the characteristics of a two dimensional shape. [1mark]
Rajah 1 menunjukkan ciri – ciri suatu bentuk dua matra. [ 1 markah ]
Number of sides 4
Bilangan sisi
Number of symmetry lines 4
Bilangan paksi simetri
Table 1
Jadual 1
Name the two dimensional shape.
3 Namakan bentuk dua matra tersebut.
1
015/2 [Lihat Sebelah]
SULIT](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/pra-upsr-maths-paper-2-jpn-perak-090623050726-phpapp01/85/Pra-Upsr-Maths-Paper-2-Jpn-Perak-1-320.jpg)
![SULIT 3 015/2 For
Examiner`s
Use
4 Diagram 2 shows the weight of a packet of sugar. [1mark]
Rajah 2 menunjukkan berat bagi sepeket gula. [ 1 markah ]
g
700 10
600 200
500 300
400
Diagram 2
Rajah 2
What is the weight, in g, of the packet of sugar?
Berapakah berat, dalam g, sepeket gula itu?
4
1
2 [1mark]
5 Convert 3 to an improper fraction. [ 1 markah ]
5
2
Tukarkan 3 kepada pecahan tidak wajar.
5
5
1
015/2 SULIT](data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAAAAAP///yH5BAEAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAIBRAA7)