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2. What is Reflection?

3. •Reflection is a metacognitive strategy
that helps teachers think critically
upon their experiences, actions and
decisions during their teaching
practices.

4. What is Reflective teaching?

6. Why do we need to reflect?

7. •Reflective practice helps teachers to have
a deeper understanding of their own
teaching styles, teaching beliefs and
teaching identities. As you reflect, you will
better understand your roles as teacher!

8. Certainly, there are various definitions of reflective teaching,
“however, most of the definitions can be contained within two
main stances to reflective teaching,
one that emphasizes reflection only on
classroom action,
while the other also includes reflections on
matters outside the classroom”

9. Reflection on teaching can be carried out on three levels:
 reflection-in-action
 reflection-on-action
 reflection-for-action

10. Reflection-in-action:
•It occurs in the classroom whenever a
problem arises that requires immediate
action or on-the-spot experimentation on
the part of the teacher.

11. Reflection-on-action:
•It entails reflection outside of the classroom
though the retrospective analysis of events
that occurred during the lesson.

12. Reflection-for-action:
•it is “proactive in nature” in that it occurs
after the first two phases of reflection, with
the teacher deciding what action to take in
the classroom.

13. What about Self-reflection?

14. A crucial step in reflective teaching, namely, self-reflection.
successful and constructive reflective teaching must
begin with a thorough process of self-reflection: the
discovery and understanding of who instructors are, what
their experiences as teachers have been so far, where they
would like to go professionally, and what their priorities
are and so on .

15. What is a Portfolio?
• A useful tool in this initial step of self-reflection is the creation
of a teaching portfolio, which records instructors’ teaching
experiences and accomplishments, including critical periods and
“incidents. A teaching portfolio favors self-assessment and
development and promotes collaboration with colleagues.

16. Narrative reflection:
• Difficult and critical incidents inevitably occur in class, involving both students’ and/or
teachers’ practices. For example, a student may be totally demotivated and may not
contribute to classwork, and/or the teacher may feel uncertain as to when a grammar topic
should be introduced in a lesson and how. Through teachers’ narrative reflection, these
incidents can be closely examined and resolved, and teachers can then “consolidate their
theoretical understanding of their practices” leading to the adoption of alternative
teaching methods and outlooks.

17. Farrell’s two different talk modes:
 Exploratory talk
Draft talk

18. • exploratory talk: By adopting exploratory talk, teachers are
hesitant to provide a definite answer on a given topic, thus
leaving more room for discussion and students’ participation.
• draft talk: In contrast, teachers tend to affirm their authority as
experts on the topic at hand through final draft talk. By means
of careful reflection on these two modes of talk, teachers could
choose that which best suits a particular group of students.

19. Self-observation:
• This is a technique where you observe and
evaluate yourself under the guidance of an
observation checklist or some questions you
decide on before the observation.

21. 1. Recording lesson
For being able to observe yourself,
first you need to videotape your
lesson!

22. 2. Teaching Journal
• In order to document their teaching results, it is highly advisable for
instructors to keep teaching journal. Teaching journals provide teachers
which a written record of various aspects of their practice such as classroom
events and enable them to step back for a moment to reflect on their work.
Still we have a technology-integrated way that can be used as a teaching
journal; blogs!

23. 3. Action research:
• It involves observation in the classroom by other teachers and/or by means of
Information collected on teaching. The notable advantage of action research is that it can
lead to practical results and improvements in teaching and class management.
 It is a reflective process of progressive problem solving.
It is the systematic, reflective study of a teacher's actions and the effects of these
actions in a school or classroom context.
 It includes data collection and data analysis

24. 4. peer classroom observation
• It could help teachers to get an overall picture of what is going on in class
and change less successful teaching practices; Moreover, classroom
observation should not be viewed as an evaluation tool; rather, it should be
considered an instrument for professional development, which helps teachers
to consider what works and what does not for a given class.

25. Secondary Reflective practices:
1. Teacher development groups
2. critical friendships
3. concept mapping

26. 1. Teacher development groups:
• A further tool for the discussion of classroom practices. Such a group need not be
large, and can include both teachers and other members of the school, or even teachers
from different schools. Working together with other teachers promotes empowerment
and confidence while at the same time providing invaluable opportunities and outcomes
that teachers could not achieve by working alone.

27. 2. Critical friendships
• Establishing critical friendships with colleagues helps
teachers monitor each other’s work in the classroom,
obtain advice, and engage in peer coaching. Critical
friendships enhance teamwork while helping to reduce
the sense of isolation that teachers often feel.

28. 3. concept mapping
• It is originating in the field of cognitive psychology,
Drawing a concept map before and after a course could
effectively convey a picture of the learning process and
facilitate the assessment of students’ acquisition of new
knowledge.

29. Advantages:
1. Reflective teaching helps free the teachers from impulse and
routine behavior.
2. Reflective teaching allows the teacher to act in a deliberate,
intentional manner and avoid the “I don’t know what will I do
today” syndrome.
3. Reflective teaching distinguishes teachers as educated human
beings.

30. Disadvantages:
1. That unless given clear pointers, the reflection can be
formulaic with a tendency for “boast statements”.
2. some staff may not be comfortable with assigning marks to a
reflective process.

31. • Generally speaking, teachers are the best judges when it
comes to establishing what they need to improve and
adjust, a bottom-up approach seems to best promote
reflections on language teaching.
Conclusion:

33. References:
Farrell, T.S.C. & Baecher, L (2017). Reflecting on Critical Incidents in Language
Education. London: Bloomsbury. http://www.bloomsbury.com/us/reflecting-
on-critical-incidents-in-language-education-9781474255844/
http://teflology.libsyn.com/tefl-interviews-13-thomas-farrell-on-reflective-
practice-in-tesol
https://teflology-podcast.com/2015/08/19/tefl-interviews-13-thomas-farrell-on
reflective-practice-in-tesol/

34. Cr by: Zahra Bayani