4. Vowel Reduction – reduction in the length of
a vowel, ands its quality. If the first syllable
forms a sequence of unstressed syllables.
The most common form of vowel reduction is
the reduction to schwa [ə], in unstressed
syllables.
Requires the smallest deviation of the tongue
body from the neutral position.
Shortest of all vowels
5. Principal of Assimilation –
(Principal of ease of articulation) –
processes in which one sound becomes
(realized) similar to the neighbouring sound
in connected speech - in rapid, casual
speech.
6. Consonant Assimilation –
-Regressive assimilation
-Progressive assimilation
- - - - Cᶠ Cͥ ----
Single final consonant, single initial
consonant
7. Regressive assimilation – if the consonant
final changes to become like consonant
initial.
Progressive assimilation – if the consonant
initial changes to become like consonant
final.
8. Fat thing [fæt̪θɪŋ] – dental plosive (stop)
alveolar stop has assimilated to the to the
following dental sound in terms of place of
articulation.
9. Assimilation according to –
-Place of articulation
-Manner of articulation
-Difference in voicing
11. Pamphlet [pæɱ flət] -labiodental nasal stop
Good thing [gʊd̪ θɪŋ] – labiodentals plosive
(stop)
Allophones – realizations of a phoneme which
are entirely predictable from context –
variation
12. Assimilating partially –
[s], [z] - [i], [j]
Miss you – [mɪʃu] – palatal-alveolar fricative
[t], [d] – [i], [j]
Hit you – [hɪʧu] – palatal-alveolar affricate
13. Manner of articulation – in most rapid speech
Regressive assimilation -
That side – [ðæs saɪd]
Good night – [gʊn naɪt]
14. Progressive assimilation –
Read theses – ɹi:d̪ d̪i:z]
Get them - [get̪ t̪əm]
15. Voicing –
Voiced final consonants become voiceless
initial consonants
More observable across morpheme
boundaries
Cats [kæts] dogs [dɒgz]
Jumps [dʒʌmps] runs [ɹʌnz]
16. Consonant Lenition –
-Diminution or decrease in
- the degree of constriction of a consonant,
-the voicing of a voiced consonant,
- the length of time of the constriction.
17. American English – tap or flap - /t/ and /d/
are realized as /ɾ/ - (voiced alveolar tap or
flap)
-Similar to a short /d/
-Saves articulatory time
matter, better, rider
18. a common type of lenition –
Reduction of oral stops or plosives to glottal
stops
Put it right – [pʊʔ ɪʔ ɹaɪʔ],
that- [ðəʔ]
19. most extreme form of lenition is – complete
elision of segments
the sixth month [ðəsɪks mʌnθ]
Elision of consonants – cup of tea – [kʌpəti]
20. Reduction and Elision among English
speakers –
e.g. Spanish, Italian have different rhythm,
no reduction of vowels to schwa
e.g. the Italian verb parlare (to speak) – [p
English speaker – [pəɹˈlɑ:ɹe] -
