Turkey

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BOLU VALİLİĞİBOLU VALİLİĞİ
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Geographical and Political Location:Geographical and Political Location:
Turkey, a country of utmost strategic importanceTurkey, a country of utmost strategic importance
in the world due to its geopolitical location, is onin the world due to its geopolitical location, is on
the crossroads between the continents of Asia,the crossroads between the continents of Asia,
Europe and Africa, which are referred to as theEurope and Africa, which are referred to as the
“Lands of the Old World”. This country, enjoying“Lands of the Old World”. This country, enjoying
a wealth of divine gifts of all kinds of scenica wealth of divine gifts of all kinds of scenic
wonders, is a unique bridge between all faiths aswonders, is a unique bridge between all faiths as
well as Eastern and Western civilizations.well as Eastern and Western civilizations.

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Turkey is linked to the oceans through the BlackTurkey is linked to the oceans through the Black
Sea, Marmara and Mediterranean Seas, whichSea, Marmara and Mediterranean Seas, which
encircle it on three sides.encircle it on three sides.
The country borders Georgia, Armenia,The country borders Georgia, Armenia,
Nakhichevan and Iran to the east, Bulgaria andNakhichevan and Iran to the east, Bulgaria and
Greece to the west, and Iraq and Syria to theGreece to the west, and Iraq and Syria to the
south.south.

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Area and Surface Formations:Area and Surface Formations:
Turkey, rectangular in shape, has a surface areaTurkey, rectangular in shape, has a surface area
of 814,578 square kilometers. In this respect, itof 814,578 square kilometers. In this respect, it
is greater than all of its neighbors except Iran,is greater than all of its neighbors except Iran,
and all European countries except the Russianand all European countries except the Russian
Federation. The land segment on the EuropeanFederation. The land segment on the European
continent with 3% of its total area is calledcontinent with 3% of its total area is called
Thrace, and the remaining 97% landmass inThrace, and the remaining 97% landmass in
Asia is called Anatolia.Asia is called Anatolia.

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The length of the land borders of the country isThe length of the land borders of the country is
2,875 kilometers; its coastline is 8,3332,875 kilometers; its coastline is 8,333
kilometers long, while its landmass iskilometers long, while its landmass is
approximately 550 kilometers wide and aboutapproximately 550 kilometers wide and about
1,500 kilometers long.1,500 kilometers long.
Turkey is located in the temperate zoneTurkey is located in the temperate zone
between the 36 and 42nd degrees of northernbetween the 36 and 42nd degrees of northern
latitudes and 26 and 45thdegrees of easternlatitudes and 26 and 45thdegrees of eastern
longitudes; and there is a time difference of 76longitudes; and there is a time difference of 76
minutes between its easternmost andminutes between its easternmost and
westernmost tips.westernmost tips.

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HİSTORY OF TURKEY (TÜRKİYE TARİHİHİSTORY OF TURKEY (TÜRKİYE TARİHİ))
Turks and the Ottoman EmpireTurks and the Ottoman Empire
The Ottoman Empire at the height of its powerThe Ottoman Empire at the height of its power
(ca. 1683(ca. 1683
In the 10th century, the Seljuks startedIn the 10th century, the Seljuks started
migrating from their ancestral homelandsmigrating from their ancestral homelands
towards the eastern regions of Anatolia, whichtowards the eastern regions of Anatolia, which
eventually became the new homeland of Oğuzeventually became the new homeland of Oğuz
Turkic tribes following the Battle of ManzikertTurkic tribes following the Battle of Manzikert
(Malazgirt) in 1071. The victory of the Seljuks(Malazgirt) in 1071. The victory of the Seljuks
gave rise to the Anatolian Seljuk Sultanate;gave rise to the Anatolian Seljuk Sultanate;
which developed as a separate branch of thewhich developed as a separate branch of the
larger Seljuk Empire that covered parts oflarger Seljuk Empire that covered parts of
Central Asia, Iran, Anatolia and Southwest Asia.Central Asia, Iran, Anatolia and Southwest Asia.

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In 1243, the Seljuk armies were defeated by the MongolsIn 1243, the Seljuk armies were defeated by the Mongols
and the power of the empire slowly disintegrated. In itsand the power of the empire slowly disintegrated. In its
wake, one of the Turkish principalities governed bywake, one of the Turkish principalities governed by
Osman I was to evolve over the next 200 years into theOsman I was to evolve over the next 200 years into the
Ottoman Empire, expanding throughout Anatolia and theOttoman Empire, expanding throughout Anatolia and the
Levant.[21] In 1453, the city of Constantinople fell to theLevant.[21] In 1453, the city of Constantinople fell to the
Ottoman armies of Mehmed II, marking the abolition ofOttoman armies of Mehmed II, marking the abolition of
the Byzantine Empire.the Byzantine Empire.

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The Ottoman Empire interacted with both Eastern andThe Ottoman Empire interacted with both Eastern and
Western cultures throughout its 623-year history. In theWestern cultures throughout its 623-year history. In the
16th and 17th centuries, it was among the world's most16th and 17th centuries, it was among the world's most
powerful political entities, often locking horns with thepowerful political entities, often locking horns with the
Holy Roman Empire in its steady advance towardsHoly Roman Empire in its steady advance towards
Central Europe through the Balkans and the southernCentral Europe through the Balkans and the southern
part of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth on land;[7]part of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth on land;[7]
and with the combined forces (Holy Leagues) ofand with the combined forces (Holy Leagues) of
Habsburg Spain, the Republic of Venice and the KnightsHabsburg Spain, the Republic of Venice and the Knights
of St. John at sea for the control of the Mediterraneanof St. John at sea for the control of the Mediterranean
basin; while frequently confronting Portuguese fleets atbasin; while frequently confronting Portuguese fleets at
the Indian Ocean for defending the Empire's monopolythe Indian Ocean for defending the Empire's monopoly
over the ancient maritime trade routes between Eastover the ancient maritime trade routes between East
Asia and Western Europe, which had becomeAsia and Western Europe, which had become
increasingly compromised since the discovery of theincreasingly compromised since the discovery of the
Cape of Good Hope in 1488.Cape of Good Hope in 1488.

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Following years of decline, the Ottoman Empire enteredFollowing years of decline, the Ottoman Empire entered
World War I through the Ottoman-German Alliance inWorld War I through the Ottoman-German Alliance in
1914, and was ultimately defeated. After the war, the1914, and was ultimately defeated. After the war, the
victorious Allied Powers sought the dismemberment ofvictorious Allied Powers sought the dismemberment of
the Ottoman state through the Treaty of Sèvres.the Ottoman state through the Treaty of Sèvres.

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The occupation of İstanbul and İzmir by the Allies in theThe occupation of İstanbul and İzmir by the Allies in the
aftermath of World War I prompted the establishment ofaftermath of World War I prompted the establishment of
the Turkish national movement.[7] Under the leadershipthe Turkish national movement.[7] Under the leadership
of Mustafa Kemal Pasha, a military commander who hadof Mustafa Kemal Pasha, a military commander who had
distinguished himself during the Battle of Gallipoli, thedistinguished himself during the Battle of Gallipoli, the
Turkish War of Independence was waged with the aim ofTurkish War of Independence was waged with the aim of
revoking the terms of the Treaty of Sèvres.[6] Byrevoking the terms of the Treaty of Sèvres.[6] By
September 18, 1922, the occupying armies wereSeptember 18, 1922, the occupying armies were
repelled and the country saw the birth of the new Turkishrepelled and the country saw the birth of the new Turkish
state. On November 1, the newly founded parliamentstate. On November 1, the newly founded parliament
formally abolished the Sultanate, thus ending 623 yearsformally abolished the Sultanate, thus ending 623 years
of Ottoman rule. The Treaty of Lausanne of July 24,of Ottoman rule. The Treaty of Lausanne of July 24,
1923, led to the international recognition of the1923, led to the international recognition of the
sovereignty of the newly formed "Republic of Turkey" assovereignty of the newly formed "Republic of Turkey" as
the successor state of the Ottoman Empire, and thethe successor state of the Ottoman Empire, and the
republic was officially proclaimed on October 29, 1923,republic was officially proclaimed on October 29, 1923,
in the new capital of Ankarain the new capital of Ankara

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TurkishTurkish AArchitecture (rchitecture (TTürkürk MMimarisi)imarisi)::
Turkish architecture reached its peak during theTurkish architecture reached its peak during the
Ottoman period. Ottoman architecture,Ottoman period. Ottoman architecture,
influenced by Seljuk, Byzantine and Arabinfluenced by Seljuk, Byzantine and Arab
architecture, came to develop a style all of itsarchitecture, came to develop a style all of its
own.own.
In Ottoman times the mosque did not exist byIn Ottoman times the mosque did not exist by
itself. It was looked on by society as being veryitself. It was looked on by society as being very
much interconnected with city planning andmuch interconnected with city planning and
communal life. Beside the mosque there werecommunal life. Beside the mosque there were
soup kitchens, theological schools, hospitals,soup kitchens, theological schools, hospitals,
Turkish baths and tombs.Turkish baths and tombs.

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Examples of Ottoman architecture of theExamples of Ottoman architecture of the
classical period, aside from Istanbul and Edirne,classical period, aside from Istanbul and Edirne,
can also be seen in Egypt, Tunisia, Algiers, thecan also be seen in Egypt, Tunisia, Algiers, the
Balkans and Hungary, where mosques, bridges,Balkans and Hungary, where mosques, bridges,
fountains and schools were built.fountains and schools were built.

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iinside of Selimiyenside of Selimiye MMosque( by Sinan)osque( by Sinan)
During the years 1720-1890, Ottoman artDuring the years 1720-1890, Ottoman art
deviated from the principles of classical times. Indeviated from the principles of classical times. In
the 18th century, during the Lale (Tulip) period,the 18th century, during the Lale (Tulip) period,
Ottoman art came under the influence of theOttoman art came under the influence of the
excessive decorations of the west; Baroque,excessive decorations of the west; Baroque,
Rococo, Ampir and other styles intermingledRococo, Ampir and other styles intermingled
with Ottoman art. Fountains became thewith Ottoman art. Fountains became the
characteristic structures of this period.characteristic structures of this period.

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Traditional Turkish HousesTraditional Turkish Houses
Being strong and durable, functional, economical andBeing strong and durable, functional, economical and
aesthetic are the basic characteristics of the traditionalaesthetic are the basic characteristics of the traditional
Turkish house. The houses are built along the roads andTurkish house. The houses are built along the roads and
on the edges of the squares in an order which reflects aon the edges of the squares in an order which reflects a
strong respect for the neighbors.strong respect for the neighbors.
The materials used in the houses varied according to theThe materials used in the houses varied according to the
regions and climatic conditions. Wood and stone wereregions and climatic conditions. Wood and stone were
used in the Black Sea Region, while it was stone andused in the Black Sea Region, while it was stone and
wood according to the locale in the West and the Southwood according to the locale in the West and the South
and combinations of mud brick and wood in the Centerand combinations of mud brick and wood in the Center
and the Eastern parts of the country.and the Eastern parts of the country.

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Important persons in Turkish HistoryImportant persons in Turkish History
Piri Reis (1465 - 1554)Piri Reis (1465 - 1554)
Famous Turkish sailor and the first TurkishFamous Turkish sailor and the first Turkish
marine cartographer born in Gelibolu (Gallipoli).marine cartographer born in Gelibolu (Gallipoli).
Piri Reis was both a great sea commander whoPiri Reis was both a great sea commander who
was heroic and smart in battle and one of thewas heroic and smart in battle and one of the
most important cartographers and sailor writersmost important cartographers and sailor writers
of his time.of his time.

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Yunus Emre (1238 - 1320)Yunus Emre (1238 - 1320)
One of the greatest and the deepest poets of theOne of the greatest and the deepest poets of the
Turkish folk literature. Yunus Emre is a greatTurkish folk literature. Yunus Emre is a great
poet who managed to turn the Anatolian dialectpoet who managed to turn the Anatolian dialect
into a language of literature and who succeededinto a language of literature and who succeeded
in reciting poetry and chanting hymns in purein reciting poetry and chanting hymns in pure
Turkish. He has written about issues whichTurkish. He has written about issues which
looked extremely complex. Yunus, in most of hislooked extremely complex. Yunus, in most of his
poems declares his great love for the God. Hepoems declares his great love for the God. He
has felt the elusive excitements of the love ofhas felt the elusive excitements of the love of
God and also made others to feel it.God and also made others to feel it.

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Orhan PamukOrhan Pamuk
Orhan Pamuk is a world famous and Nobel prizeOrhan Pamuk is a world famous and Nobel prize
winner Turkish novelist from modern times. Hewinner Turkish novelist from modern times. He
was born in Istanbul on 7th of June 1952. Duringwas born in Istanbul on 7th of June 1952. During
his childhood in Nisantasi neighborhood, hehis childhood in Nisantasi neighborhood, he
dreamed to become a painter so he keptdreamed to become a painter so he kept
painting until he was 22 years old. Orhan Pamukpainting until he was 22 years old. Orhan Pamuk
became a writer in 1974. Orhan Pamuk won thebecame a writer in 1974. Orhan Pamuk won the
Nobel Prize in Literature in 2006, becoming theNobel Prize in Literature in 2006, becoming the
first Turkish citizen to win such a prize and onefirst Turkish citizen to win such a prize and one
of the two youngest persons to get this prize inof the two youngest persons to get this prize in
the history of Nobel. His books are translatedthe history of Nobel. His books are translated
into dozens of languages for over 100 countriesinto dozens of languages for over 100 countries
around the world.around the world.

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Mevlana Celaleddin-i RumiMevlana Celaleddin-i Rumi
The great mystic and poet Mevlana Celaleddin-iThe great mystic and poet Mevlana Celaleddin-i
Rumi was born in Belh (Balkh), in present dayRumi was born in Belh (Balkh), in present day
Afghanistan but in Greater Khorasan regionAfghanistan but in Greater Khorasan region
back in Persian times, on September 30, 1207back in Persian times, on September 30, 1207
AD.AD.
Mevlana Celaleddin-i Rumi's masterpiece, hisMevlana Celaleddin-i Rumi's masterpiece, his
six volume Mesnevi consisting of 25700six volume Mesnevi consisting of 25700
couplets, is regarded as the most outstandingcouplets, is regarded as the most outstanding
work of Persian-Islamic mysticism. It is not clearwork of Persian-Islamic mysticism. It is not clear
when Mevlana started writing the Mesnevi,when Mevlana started writing the Mesnevi,
though it is known that he started on the secondthough it is known that he started on the second
volume of his magnum opus in 1264.volume of his magnum opus in 1264.

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This masterpiece of Islam's mystic literature wasThis masterpiece of Islam's mystic literature was
written in the form of poetry which includedwritten in the form of poetry which included
philosophical, mystical, and spiritual messagesphilosophical, mystical, and spiritual messages
and could in a sense be considered allegoriesand could in a sense be considered allegories
which carry deep spiritual and religiouswhich carry deep spiritual and religious
meanings.meanings.
Mevlana and his thought transcended theMevlana and his thought transcended the
boundaries of his time and thus he and hisboundaries of his time and thus he and his
writings are still relevant and fresh in this daywritings are still relevant and fresh in this day
and age, some 700 years after. The universalityand age, some 700 years after. The universality
of his thought finds its reflection in, for example,of his thought finds its reflection in, for example,
the famous verses where he says:the famous verses where he says:

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Come!Come!
Come whoever you are.Come whoever you are.
Doesn't matter if you are an unbeliever.Doesn't matter if you are an unbeliever.
Doesn't matter if you have fallen a thousandDoesn't matter if you have fallen a thousand
times.times.
Come!Come!
Come whoever you are. For this is not the doorCome whoever you are. For this is not the door
of hopelessness.of hopelessness.
Come,Come,
Just as you are!Just as you are!

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TurkishTurkish BBath (ath (HHamam)amam)
The tradition of the Turkish bath extends farThe tradition of the Turkish bath extends far
back, to a time before Turks had reachedback, to a time before Turks had reached
Anatolia. When the Turks arrived in Anatolia,Anatolia. When the Turks arrived in Anatolia,
they brought with them one bathing tradition,they brought with them one bathing tradition,
and were confronted with another, that ofand were confronted with another, that of
Romans and Byzantines, with certain localRomans and Byzantines, with certain local
variants. The traditions merged, and with thevariants. The traditions merged, and with the
addition of the Moslem concern for cleanlinessaddition of the Moslem concern for cleanliness
and its concomitant respect for the uses ofand its concomitant respect for the uses of
water, there arose an entirely new concept, thatwater, there arose an entirely new concept, that
of the Turkish Bath. In time it became anof the Turkish Bath. In time it became an
institution, with its system of ineradicableinstitution, with its system of ineradicable
customs.customs.

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TurkishTurkish CCoffeeoffee
From the days of the Ottoman Empire throughFrom the days of the Ottoman Empire through
the present, coffee has played an important rolethe present, coffee has played an important role
in Turkish lifestyle and culture. The serving andin Turkish lifestyle and culture. The serving and
consumption of coffee has had a profound effectconsumption of coffee has had a profound effect
on betrothal and gender customs, political andon betrothal and gender customs, political and
social interaction, prayer, and hospitalitysocial interaction, prayer, and hospitality
customs throughout the centuries. Althoughcustoms throughout the centuries. Although
many of the rituals are not prevalent in today'smany of the rituals are not prevalent in today's
society, coffee has remained an integral part ofsociety, coffee has remained an integral part of
Turkish culture.Turkish culture.

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Brought to Istanbul in 1555 by two SyrianBrought to Istanbul in 1555 by two Syrian
traders, coffee became known as the "milk oftraders, coffee became known as the "milk of
chess players and thinkers". By the mid-17thchess players and thinkers". By the mid-17th
century, Turkish coffee became part of elaboratecentury, Turkish coffee became part of elaborate
ceremonies involving the Ottoman court. Coffeeceremonies involving the Ottoman court. Coffee
makers (kahveci usta), with the help of over fortymakers (kahveci usta), with the help of over forty
assistants, ceremoniously prepared and servedassistants, ceremoniously prepared and served
coffee for the sultan. Betrothal customs andcoffee for the sultan. Betrothal customs and
gender roles also became defined throughgender roles also became defined through
coffee rituals. In ancient times, women receivedcoffee rituals. In ancient times, women received
intensive training in the harem on the properintensive training in the harem on the proper
technique of preparing Turkish coffee.technique of preparing Turkish coffee.
Perspective husbands would judge a woman'sPerspective husbands would judge a woman's
merits based on the taste of her coffee.merits based on the taste of her coffee.

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Turkish coffee is served hot from a specialTurkish coffee is served hot from a special
coffee pot called "cezve". Tradition states thatcoffee pot called "cezve". Tradition states that
after the guest has consumed the coffee and theafter the guest has consumed the coffee and the
cup is turned upside down on the saucer andcup is turned upside down on the saucer and
allowed to cool, the hostess then performs aallowed to cool, the hostess then performs a
fortune reading from the coffee groundsfortune reading from the coffee grounds
remaining in the cup. Rich in tradition and flavor,remaining in the cup. Rich in tradition and flavor,
Turkish coffee remains a favorite today.Turkish coffee remains a favorite today.

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Publicity films prepared by Turkish RepublicPublicity films prepared by Turkish Republic
Ministry of CultureMinistry of Culture

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Bolu Publicity Film prepared by BoluBolu Publicity Film prepared by Bolu
GovernorshipGovernorship

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Turkey

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